New Zealand Labour Party: Difference between revisions

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Extended confirmed users
17,670 edits
mNo edit summary
Extended confirmed users
17,670 edits
Line 73: Line 73:
Not all members of the United Labour Party accepted the new organisation, however, and some continued on under their own banner. Gradually, however, the differences between the Social Democrats and the ULP Remnant broke down, and in 1915 they formed a unified caucus both to better oppose Reform and to differentiate themselves from the Liberals.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=SUNCH19150706.2.96 |work = Sun |page=11 |title=A Separate Identity |date= 6 July 1915 |accessdate= 30 March 2016 | volume=II | issue=438 }}</ref> A year later yet another gathering was held. This time, all major factions of the labour movement agreed to unite, establishing the modern Labour Party.{{sfn|Franks|McAloon|2016|pp=70–1}}
Not all members of the United Labour Party accepted the new organisation, however, and some continued on under their own banner. Gradually, however, the differences between the Social Democrats and the ULP Remnant broke down, and in 1915 they formed a unified caucus both to better oppose Reform and to differentiate themselves from the Liberals.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=SUNCH19150706.2.96 |work = Sun |page=11 |title=A Separate Identity |date= 6 July 1915 |accessdate= 30 March 2016 | volume=II | issue=438 }}</ref> A year later yet another gathering was held. This time, all major factions of the labour movement agreed to unite, establishing the modern Labour Party.{{sfn|Franks|McAloon|2016|pp=70–1}}


====Electoral record of constituent parties pre-1916 NZLP====
====Electoral record of constituent parties pre-1916 Labour====
{| class=wikitable align=left
{| class=wikitable align=left
|-
|-

Revision as of 08:24, 3 December 2017

New Zealand Labour Party
Rōpū Reipa o Aotearoa
International affiliationProgressive Alliance[6]
Colours  Red
SloganLet's Do This[7]
MPs in the House of Representatives
46 / 120
Website
www.labour.org.nz

The New Zealand Labour Party (

social democratic political party in New Zealand.[4] With its historic rival, the New Zealand National Party, Labour has dominated New Zealand governments since the 1930s.[9] The party's platform programme describes its founding principle as democratic socialism,[10] while observers describe Labour as social-democratic and pragmatic in practice.[2][3] It is a participant of the international Progressive Alliance.[6]

The New Zealand Labour Party was formed in 1916 by various

2017 general election, Labour gained 36.9% of the party vote and 46 seats.[13] On 19 October 2017, Labour formed a minority coalition government with New Zealand First, with confidence and supply by the Green Party
.

Principles

Part of a series on
Organised labour
Labour movement
    • National-syndicalism
Labour rights
Trade unions
Strike action
Labour parties
Academic disciplines

Labour's 1916 policy objectives called for "the socialisation of the means of production, distribution and exchange", including

privatised state assets and introduced corporate practices to state services.[15]

From the 1990s Labour has again aimed to use the power of the state to try to achieve a fairer and more equal society, based on a mixed economy in which both the state and private enterprise play a part. According to its 2014 constitution, the party accepts "democratic socialist" principles, including:[16]

  • The management of New Zealand's
    natural resources
    for the benefit of all, including future generations.
  • Equal access to all social, economic, cultural, political and legal spheres, regardless of wealth or social position.
  • Co-operation as the main governing factor in economic relations, to ensure a just distribution of wealth.
  • Universal rights to dignity, self-respect and the opportunity to work.
  • The right to wealth and property, subject to the provisos of regarding people as always more important than property and the
    obligations of the state
    to ensure a just distribution of wealth.
  • The Treaty of Waitangi as the founding document of New Zealand, and its honouring in the Party, government, society and the whānau.
  • The promotion of peace and social justice throughout the world by international co-operation.
  • Equality in human rights regardless of race, sex, marital status, sexual orientation, gender identity, age, religious faith, political belief or disability.

History

See also: Socialism in New Zealand

The New Zealand Labour Party was established on 7 July 1916 in Wellington,

West Coast town of Blackball is often regarded as the birthplace of the party,[18] as it was the location of the founding of one of the main political organisations which became part of the nascent Labour Party. The party was created by, and has always been influenced by, the trade unions, and in practice Labour Party politicians regard themselves as part of a broader labour movement and tradition.[19]

Formation

The New Zealand Labour Party was an amalgamation of a number of early groups, the oldest of which was founded in 1901. The process of unifying these diverse groups into a single party was difficult, with tensions between different factions running strong.[20]

At the turn of the century, the radical side of New Zealand working class politics was represented by the Socialist Party, founded in 1901. The more moderate leftists were generally supporters of the Liberal Party.[21] In 1905, a group of working class politicians who were dissatisfied with the Liberal approach established the Independent Political Labour League,[22] which managed to win a seat in Parliament in the 1908 election.[23][24] This established the basic dividing line in New Zealand's left-wing politics – the Socialists tended to be revolutionary and militant, while the moderates focused instead on progressive reform.[25]

In 1910, the Independent Political Labour League was relaunched as an organisation called the Labour Party, distinct from the modern party. Soon, however, the leaders of the new organisation decided additional effort was needed to promote left-wing cooperation, and organised a "Unity Conference". The Socialists refused to attend, but several independent labour activists agreed. The United Labour Party was born.[25]

Soon afterwards, the labour movement was hit by the Waihi miners' strike, a major industrial disturbance prompted by radicals in the union movement.[26] The movement was split between supporting and opposing the radicals, and in the end, the conservative government of William Massey suppressed the strike by force. In the strike's aftermath, there was a major drive to end the divisions in the movement and establish a united front – another Unity Conference was called, and this time the Socialists attended.[26] The resulting group was named the Social Democratic Party.

