Tarḫuntašša
Tarḫuntašša (
Location
In 2019, a previously little-researched site at
History
New Hittite capital
In the early 13th century BC,
Muwatalli II's son
Kurunta of Tarhuntassa
Kurunta later claimed the title of Great King for himself. Whether or not this claim extended to the whole domain of Hatti, the court in Hattusa contested it (and buried the treaty).[citation needed]
Fall of the Hittite Empire
Toward the end of the Hittite empire,
Türkmen-Karahöyük
Though occupied beginning in the Late Chalcolithic period this site was most heavily occupied in the Late Bronze Age (c. 1300-1100 BC) and Middle Iron Age (c. 900-600 BC). At those times it reached an extent of over 120 hectares making it largest site in west and central Anatolia. During a 2019 regional archaeological survey, called the Konya Regional Archaeological Survey Project,
"LINE 1 - Great King Kartapu, Hero, Mursili’s son. LINE 2 - When he (i.e. Kartapu) conquered the country of Muska, the enemy came down (into) the land. The Storm-god of heaven (and) all the gods placed 13 (enemy) kings (into) the hand (of) His Majesty, Great King Hartapu. (And) he (i.e. Hartapu) took (these) 13 kings down, (with their) shields/protection and cattle (at their/and) 10 mighty-fortresses (with their) great orthostats/stones/walls (within) a year. LINE 3 - And Azari-Tiwata (or less likely Ap(a)ri-Tiwata), the scribe, car[ved (this)]."[17]
Because an already known inscription referred to a Hartapu son of Mursili which some suggested was Mursili III a known king of Tarḫuntašša some researchers speculated Türkmen-Karahöyük was Tarḫuntašša. The excavators determined that the inscription dated to the 8th century BC, much too recent to be related to Tarḫuntašša and continue to stand by that view though not precluding the site being Tarḫuntašša in Middle Bronze times. At the site of Kızıldağ, about 13 kilometers to the south-southeast, there is another inscription (one of 4 similar inscriptions found there) of a Hartapu on an outcrop.[18][19][20][21]
At this time the collation, the translation, and the chronology of both the Kızıldağ inscriptions and the Türkmen-Karahöyük inscription (as well as similar inscriptions at BURUNKAYA and Topada) are still unsettled.[22][23][24] Dating for the various related inscriptions, including the ones naming Hartapu, has been determined to be either 12th century BC or 8th century BC. In the case of the Türkmen-Karahöyük inscription it is thought that not all three lines were inscribed at the same time. The scientific consensus is that there was an earlier Hartapu and a later one.[25]
See also
- Cities of the ancient Near East
- Ura, Anatolia
References
- ^ Martino, Stefano de, "Ura and the boundaries of Tarḫuntašša", Altorientalische Forschungen, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 291-300, 1999
- ^ James Osborne & Michele Massa, 2019, A New Iron Age Kingdom in Anatolia: King Hartapu and his Capital City (lecture; video) Oriental Institute, University of Chicago.
- ^ "Archaeologists discover lost city that may have conquered the kingdom of Midas". phys.org. 21 February 2020.
- ^ Şerifoğlu, Tevfik Emre, et al., "The Final Two Seasons of the Lower Göksu Archaeological Salvage Survey Project (2016–2017)", Proceedings of the 11th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East: Vol. 2: Field Reports. Islamic Archaeology, edited by Adelheid Otto et al., 1st ed., Harrassowitz Verlag, pp. 395–408, 2020
- ^ Bryce, T. R., "Some Geographical and Political Aspects of Mursilis’ Arzawan Campaign", Anatolian Studies, vol. 24, pp. 103–16, 1974
- S2CID 133662324.
- ^ Singer, Itamar (1996). Muwatalli's Prayer to the Assembly of Gods through the Storm-God of Lightning (CTH 381). Atlanta: American Schools of Oriental Research.
- S2CID 133662324.
- ^ KBo 21.15 i 11-12.
- Tudhaliya IV, according to Gurney (1993), p. 19.
- ^ This treaty is referenced as KBo. IV 10 + KUB XL 69 + 1548/u, CTH 106 in Gurney (1993).
- ^ Bronze Tablet III 59.
- ^ Trevor Bryce: The World of the Neo-Hittite Kingdoms: A Political and Military History. Oxford, New York 2012, p. 21 f, 29, 145.
