Synthesis of nanoparticles by fungi
Throughout human history, fungi have been utilized as a source of food and harnessed to ferment and preserve foods and beverages. In the 20th century, humans have learned to harness fungi to protect human health (
Background
A
Silver nanoparticle production
Synthesis of silver nanoparticles has been investigated utilizing many ubiquitous fungal species including Trichoderma,[6][7] Fusarium,[8] Penicillium,[9] Rhizoctonia,[citation needed] Pleurotus and Aspergillus.[10] Extracellular synthesis has been demonstrated by Trichoderma virde, T. reesei, Fusarium oxysporm, F. semitectum, F. solani, Aspergillus niger, A. flavus,[11] A. fumigatus, A. clavatus, Pleurotus ostreatus, Cladosporium cladosporioides,[6] Penicillium brevicompactum, P. fellutanum, an endophytic Rhizoctonia sp., Epicoccum nigrum, Chrysosporium tropicum, and Phoma glomerata, while intracellular synthesis was shown to occur in a Verticillium [12] species, and in Neurospora crassa.
Gold nanoparticle production
Synthesis of gold nanoparticles has been investigated utilizing Fusarium,[13] Neurospora,[14] Verticillium, yeasts,[15][16] and Aspergillus. Extracellular gold nanoparticle synthesis was demonstrated by Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus niger, and cytosolic extracts from Candida albican. Intracellular gold nanoparticle synthesis has been demonstrated by a Verticillum species, V. luteoalbum,[17]
Miscellaneous nanoparticle production
In addition to gold and silver, Fusarium oxysporum has been used to synthesize zirconia, titanium, cadmium sulfide and cadmium selenide nanosize particles. Cadmium sulfide nanoparticles have also been synthesized by Trametes versicolor, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, and Candida glabrata.[18] The white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium has also been demonstrated to be able to synthesize elemental selenium nanoparticles.[19]
Culture techniques and conditions
Culture techniques and media vary depending upon the requirements of the fungal isolate involved, however the general procedure consist of the following: fungal
Analytical techniques
Visual observations
For externally synthesized silver nanoparticles the silver ion solution generally becomes brownish in color,
Analytical tools
Scanning electron microscopy (
Formation mechanisms
Gold and silver
Nitrate reductase was suggested to initiate nanoparticle formation by many fungi including Penicillium species, while several enzymes, α-NADPH-dependent reductases, nitrate-dependent reductases and an extracellular shuttle quinone, were implicated in silver nanoparticle synthesis for Fusarium oxysporum. Jain et al. (2011) indicated that silver nanoparticle synthesis for A. flavus occurs initially by a "33kDa" protein followed by a protein (cystein and free amine groups)
Cadmium sulfide
Cadmium sulfide nanoparticle synthesis by yeast involves sequestration of Cd2+ by glutathione-related peptides followed by reduction within the cell. Ahmad et al. (2002) reported that cadmium sulfide nanoparticle synthesis by Fusarium oxysporum was based on a sulfate reductase (enzyme) process.
References
- ISBN 978-1-58829-253-7.
- ^ a b c Ghorbani, HR; Safekordi AA; Attar H; Rezayat Sorkhabadi SM (2011). "Biological and non-biological methods for silver nanoparticles synthesis". Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Quarterly. 25: 317–326.
- ^ .
- ^ Popescu, M; Velea A; Lőrinczi A (2010). "Biogenic production of nanoparticles". Digest J of Nanomaterials and Biostructures. 5: 1035–1040.
- ^ Sastry, M; Ahmad A; Khan MI; Kumar R (2003). "Biosynthesis of metal nanoparticles using fungi and actinomycete". Current Science. 85: 162–170.
- ^ .
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- ^ PMID 16014167.
- ^ a b Naveen, H; Kumar G; Karthik L; Roa B (2010). "Extracellular biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using the filamentous fungus Penicillium sp". Archives of Applied Science Research. 2: 161–167.
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- ^ PMID 21088776.)
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