Not all members of the United Labour Party accepted the new organisation, however, and some continued on under their own banner. Gradually, however, the differences between the Social Democrats and the ULP Remnant broke down, and in 1915 they formed a unified caucus both to better oppose Reform and to differentiate themselves from the Liberals.[27] A year later yet another gathering was held. This time, all major factions of the labour movement agreed to unite, establishing the modern Labour Party.[28]

Electoral record of constituent parties pre-1916 Labour

Term Electorate Party Elected MPs
1908–1910 17th Wellington East Ind. Labour League David McLaren
1910–1911 Changed allegiance to: Labour
1911–1912 18th Wellington South Labour Alfred Hindmarsh
1912–1914 Changed allegiance to: United Labour
1914–1916 19th Wellington South United Labour
1911–1914 18th Grey Lynn Labour John Payne
1914–1916 19th Grey Lynn
Independent Labour
1916 Changed allegiance to: Independent
1911–1913 18th
Otaki
 Labour John Robertson
1913–1914 Changed allegiance to: Social Democrat
1911–1912 18th Wanganui
Independent Labour
 Bill Veitch
1912–1914 Changed allegiance to: United Labour
1914–1916 19th Wanganui United Labour
1916 Changed allegiance to: Independent
1913
–1914 		18th Grey Social Democrat Paddy Webb
1914
–1916 		19th Grey Social Democrat
1913
–1914 		18th Lyttelton Social Democrat James McCombs
1914–1916 19th Lyttelton Social Democrat
1914
–1916 		19th Dunedin North United Labour Andrew Walker

Early days

Almost immediately, the new Labour Party became involved in the acrimonious debate about

Peter Fraser, Harry Holland, Bob Semple and Paddy Webb.[30] The loss of leadership threatened to seriously destabilise the party, but the party survived. Fraser, Semple and Webb later supported conscription in World War II.[30]

In its first real electoral test as a united party, the

Reform Party and 21 for the Liberal Party.[32]

Although Labour had split with its more militant faction, (who went on to form various socialist parties) it maintained what were at the time radical socialist policies. Labour's 'Usehold' policy on land was in essence the replacement of freehold tenure by a system of perpetual lease from the state, with all land transfer conducted through the state (the full

nationalisation of farmland). This policy was unpopular with voters and was dropped by Labour, along with other more radical policies, throughout the 1920s.[25]

Peter Fraser (seated, right of centre) and Michael Joseph Savage
(back row, rightmost).

In the

1928 election, however, the party was left in an advantageous position – the Reform Party and the new United Party (a revival of the Liberals) were tied on 27 seats each, and neither could govern without Labour support. Labour chose to back United, the party closest to its own views – this put an end to five terms of Reform Party government.[33]

The rigours of the

1935 election
, the Labour Party won a massive victory, gaining 53 seats to the coalition's 19.

Several of the early Labour Party stalwarts were Australian-born: Alfred Hindmarsh, Harry Holland, Michael Joseph Savage, Bob Semple, Paddy Webb, Bill Parry and later Jerry Skinner, Mabel Howard and Hugh Watt.

First Labour Government

Main article: First Labour Government of New Zealand
Members of the First Labour Government, on the steps of the Parliamentary Library, Wellington

state housing scheme.[34] Workers also benefited from the introduction of the forty hour week, and legislation making it easier for unions to negotiate on their behalf.[35] Savage himself was highly popular with the working classes, and his portrait could be found on the walls of many houses around the country.[36] At this time the Labour Party pursued an alliance with the Māori Rātana movement.[37]

The opposition, meanwhile, attacked the Labour Party's more left-wing policies, and accused it of undermining free enterprise and hard work. The year after Labour's first win, the Reform Party and the United Party took their coalition to the next step, agreeing to merge with each other. The combined organisation was named the National Party, and would be Labour's main rival in future years.[38]

Labour also faced opposition from within its ranks. While the Labour Party had been explicitly socialist at its inception, it had been gradually drifting away from its earlier radicalism. The death of the party's former leader, the "doctrinaire"

was expelled from the party, establishing his own breakaway Democratic Labour Party.[39]

Savage died in 1940, and was replaced by

1949 elections, Labour was defeated.[40]

Fraser died shortly afterwards, and was replaced by

1957 election
, however, Labour won the narrowest of victories, and returned to office.

Second Labour Government

Main article: Second Labour Government of New Zealand

Nash, Labour's third prime minister, took office in late 1957. Upon coming to power, Labour decided that drastic measures were needed to address

1960 election
, the National Party was indeed victorious.

The elderly Nash retired in 1963, suffering from ill health.

1972 election
, the party gained a significant victory.

Third Labour Government

Main article: Third Labour Government of New Zealand
New Zealand Labour 1970s–1980s "L" logo

Kirk proved to be an energetic Prime Minister, and introduced a number of new policies. Particularly noteworthy were his foreign policy stances, which included strong criticism of

1975 election, Labour was defeated by National, which was led by Robert Muldoon.[45]

Rowling remained leader of the Labour Party for some time after his defeat. In the

1984 election
, Labour was victorious.

