Rhizoctonia

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Rhizoctonia
Disease of cucumber caused by Rhizoctonia solani
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Cantharellales
Family: Ceratobasidiaceae
Genus: Rhizoctonia
DC. (1815)
Type species
Rhizoctonia solani
J.G. Kühn (1858)
Species
Synonyms

Moniliopsis Ruhland (1908)
Thanatephorus Donk (1956)
Uthatobasidium Donk (1956)
Koleroga Donk (1958)
Cejpomyces Svrcek & Pouzar (1970)
Oncobasidium Talbot & Keane (1971)
Ypsilondium Donk (1972)
Aquathanatephorus Tu & Kimbrough (1978)
Ceratorhiza R.T. Moore (1987)

Rhizoctonia is a

orchids.[1]
The genus name was formerly used to accommodate many superficially similar, but unrelated fungi.

Taxonomy

History

Anamorphs

Rhizoctonia was introduced in 1815 by French mycologist

form genus of anamorphic fungi comprising a diverse range of unrelated species.[4]

As part of a move towards a more natural classification of fungi, American mycologist Royall T. Moore proposed in 1987 that Rhizoctonia should be restricted to the type species and its relatives, with unrelated species moved to other genera.[5] Unfortunately, this meant that the best-known but unrelated species, Rhizoctonia solani, would have undergone a name change to Moniliopsis solani. To avoid this, it was subsequently proposed that R. solani should replace R. crocorum as the type species of Rhizoctonia. This proposal was passed and the type of Rhizoctonia is now conserved as R. solani under the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants.[6]

R.T. Moore retained species having teleomorphs in the genus Thanatephorus within Rhizoctonia, but moved those with teleomorphs in the genus Ceratobasidium to the new anamorphic genus Ceratorhiza.[5]

Teleomorphs

In 1956, Dutch mycologist

sterigmata.[12] This was redetermined as Thanatephorus cucumeris by Andersen (1996).[13]

form genus Corticium that showed affinities with the heterobasidiomycetes. These affinities were the possession of large sterigmata ("cerato-basidium" means "horned basidium") and the production of basidiospores that produce secondary spores.[14] The genus Koleroga was proposed by Donk (1958) to accommodate K. noxia, a plant pathogen morphologically similar to Ceratobasidium but not known to produce secondary spores.[15] Talbot (1965) demonstrated that such spores were present in some collections and suggested that Koleroga be synonymized with Ceratobasidium.[8]

Current status

monophyletic, however, if species of Ceratobasidium (excluding the type)[18] and Ceratorhiza are included as synonyms, since there is no apparent distinction between these species and species of Rhizoctonia.[17][18] DNA sequencing has also confirmed the synonymy of Uthatobasidium, Oncobasidium, and Koleroga.[18]

Following changes to the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, the practice of giving different names to teleomorph and anamorph forms of the same fungus was discontinued, meaning that Thanatephorus became a synonym of the earlier name Rhizoctonia.[18] In its current sense, therefore, the genus Rhizoctonia includes both anamorphic and teleomorphic fungi. Not all species referred to Ceratobasidium or Thanatephorus have yet been combined in Rhizoctonia, however.

Redisposition of former species

A comprehensive survey and redisposition of old species names in Rhizoctonia was published in 1994 by Andersen & Stalpers.[4] Only a few frequently used names are listed below. Many older names are of uncertain application or were never validly published, or both.[4]

Habitat and distribution

Species are

saprotrophic, often occurring in soil and producing basidiocarps (fruit bodies) on dead stems and plant detritus. They are also opportunistic plant pathogens, with an almost unlimited host range, and have been isolated from orchid mycorrhiza. Distribution appears to be cosmopolitan.[8]

Economic importance

Rhizoctonia oryzae-sativae causes 'aggregate sheath spot' and 'sclerotium' disease of rice.[8] The subtropical Rhizoctonia noxia causes 'black rot' of coffee and other foliar blights,[8] whilst Rhizoctonia theobromae causes 'vascular-streak dieback' of Theobroma cacao (cocoa tree).[25] In Europe, Rhizoctonia butinii causes web blight of spruce.[18][26]

An efficient conversion of tryptophan to indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and/or tryptophol can be achieved by some species in the genus Rhizoctonia.[27]

References

  1. ISSN 1916-2790
    .
  2. ^ "Pests and Diseases Quick Reference : Violet root rot". Archived from the original on 2006-09-25. Retrieved 2010-08-05.
  3. ^ a b c d e "Index Fungorum - Search Page".
  4. ^ a b c d e f Andersen TF, Stalpers JA. (1994). "A checklist of Rhizoctonia epithets". Mycotaxon. 51: 437–457.
  5. ^ a b Moore RT. (1987). "The genera of Rhizoctonia-like fungi". Mycotaxon. 29: 91–99.
  6. ^ International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, Appendix III http://ibot.sav.sk/icbn/main.htm
  7. ^ Donk MA (1956). "Notes on resupinate fungi II. The tulasnelloid fungi". Reinwardtia. 3: 363–379.
  8. ^
    ISBN 1-900347-69-5
    .
  9. ^ Svrček M, Pouzar Z (1970). "Cejpomyces gen. nov., a new genus of resupinate hymenomycetes (Corticiaceae)". Ceská Mykologie. 24: 5–11.
  10. doi:10.1071/BT9710203
    .
  11. ^ Donk MA (1972). "The Heterobasidiomycetes: a reconnaissance - I. A restricted emendation". Proceedings of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen C. 75: 365–390.
  12. S2CID 84659778
    .
  13. doi:10.1016/S0953-7562(96)80224-3
    .
  14. ^ Rogers DP. (1935). "Notes on the lower Basidiomycetes". University of Iowa Studies in Natural History. 17: 3–43.
  15. ^ Donk MA (1958). "Notes on resupinate hymenomycetes V". Fungus. 28: 16–36.
  16. PMID 17486970. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2010-08-30.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link
    )
  17. ^
    PMID 27020160.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  18. ^
    S2CID 18958852.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  19. JSTOR 3760886
    .
  20. ^ Rhizoctonia disease of potato http://vegetablemdonline.ppath.cornell.edu/factsheets/Potato_Rhizoctonia.htm
  21. ^ Rhizoctonia root rot http://cbarc.aes.oregonstate.edu/rhizoctonia-root-rot-bare-patch Archived 2013-10-10 at the Wayback Machine
  22. ^ Rhizoctonia diseases of sugar beet "Management of Rhizoctonia Root Rot of Sugarbeet". Archived from the original on 2010-06-19. Retrieved 2010-08-05.
  23. ^ Rhizoctonia disease of cucumber http://cuke.hort.ncsu.edu/cucurbit/cuke/dshndbk/br.html
  24. ^ Rhizoctonia sheath blight http://www.lsuagcenter.com/NR/rdonlyres/C93A494B-8105-4804-9DFA-81190EC3F68B/58166/pub3123ShealthBlightofRiceHIGHRES.pdf
  25. PMID 31583107.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  26. doi:10.1111/efp.12272
    .
  27. ^ Efficient Conversion of L-Tryptophan to Indole-3-Acetic Acid and/or Tryptophol by Some Species of Rhizoctonia. Toshiko Furukawa, Jinichiro Koga, Takashi Adachi, Kunihei Kishi and Kunihiko Syono, Plant Cell Physiol., 1996, volume 37, issue 7, pages 899-905 (abstract)

External links

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