- ^ Massa, M., and J. Osborne, "The KRASP 2019 field season and the discovery of an Iron Age capital at Türkmen-Karahöyük", Heritage Turkey 33, pp. 34, 2019
- ^ Osborne, James F., et al., "The city of Hartapu: results of the Türkmen-Karahöyük Intensive Survey Project", Anatolian Studies 70, pp. 1-27, 2020
- ^ Goedegebuure, Petra, et al., "Türkmen-Karahöyük 1: a new Hieroglyphic Luwian inscription from Great King Hartapu, son of Mursili, conqueror of Phrygia", Anatolian Studies 70, pp. 29-43, 2020
- ^ Peker, Hasan, "Türkmen-KarahöyükK 1, A New Reading and Interpretation", Nouvelles Assyriologiques Brèves et Utilitaires (NABU) 2020/4, pp. 249-250, 2020
- ^ Massa, Michele and Osborne, James F., "On the Identity of Hartapu: Textual, Historical and Archaeological Analysis of an Anatolian Iron Age Ruler", Altorientalische Forschungen, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 85-103, 2022
- ^ "Archaeologists discover lost city that may have conquered the kingdom of Midas". phys.org. Retrieved 2020-06-28.
- ^ "Oriental Institute archaeologists help discover lost kingdom in ancient Turkey". University of Chicago News. 20 February 2020. Retrieved 2020-06-28.
- ^ "VICE - Archaeologists Have Discovered a Lost Ancient Kingdom in Turkey". www.vice.com. 25 February 2020. Retrieved 2020-06-28.
- ^ d’Alfonso, L., "War in Anatolia in the Post-Hittite Period: The Anatolian Hieroglyphic Inscription of TOPADA Revised", JCS 71, pp. 133–152, 2019
- ^ Şenyurt, Y./A. Akçay, "Topada Yazıtına Farklı bir Bakış: Geç Hitit Döneminde Orta Anadolu’da Güç Dengeleri / A Different Viewpoint for Topada Inscription: Balance of Power in Central Anatolian Late Hittite Period", TÜBA-AR 22, pp. 95–117, 2018
- ^ Oreshko, R., "New Readings in the Hieroglyphic-Luwian Inscriptions of BURUNKAYA and KIZILDAĞ 4", Kadmos 55, pp. 1–16, 2016
- ^ [1] Hawkins, J. David, and Mark Weeden, "The New Inscription from Türkmenkarahöyük and its Historical Context", Altorientalische Forschungen 48.2, pp. 384-400, 2021
Further reading
- R. H. Beal, "Kurunta of Tarhuntassa and the Imperial Hittite Mausoleum", AnSt 43, pp. 29–39, 1993
- D'ALFONSO, LORENZO, "Tarḫuntašša in einem Text aus Emar", Altorientalische Forschungen, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 314–321, 1999
- Del Monte, Giuseppe F., "ULMITEŠUB RE DI TARHUNTAŠA", Egitto e Vicino Oriente, vol. 14/15, pp. 123–48, 1991
- O. R. Gurney, "The Treaty with Ulmi-Tešub", Anatolian Studies, 43, pp. 13–28, 1993
- Hawkins, J. D., "Kuzi-Tešub and the ‘Great Kings’ of Karkamiš", Anatolian Studies, vol. 38, pp. 99–108, 1988
- Hawkins, J.D., "The Hieroglyphic Inscription of the Sacred Pool Complex at Hattusa (Südburg)", Wiesbaden, 1995
- F. Imparati and F. Pecchiol Daddi, "Le relazioni politiche fra Hatti e Tarhuntassa all'epoca di Hattusili III e Tuthaliya IV", Eothen 4, pp. 23–68, 1991
- Singer, Itamar, "Western Anatolia in the Thirteenth Century B.C. According to the Hittite Sources", Anatolian Studies, vol. 33, pp. 205–17, 1983
- Singer, Itamar, "Great Kings of Tarhuntašša", Studi Micenei ed Egeo-Anatolici 38, pp. 63–71, 1996
- Sürenhagen, Dietrich, "Untersuchungen zur Bronzetafel und weiteren Verträgen mit der Sekundogenitur in Tarḫuntašša", Orientalistische Literaturzeitung, vol. 87, no. 4–5, pp. 341–356, 1992
- T. P. J. van den Hout, "A Chronology of the Tarhuntassa-Treaties", JCS 41, pp. 100–114, 1989
- [2] Woudhuizen, Fred, "Luwian hieroglyphic texts in late Bronze Age scribal tradition", Harrassowitz Verlag, 2021
- Zimmermann, Thomas, et al., "The Metal Tablet from Boğazköy-Hattuša: First Archaeometric Impressions*", Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. 69, no. 2, pp. 225–29, 2010