Fourth Labour Government

Main article: Fourth Labour Government of New Zealand
See also: Rogernomics

When the fourth Labour government came into power it uncovered a fiscal crisis that had been largely hidden by the outgoing Third National Government.[47] Government debt was skyrocketing, due largely to the costs of borrowing to maintain a fixed exchange rate. When the result of the election became clear Lange asked Muldoon to devalue the dollar, which he refused to do, resulting in a constitutional crisis and precipitating some of the changes in the Constitution Act 1986.[48]

Throughout the first term of the fourth Labour government, the cabinet remained largely unified behind the radical financial, economic and policy reforms that were enacted.

anti-nuclear stance, that considerable divisions over economic policy began to arise within the cabinet.[50] The Minister of Finance, Roger Douglas, was a supporter of free market theories, and sought to implement sweeping reforms ("Rogernomics") to the economy and tax system. Others within the party, however, saw this as a betrayal of the party's left-wing roots. The party was also criticised by the Council of Trade Unions
.

Opposition to Douglas's reforms remained strong – eventually, a Labour MP, Jim Anderton, left to establish the NewLabour Party,[50] eventually forming the basis of the left-wing Alliance. At the same time, Douglas was pressing onwards, proposing a flat tax rate. Finally, David Lange forced Douglas to resign, and shortly afterwards resigned himself.

Lange was replaced by

1990 election, Palmer was replaced by Mike Moore
. The Labour Party suffered its worst defeat since it first took office in 1935.

Major pieces of legislation include the Constitution Act 1986, which codified important constitutional conventions, and the New Zealand Nuclear Free Zone, Disarmament, and Arms Control Act 1987, which declared New Zealand to be a nuclear-free zone.[51]

Moore was eventually replaced by

1996 election, the first conducted under the MMP electoral system, gave the balance of power to the centrist New Zealand First party, many believed that Labour would return to power, but in the end New Zealand First allied itself with the National Party. This coalition was unstable, however, and eventually collapsed, leaving the National Party to govern as a minority government
.

Fifth Labour Government

Main article: Fifth Labour Government of New Zealand
Helen Clark, Labour Prime Minister from 1999 to 2008

After the

2002 election
several months early, which Labour comfortably won.

Policies of the Fifth Labour Government include the

District Health Boards, the introduction of a number of tax credits, overhauling the secondary school qualifications by introducing NCEA, and the introduction of fourteen weeks’ parental leave.[54] Labour also supported the Civil Union Act 2004, which legalised civil unions for same-sex and opposite-sex couples.[55]

In early 2004, Labour came under attack for its policies on the

Māori Party.[57]

Party logo in 2008

Following the

2008 general election
.

Then-leader Phil Goff with current leader Jacinda Ardern and Carol Beaumont at an anti-mining march in Auckland, 2010

Following the loss to the National Party in the

2014. He was replaced by Andrew Little (2014–2017). Little resigned in 2017 following new polling showing the party sinking to a record low result.[12] Jacinda Ardern (2017–present) was confirmed as the new Labour leader.[12][64]

After Ardern's ascension to the leadership Labour rose dramatically in opinion polls. By late August they had risen to 43% in one poll (having been 24% under Little's leadership), as well as managing to overtake National in opinion polls for the first time in over a decade.[65]

Sixth Labour Government

Main article: Sixth Labour Government of New Zealand

During the

2017 general election, the Labour Party gained 36.6% of the party vote and increased its presence in the House of Representatives to 46 seats, making it the second largest party in Parliament.[13]

On 19 October 2017, New Zealand First Leader Winston Peters announced that his party would form a coalition government with Labour,[66] citing changing international and internal economic circumstances as the reasoning behind his decision,[67] coupled with a belief that a Labour government was best-placed to handle the social and economic welfare of New Zealanders in a global environment that was undergoing rapid and seismic change.[68] This coalition, combined with confidence and supply from the Green Party,[69] saw Labour return to government for the first time since 2008.

The Labour government has pledged to eliminate child poverty, make tertiary education free, reduce immigration by 20,000-30,000, decriminalise abortion, introduce a water royalty and make all rivers swimmable within 10 years.[70]

Organisation

Party structure

General and special branches

Party membership is tied into geographically-based branches in each

Vic Labour (the Victoria University of Wellington branch).[73]

Labour Party membership, 1917–2002[74]


Full (non-affiliate) membership peaked at 55,000 in 1976. During the 1980s and 1990s party membership plummeted to levels not seen since before the First Labour Government. This decline might be attributed to disillusionment on the part of some members with the economics policies of the Fourth Labour Government ("Rogernomics"). Membership figures began to recover under Helen Clark's leadership, with 14,000 members recorded in 2002.[75]

Conference, councils and committees

Delegates from all branches in the electorate, together with delegates from affiliated unions, make up the Labour Electorate Committee (LEC). The LEC is responsible for party organisation in the electorate.[71] The party is divided into six regional areas, which each year convene a Regional Conference.[76] Policy and other matters are debated and passed onto the Annual Conference.[71]

The Annual Conference is the supreme governing body of the party when it is in session. All constituent bodies of the Party are entitled to send delegates to Annual Conference.[71]

