Stele of Zakkur

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Stele of Zakkur
Musée du Louvre, Paris
IdentificationAO 8185

The Stele of Zakkur (or Zakir) is a royal

Hamath and Luhuti (or Lu'aš) in the province Nuhašše
of Syria, who ruled around 785 BC.

Description

The inscription was on the lower part of the original stele. The upper part is now missing; it probably had the statue of king Zakkur sitting on a chair. Only some small parts of the upper part are still preserved such as the feet.[1]

Discovery

The Stele was discovered in 1903 at Tell Afis (mentioned in the Stele as Hazrach),[2] 45 km southeast of Aleppo, in the territory of the ancient kingdom of Hamath.[3] It was published in 1907.[4] The long inscription is known as KAI 202; it reads, in part:

I am Zakkur, king of Hamath and Luash . . . Bar-Hadad, son of Hazael, king of Aram, united against me seventeen kings . . .all these kings laid siege to Hazrach . . . Baalshamayn said to me, "Do not be afraid! . . .I will save you from all [these kings who] have besieged you"[5]

'Bar-Hadad' mentioned in the inscription may have been

Bar-Hadad III, son of Hazael.[2]

Deities

Two gods are mentioned in the inscription,

Iluwer. Iluwer was the personal god of king Zakkur, while Baalshamin was the god of the city. It is believed that Iluwer represents the earlier god Mer or Wer
going back to 3rd millennium BC.

This inscription represents the earliest Aramaean evidence of the god Baalshamin/Ba'alsamayin.[6]

Phoenician Yehimilk inscription, also mentioning Baalshamin is even earlier. It dates to the 10th century BCE.[7]

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Zakkur Stele AO 8185.

Notes

  1. ^ Herbert Niehr 2014, The Aramaeans in Ancient Syria. BRILL, p.168
  2. ^ a b Scott B. Noegel, The Zakkur Inscription. In: Mark W. Chavalas, ed. The Ancient Near East: Historical Sources in Translation. London: Blackwell (2006), 307–311.
  3. ^ Yildiz, Efrem "The Aramaic Language and Its Classification" Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies [1]
  4. ^ Gibson J.C.L., Textbook of Syrian Semitic Inscriptions II, Oxford 1975, num. 5.
  5. ^ Ivor Poobalan, “The Period of Jeroboam II with Special Reference to Amos,” JCTS 3 [Journal of the Colombo Theological Seminary] (2005): 43‒74 (47) // archive.org
  6. ISBN 978-90-04-22943-3
  7. ISBN 978-0-8028-2491-2
    . Retrieved 2022-01-30.

Bibliography

  • Pognon, H., Inscriptions sémitiques de la Syrie, de la Mésopotamie, et de la région de Mossoul. Paris: Imprimerie nationale/Gabalda, 1907, 156–178.
  • Driver, Samuel R., "An Aramaic Inscription from Syria." Expositor 7/5 (1908): 481–90.
  • Ronzevalle, S., "An Aramaic inscription of Zakir, ruler of Hamath and Laˁš." Al-Mashriq 11 (1908): 302–10.
  • Halévy, J., "Inscription de Zakir, roi de Hamat, découverte par M. H. Pognon." RevSém 16 (1908): 243–46.
  • Nöldeke, Theodor, "Aramäische Inschriften." ZA 21 (1908): 375–88.
  • Montgomery, James A., "Some Gleanings from Pognon's ZKR Inscription." JBL 28 (1909): 57–70.
  • Barstad, Hans M., "The Prophet Oded and the Zakkur Inscription: A Case of Obscuriore Obscurum?" in: Exum, J. Cheryl, Williamson, Hugh G. M. (eds.), "Reading from Right to Left. Essays on the Hebrew Bible in Honour of David J.A. Clines," JSOT.S vol. 373. Sheffield 2003, 25–37.
  • Sader, H., "Prophecy in Syria: Zakkur of Hamath and Luʿash," in: Rollston, Christopher A. (ed.), "Enemies and Friends of the State: Ancient Prophecy in Context," University Park/PA 2018, 115–134.
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