The New Zealand Council is the Labour Party's governing

executive.[76] It ensures that the party is governed effectively according to its constitution. The NZ Council consists of the President, two Senior Vice Presidents (one of which must be a Māori), three Vice Presidents (representing Women, Affiliates and Pacific Islands), seven Regional Reps, one Policy Council Rep, three Caucus Reps and the General Secretary.[71]

The Policy Council, responsible for the development of the policy platform and

primary industries, local government and youth.[71]

Caucus and parliamentary leadership

The elected members representing the Labour Party in the House of Representatives meet as the Parliamentary Labour Party, generally known as the Caucus. The current parliamentary leader is Jacinda Ardern. A leadership election is triggered upon the vacancy of the position of leader or a motion of no confidence. Candidates are nominated from within the Caucus. Under Labour Party rules, party members have 40% of the votes, MPs have another 40% of the votes, and affiliated unions have 20% of the votes.[71] Some observers have criticised the influence of the unions in leadership elections.[77]

Affiliated trade unions

In the first decades of the 20th century, industries grew strongly in New Zealand's main cities and union membership also increased. The Labour Party was formed in this period as the political wing of the labour movement, and was financed by trade unions. Since then, the unions have retained close institutional links with the party. There are currently six unions that are directly affiliated to the party and pay affiliation fees as well as receiving a percentage of the vote in party leadership elections.[77] These unions are:

In addition, the president of the New Zealand Council of Trade Unions continues to speak at the Labour Party Annual Conference.[79]

Young Labour

Main article:
Young Labour (New Zealand)

Young Labour is the party's youth wing. It exists to organise young members (under 26)[80] and encourage wider involvement of young New Zealanders in centre-left politics. Young Labour is the most active sector in the Labour Party and plays a significant role in policy development and campaign efforts. It is endearingly called the "conscience of the party".[81]

Local government

Labour has many prominent local councillors who ran under the banner of the Labour Party or a local

2013 elections. In Hamilton, former MP for Hamilton West Martin Gallagher
was elected to council in 2010.

In

2013 local body elections succeeding Sir Bob Parker, and former Rotorua electorate then list MP Steve Chadwick, was elected as Mayor of Rotorua
in the 2013 elections, Both Dalziel and Chadwick ran however as independents.

In Christchurch Labour maintains an umbrella including community independents called The People's Choice (formerly Christchurch 2021). Labour candidates stand as 'The People's Choice (Labour)' and currently hold a number of community board seats, seven council seats, and several community board chairmanships.

Mayor of Wellington
who ran on a Labour Party ticket. There are many more local and regional councillors who are Labour Party members, but do not run as endorsed candidates of the party.

While the Labour Party has not contested the local body elections in

2013 local elections as an independent candidate. This report coincided with the dissolution of the city's main local body ticket, the Greater Dunedin group.[83] On 20 April, it was reported that the Labour Party had dropped its plan to field a bloc of candidates in the 2016 Dunedin elections. However, the Party has not ruled out endorsing other candidates.[84]

There are many others councillors in almost all areas of New Zealand that are members or have previously had connections with the Labour Party, but have instead contested local elections as independents.

Electoral results

Parliamentary

1919–1993[85]


MMP era, 1996–present[86][87][88][89][90][91]
Election # of party votes % of party vote # of seats
won		 Government/opposition?
1919
 131,402 24.2
8 / 80
 Opposition
1922
 150,448 23.70
17 / 80
1925
 184,650 27.20
12 / 80
1928
 198,092 26.19
19 / 80
 Coalition with United
1931
 244,881 34.27
24 / 80
 Opposition
1935
 434,368 46.17
53 / 80
 Government
Two-party system era
1938
 528,290 55.82
53 / 80
 Government
1943
 522,189 47.6
45 / 80
1946
 536,994 51.28
42 / 80
1949
 506,073 47.16
34 / 80
 Opposition
1951
 473,146 45.8
30 / 80
1954
 481,631 44.1
35 / 80
1957
 531,740 48.3
41 / 80
 Government
1960
 420,084 43.4
34 / 80
 Opposition
1963
 383,205 43.7
35 / 80
1966
 382,756 41.4
35 / 80
1969
 464,346 44.2
39 / 84
1972
 677,669 48.37
55 / 87
 Government
1975
 634,453 39.56
32 / 87
 Opposition
1978
 691,076 40.41
40 / 92
1981
 702,630 39.01
43 / 91
1984
 829,154 42.98
56 / 95
 Government
1987
 878,448 47.96
57 / 97
1990
 640,915 35.14
29 / 97
 Opposition
1993
 666,759 34.68
45 / 99
Mixed Member Proportional (MMP) era
1996
 584,159 28.19
37 / 120
 Opposition
1999
 800,199 38.74
49 / 120
 Government (coalition)
2002
 838,219 41.26
52 / 120
2005
 935,319 41.10
50 / 121
2008
 796,880 33.99
43 / 122
 Opposition
2011
 614,936 27.48
34 / 121
2014
 604,534 25.13
32 / 121
2017
 956,184 36.89
46 / 120
 Government (coalition)
Labour did not stand candidates in every electorate until
1946, when it stood candidates in all 80 electorates. According to the National Executive reports,[92] the number of official candidates in 1919 is uncertain (53 or possibly 46). The number of candidates was 41, 1922; 56, 1925; 55, 1928; 53, 1931; 70, 1935; 78, 1938 and 77, 1943. Labour did not run against independent candidates who voted with Labour; Harry Atmore in Nelson and David McDougall in Mataura, Southland. Labour did not run candidates against the two Country Party
candidates in 1935; but did in 1938, when both candidates were defeated.

Auckland local government

Election Candidates nominated Seats won
Local Board Candidates Council Candidates Health Board Candidates Licensing trust Candidates Local Board Seats Council Seats Health Board Seats Licensing trust Seats
2010
 17/149 3/20 0/21 6/41
12 / 149
2 / 20
0 / 21
6 / 41
2013
 27/149 4/20 2/21 8/35
20 / 149
2 / 20
1 / 21
7 / 35
2016
 46/149 7/20 9/21 9/35
26 / 149
3 / 20
2 / 21
9 / 35

Leaders

For a detailed list, see Leader of the New Zealand Labour Party.

The Labour Party has had sixteen leaders – nine of whom have served as Prime Minister. Helen Clark is the longest serving leader of the Labour Party. While some dispute exists as to when Harry Holland officially became leader, by 26 October 2008 Clark had passed his longest possible leadership term.[93]

List of leaders

The following is a complete list of Labour Party leaders in the House of Representatives:

Key:
  Labour   

Reform
  United   National
PM: Prime Minister
LO: Leader of the Opposition
†: Died in office

No. Leader Portrait Term of Office Position Prime Minister
style="background:Template:New Zealand Labour Party/meta/color"| 1 Alfred Hindmarsh 7 July 1916 13 November 1918† — rowspan=2 style="background:Template:New Zealand Reform Party/meta/color"| Massey
rowspan=6 style="background:Template:New Zealand Labour Party/meta/color"| 2 Harry Holland 27 August 1919 8 October 1933† —
height=15 style="background-color: Template:New Zealand Reform Party/meta/color"|
style="background:Template:New Zealand Reform Party/meta/color"| Bell
LO 1926–1928 style="background:Template:New Zealand Reform Party/meta/color"| Coates
Junior coalition partner
1928–1931 		style="background:Template:United Party (New Zealand)/meta/color"| Ward
LO 1931–1933 rowspan=2 style="background:Template:United Party (New Zealand)/meta/color"| Forbes
rowspan=2 style="background:Template:New Zealand Labour Party/meta/color"| 3 Michael Joseph Savage 12 October 1933 27 March 1940† LO 1933–1935
PM 1935–1940 style="background:Template:New Zealand Labour Party/meta/color"| Savage
rowspan=2 style="background:Template:New Zealand Labour Party/meta/color"| 4
Peter Fraser
 1 April 1940 12 December 1950† PM 1940–1949 style="background:Template:New Zealand Labour Party/meta/color"| Fraser
LO 1949–1950 style="border-bottom:solid 0 gray; background:Template:New Zealand National Party/meta/color"| Holland
rowspan=4 style="background:Template:New Zealand Labour Party/meta/color"| 5 Walter Nash December 1950 31 March 1963 LO 1951–1957 height=15 style="border-top:solid 0 gray; background:Template:New Zealand National Party/meta/color"|
style="background:Template:New Zealand National Party/meta/color"| Holyoake
PM 1957–1960 style="background:Template:New Zealand Labour Party/meta/color"| Nash
LO 1960–1963 rowspan=2 style="border-bottom:solid 0 gray; background:Template:New Zealand National Party/meta/color"| Holyoake
style="background:Template:New Zealand Labour Party/meta/color"| 6 Arnold Nordmeyer 1 April 1963 16 December 1965 LO 1963–1965
rowspan=3 style="background:Template:New Zealand Labour Party/meta/color"| 7 Norman Kirk 16 December 1965 31 August 1974† LO 1965–1972 height=15 style="border-top:solid 0 gray; background:Template:New Zealand National Party/meta/color"|
style="background:Template:New Zealand National Party/meta/color"| Marshall
PM 1972–1974 style="background:Template:New Zealand Labour Party/meta/color"| Kirk
rowspan=2 style="background:Template:New Zealand Labour Party/meta/color"| 8 Bill Rowling 6 September 1974 3 February 1983 PM 1974–1975 style="background:Template:New Zealand Labour Party/meta/color"| Rowling
LO 1975–1983 rowspan=2 style="background:Template:New Zealand National Party/meta/color"| Muldoon
rowspan=2 style="background:Template:New Zealand Labour Party/meta/color"| 9 David Lange 3 February 1983 8 August 1989 LO 1983–1984
PM 1984–1989 style="background:Template:New Zealand Labour Party/meta/color"| Lange
style="background:Template:New Zealand Labour Party/meta/color"| 10 Geoffrey Palmer 8 August 1989 4 September 1990 PM 1989–1990 style="background:Template:New Zealand Labour Party/meta/color"| Palmer
rowspan=2 style="background:Template:New Zealand Labour Party/meta/color"| 11 Mike Moore 4 September 1990 1 December 1993 PM 1990 style="background:Template:New Zealand Labour Party/meta/color"| Moore
LO 1990–1993 style="border-bottom:solid 0 gray; background:Template:New Zealand National Party/meta/color"| Bolger
rowspan=3 style="background:Template:New Zealand Labour Party/meta/color"| 12 Helen Clark 1 December 1993 19 November 2008 LO 1993–1999 height=15 style="border-top:solid 0 gray; background:Template:New Zealand National Party/meta/color"|
style="background:Template:New Zealand National Party/meta/color"| Shipley
PM 1999–2008 style="background:Template:New Zealand Labour Party/meta/color"| Clark
style="background:Template:New Zealand Labour Party/meta/color"| 13 Phil Goff 19 November 2008 13 December 2011 LO 2008–2011 rowspan=4 style="background:Template:New Zealand National Party/meta/color"| Key
style="background:Template:New Zealand Labour Party/meta/color"| 14 David Shearer 13 December 2011 15 September 2013 LO 2011–2013
style="background:Template:New Zealand Labour Party/meta/color"| 15 David Cunliffe 15 September 2013 30 September 2014 LO 2013–2014
rowspan=2 style="background:Template:New Zealand Labour Party/meta/color"| 16 Andrew Little 18 November 2014 1 August 2017 LO 2014–2017
rowspan=2 height=15 style="border-top:solid 0 gray; background:Template:New Zealand National Party/meta/color"| English
rowspan=2 style="background:Template:New Zealand Labour Party/meta/color"| 17 Jacinda Ardern 1 August 2017 Incumbent LO 2017
PM 2017–present style="background:Template:New Zealand Labour Party/meta/color"| Ardern

List of deputy leaders

The following is a complete list of Labour Party deputy leaders:

No. Deputy leader Term
1 James McCombs 1919–1923
2 Michael Joseph Savage 1923–1933
3
Peter Fraser
 1933–1940
4 Walter Nash 1940–1950
5 Jerry Skinner 1951–1962
6 Fred Hackett 1962–1963
7 Hugh Watt 1963–1974
8 Bob Tizard 1974–1979
9 David Lange 1979–1983
10 Geoffrey Palmer 1983–1989
11 Helen Clark 1989–1993
12 David Caygill 1993–1996
13 Michael Cullen 1996–2008
14 Annette King 2008–2011
15 Grant Robertson 2011–2013
16 David Parker 2013–2014
14 Annette King 2014–2017
17 Jacinda Ardern 2017
18 Kelvin Davis 2017–present

List of presidents

The following is a complete list of Labour Party presidents:[94]

No. President Term
1 James McCombs 1916–1917[95]
2 Andrew Walker 1917–1918 [96]
3 Tom Paul 1918–1920[97]
4
Peter Fraser
 1920–1921
5 Frederick Cooke 1921–1922
6 Tom Brindle 1922–1926
7 Bob Semple 1926–1928
8 John Archer 1928–1929
9 Jim Thorn 1929–1931[98]
10 Rex Mason 1931–1932
11
Bill Jordan
 1932–1933
12 Frank Langstone 1933–1934
13 Tim Armstrong 1934–1935
14 Walter Nash 1935–1936
15 Clyde Carr 1936–1937
16 James Roberts 1937–1950[99]
17 Arnold Nordmeyer 1950–1955
18
Michael Moohan
 1955–1960
19 Martyn Finlay 1960–1964
20 Norman Kirk 1964–1966
21 Norman Douglas 1966–1970
22 Bill Rowling 1970–1972
23 Charles Bennett 1972–1976[100]
24 Arthur Faulkner 1976–1978
25 Jim Anderton 1979–1984
26 Margaret Wilson 1984–1987
27 Rex Jones 1987–1988[101]
28 Ruth Dyson 1988–1993
29 Maryan Street 1993–1995
30 Michael Hirschfeld 1995–1999
31 Bob Harvey 1999–2000
32 Mike Williams 2000–2009
33 Andrew Little 2009–2011
34 Moira Coatsworth 2011–2015
35 Nigel Haworth 2015–present

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b "Party Information". New Zealand Labour Party. Retrieved 4 February 2017.
  2. ^
    ISBN 978-0-9558203-1-1
    .
  3. ^ a b c Aimer, Peter. "Labour Party: Ideology and the role of unions". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 13 December 2016.
  4. ^ a b c Boston, Jonathan (2003). New Zealand Votes: The General Election of 2002. Victoria University Press.
  5. ISBN 9780774827867
    . Retrieved 30 August 2016. ...in New Zealand politics, by the centre-left Labour Party and the centre-right National Party
  6. ^ a b "Participants". Progressive Alliance. Retrieved 4 February 2017.
  7. ^ Jones, Nicholas (4 August 2017). "Let's do this: Jacinda Ardern unveils new Labour slogan". The New Zealand Herald.
  8. ^ "Ngā Rōpū Pāremata" (in Māori). New Zealand Parliament Pāremata Aotearoa. Retrieved 5 May 2017.
  9. ^ Miller 2005, pp. 32–33.
  10. ^ a b "New Zealand Labour Party Policy Platform" (PDF). New Zealand Labour Party. March 2016. p. 5. Retrieved 13 June 2017. The Labour Party's values are based on our founding principle of Democratic Socialism.
  11. ^ a b "New Zealand Labour Party founded". Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 23 December 2016. Retrieved 4 February 2017.
  12. ^ a b c Watkins, Tracy (1 August 2017). "Jacinda Ardern new Labour leader as Andrew Little quits". Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved 1 August 2017.
  13. ^ a b "2017 General Election - Official Result". New Zealand Electoral Commission. Retrieved 7 October 2017.
  14. ISBN 978-0-521-67283-2
    .
  15. ^ "Labour Party: Fourth and fifth Labour governments". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 13 December 2016.
  16. ^ "Labour: Constitution and Rules" (PDF). NZ Labour Party. 2014. p. 4. Retrieved 11 June 2014. The Party accepts the following democratic socialist principles –
    g. All political authority comes from the people by democratic means, including universal suffrage, regular and free elections with a secret ballot.
    h. The natural resources of New Zealand belong to all the people and these resources, and in particular non-renewable resources, should be managed for the benefit of all, including future generations.
    i. All people should have equal access to all social, economic, cultural, political and legal spheres, regardless of wealth or social position, and continuing participation in the democratic process.
    j. Co-operation, rather than competition, should be the main governing factor in economic relations, in order that a greater amount and a just distribution of wealth can be ensured.
    k. All people are entitled to dignity, self-respect and the opportunity to work.
    l. All people, either individually or in groups, may own wealth or property for their own use, but in any conflict of interest people are always more important than property, and the state must ensure a just distribution of wealth.
    m. Te Tiriti o Waitangi/The Treaty of Waitangi is the founding document of New Zealand, and that the Treaty should be honoured in the Party, government, society and the whanau.
    n. Peace and social justice should be promoted throughout the world by international co-operation and mutual respect.
    o. The same basic human rights, protected by the State, apply to all people, regardless of race, sex, marital status, sexual orientation, gender identity, age, religious faith, political belief or disability.
  17. ^ Gustafson 1980, p. ix.
  18. ^ "Returning to Labour's Roots". New Zealand Labour Party. 18 April 2016. Retrieved 19 June 2017.
  19. ^ "History of the Labour Party: The labour movement in New Zealand". New Zealand Labour Party. Retrieved 19 June 2017.
  20. ^ Gustafson 1980, p. 13.
  21. ^ Gustafson 1980, pp. 13f.
  22. ^ Gustafson 1980, pp. 17f.
  23. ^ Wilson 1985, p. 216.
  24. ^ Gustafson 1980, p. 19.
  25. ^ a b c McLintock, A. H., ed. (22 April 2009) [First published in 1966]. "Labour Party". An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand. Ministry for Culture and Heritage / Te Manatū Taonga. Retrieved 15 July 2015.
  26. ^ a b "'Black Tuesday' - The 1912 Waihi strike". Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 19 June 2017.
  27. ^ "A Separate Identity". Sun. Vol. II, no. 438. 6 July 1915. p. 11. Retrieved 30 March 2016.
  28. ^ Franks & McAloon 2016, pp. 70–1.
  29. ^ Miller 2005, p. 30.
  30. ^ a b Derby, Mark (20 June 2012). "Conscription, conscientious objection and pacifism - Conscription". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 19 June 2017.
  31. ^ Lipson 2011, p. 211.
  32. ^ Gustafson 1980, pp. 18.
  33. ^ Franks & McAloon 2016, pp. 79.
  34. ^ Aimer, Peter (20 June 2012). "Labour Party - First Labour government, 1935 to 1949". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 19 June 2017.
  35. ^ Epstein, Richard A. (2001). "Employment and Labor Law Reform in New Zealand Lecture". Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law. 33. Retrieved 19 June 2017.
  36. ^ "Michael Joseph Savage". Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 19 June 2017.
  37. ^ "Rātana and Labour seal alliance – 22 April 1936". Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 17 May 2017. Retrieved 19 June 2017.
  38. ^ Franks & McAloon 2016, pp. 100.
  39. ^ "John A Lee". Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 30 March 2015. Retrieved 19 June 2017.
  40. ^ Franks & McAloon 2016, pp. 133.
  41. ^ Franks & McAloon 2016, pp. 136.
  42. ^ Franks & McAloon 2016, pp. 152.
  43. ^ a b Franks & McAloon 2016, pp. 154.
  44. ^ Franks & McAloon 2016, pp. 160.
  45. ^ Franks & McAloon 2016, pp. 184.
  46. ^ "Wallace Rowling". nzhistory.govt.nz. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 21 August 2014. Retrieved 16 November 2017.
  47. ^ Miller 2005, pp. 38–39.
  48. ^ "Patriated - History of the Governor-General". Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 19 June 2017.
  49. ^ Holland-Boston 1988, p. ?.
  50. ^ a b Miller 2005, p. 40.
  51. ^ Lange, David (1990). Nuclear Free: The New Zealand Way. New Zealand: Penguin Books. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  52. ^ "Helen Clark". nzhistory.govt.nz. New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage.
  53. ^ "KiwiSaver Act 2006 No 40 (as at 01 April 2017), Public Act Contents". New Zealand Parliament. Retrieved 13 June 2017.
  54. ^ "Historical Dictionary of Polynesia". google.co.uk.
  55. ^ "Civil Union Bill — Procedure, Third Reading". New Zealand Parliament. 9 December 2004. Retrieved 13 June 2017.
  56. ^ Barker, Fiona (June 2012). "Debate about the foreshore and seabed". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 13 June 2017.
  57. ^ Dunne, Peter (18 January 2010). "What to do about that foreshore and seabed?". The Dominion Post. Retrieved 13 June 2017.
  58. ^ "Clark stands down after Key wins NZ election". The New Zealand Herald. 8 November 2008. Retrieved 8 November 2008.
  59. ^ "Goff resignation sparks leader race". The New Zealand Herald. 29 November 2011. Retrieved 29 November 2011.
  60. ^ Hager, Nicky, (2014) 'Dirty Politics: How Attack Politics in Poisoning New Zealand's Political Environment', Nelson: Craig Potton Publishing
  61. ^ "David Shearer quits". Stuff.co.nz. 22 August 2013. Retrieved 22 August 2013.
  62. ^ "Cunliffe wins Labour leadership". Stuff.co.nz. 15 September 2013. Retrieved 15 September 2013.
  63. ^ Solutions, EIU Digital (17 September 2013). "New Labour leader chosen". country.eiu.com. Retrieved 4 September 2016.
  64. ^ Graham, Charlotte (31 July 2017). "Jacinda Ardern Takes Over New Zealand Opposition as Election Looms". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 August 2017.
  65. ^ "Little asked Ardern to lead six days before he resigned". The New Zealand Herald. 14 September 2017. Retrieved 15 November 2017.
  66. ^ "Labour finally retake power after Winston Peters gives Jacinda Ardern his support". Stuff.co.nz. 19 October 2017. Retrieved 19 October 2017. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  67. ^ "Winston Peters on why he chose a Labour-led government". New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 20 October 2017.
  68. ^ Roy, Eleanor Ainge. "Jacinda Ardern to be New Zealand's next PM after Labour coalition deal". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 October 2017.
  69. ^ "Green Party ratifies confidence and supply deal with Labour". The New Zealand Herald. 19 October 2017. Retrieved 19 October 2017. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  70. ^ Roy, Eleanor Ainge. "Jacinda Ardern to be New Zealand's next PM after Labour coalition deal". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 October 2017.
  71. ^ a b c d e f g h "Constitution and Rules" (PDF). New Zealand Labour Party. July 2016. Retrieved 13 June 2017.
  72. ^ "Princes Street". New Zealand Young Labour. Retrieved 13 June 2017.
  73. ^ "VicLabour". New Zealand Young Labour. Retrieved 13 June 2017.
  74. ^ "Labour Party membership, 1917–2002". Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 13 June 2017.
  75. ^ Peter, Aimer. "Labour Party - Ideology and the role of unions: Labour Party membership, 1917–2002". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 13 June 2017.
  76. ^ a b Aimer, Peter (20 June 2012). "Labour Party - Organisation of the Labour Party". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 13 June 2017.
  77. ^ a b "Opinion: Unions rip off Labour leadership". Newshub. 18 November 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2017.
  78. ^ "About Us". www.etu.nz. E tū.
  79. ^ "Conference 2012 – New Zealand Labour Party". Archived from the original on 20 November 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  80. ^ "About Young Labour". New Zealand Young Labour. Retrieved 13 June 2017.
  81. ^ "Young, gifted and politically aware". Stuff.co.nz. 4 November 2008. Retrieved 13 June 2017.
  82. ^ "Phil Goff elected Mayor of Auckland". The New Zealand Herald. 8 October 2016. Retrieved 13 June 2017.
  83. ^ Morris, Chris (26 February 2016). "Greater Dunedin disbands". Otago Daily Times. Retrieved 30 March 2016.
  84. ^ Elder, Vaughan (20 April 2016). "No Labour ticket; Hawkins, Vandervis declare hand". Otago Daily Times. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
  85. ^ "General elections 1890-1993". Electoral Commission. 30 August 2016. Retrieved 16 November 2017.
  86. ^ "General elections 1996-2005". Electoral Commission. 26 September 2017. Retrieved 16 November 2017.
  87. ^ "Official results for the 2008 General Election". Electoral Commission. 22 November 2008. Retrieved 16 November 2017.
  88. ^ "2011 General Election - Official Count Results". Electoral Commission. 17 December 2011. Retrieved 16 November 2017.
  89. ^ "2014 General Election - Official Count Results". Electoral Commission. 10 October 2014. Retrieved 16 November 2017.
  90. ^ "2017 General Election - Official Result". Electoral Commission. 23 September 2017. Retrieved 16 November 2017.
  91. ^ "Election - Overall Results". Retrieved 17 October 2020.
  92. ^ Brown 1962, p. 225.
  93. ^ Audrey Young (12 February 2008). "Clark beats record of longest-serving Labour leader – probably". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 12 February 2008.
  94. ^ Brown 1962, p. 224.
  95. ^ Garner, Jean. "McCombs, James". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 28 January 2011.
  96. ^ Gustafson 1980, pp. 168–169.
  97. ^ Gustafson 1980, p. 164.
  98. ^ Gustafson 1980, p. 168.
  99. ^ Green, Anna. "Roberts, James". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 6 May 2013.
  100. ^ Ballara, Angela. "Charles Moihi Te Arawaka Bennett". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 23 April 2013.
  101. ^ "Rex Jones says goodbye after 37 years". NZ Amalgamated Engineering, Printing & Manufacturing Union. 22 December 2011.

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to New Zealand Labour Party.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Zealand_Labour_Party&oldid=813365001"