Telephony

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Telephony (

telecommunication services for the purpose of electronic transmission of voice, fax, or data, between distant parties. The history of telephony is intimately linked to the invention and development of the telephone
.

Telephony is commonly referred to as the construction or operation of telephones and telephonic systems and as a system of telecommunications in which telephonic equipment is employed in the transmission of speech or other sound between points, with or without the use of wires.

voice over Internet Protocol
(VoIP).

Overview

The first telephones were connected directly in pairs. Each user had a separate telephone wired to each locations to be reached. This quickly became inconvenient and unmanageable when users wanted to communicate with more than a few people. The invention of the telephone exchange provided the solution for establishing telephone connections with any other telephone in service in the local area. Each telephone was connected to the exchange at first with one wire, later one wire pair, the local loop. Nearby exchanges in other service areas were connected with trunk lines, and long-distance service could be established by relaying the calls through multiple exchanges.

Initially, exchange switchboards were manually operated by an attendant, commonly referred to as the "switchboard operator". When a customer cranked a handle on the telephone, it activated an indicator on the board in front of the operator, who would in response plug the operator headset into that jack and offer service. The caller had to ask for the called party by name, later by number, and the operator connected one end of a circuit into the called party jack to alert them. If the called station answered, the operator disconnected their headset and completed the station-to-station circuit. Trunk calls were made with the assistance of other operators at other exchangers in the network.

Until the 1970s, most telephones were permanently wired to the telephone line installed at customer premises. Later, conversion to installation of jacks that terminated the

telephone plugs and allowed portability of the set to multiple locations in the premises where jacks were installed. The inside wiring to all jacks was connected in one place to the wire drop which connects the building to a cable. Cables usually bring a large number of drop wires from all over a district access network to one wire center or telephone exchange. When a telephone user wants to make a telephone call, equipment at the exchange examines the dialed telephone number and connects that telephone line to another in the same wire center, or to a trunk to a distant exchange. Most of the exchanges in the world are interconnected through a system of larger switching systems, forming the public switched telephone network
(PSTN).

In the second half of the 20th century, fax and data became important secondary applications of the network created to carry voices, and late in the century, parts of the network were upgraded with

DSL
to improve handling of such traffic.

Today, telephony uses digital technology (

ISDN, permitted all data transport from end-to-end speedily over telephone lines.[2] This service was later made much less important due to the ability to provide digital services based on the Internet protocol suite.[3]

Since the advent of personal computer technology in the 1980s,

caller identification. The integration of telephony software and computer systems is a major development in the evolution of office automation. The term is used in describing the computerized services of call centers, such as those that direct your phone call to the right department at a business you're calling. It is also sometimes used for the ability to use your personal computer to initiate and manage phone calls (in which case you can think of your computer as your personal call center).[4]

Digital telephony

Digital telephony is the use of

core network has replaced the traditional analog transmission and signaling systems, and much of the access network
has also been digitized.

Starting with the development of

wideband voice
on the same channel, with improved quality of a wider analog voice channel.

History

The earliest end-to-end analog telephone networks to be modified and upgraded to transmission networks with

discrete devices. Early digital telephony was impractical due to the low performance and high costs of early PCM codec-filters.[5][6]

Practical

MOS capacitors and MOSFET switches for data conversion.[6] MOS analog-to-digital converter (ADC) and DAC chips were commercialized by 1974.[9]

MOS SC circuits led to the development of PCM codec-filter chips in the late 1970s.

rapid scaling and miniaturization of MOS technology.[11][6]

Uncompressed PCM

voice-over-IP (VoIP) applications since the late 1990s.[14]

The development of transmission methods such as

fiber optic transmission further advanced digital transmission. Although analog carrier systems existed that multiplexed multiple analog voice channels onto a single transmission medium, digital transmission allowed lower cost and more channels multiplexed on the transmission medium. Today the end instrument often remains analog but the analog signals are typically converted to digital signals at the serving area interface (SAI), central office (CO), or other aggregation point. Digital loop carriers (DLC) and fiber to the x place the digital network ever closer to the customer premises, relegating the analog local loop
to legacy status.

IP telephony

Main article: Voice over IP
A commercial IP telephone, with keypad, control keys, and screen functions to perform configuration and user features.

The field of technology available for telephony has broadened with the advent of new communication technologies. Telephony now includes the technologies of Internet services and mobile communication, including video conferencing.

The new technologies based on Internet Protocol (IP) concepts are often referred to separately as voice over IP (VoIP) telephony, also commonly referred to as IP telephony or Internet telephony. Unlike traditional phone service, IP telephony service is relatively unregulated by government. In the United States, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regulates phone-to-phone connections, but says they do not plan to regulate connections between a phone user and an IP telephony service provider.[15]

A specialization of digital telephony, Internet Protocol (IP) telephony involves the application of digital networking technology that was the foundation to the

disruptive technology that is rapidly replacing traditional telephone infrastructure technologies. As of January 2005, up to 10% of telephone subscribers in Japan and South Korea have switched to this digital telephone service. A January 2005 Newsweek article suggested that Internet telephony may be "the next big thing".[16] As of 2006, many VoIP companies offer service to consumers and businesses.[needs update
]

IP telephony uses an Internet connection and hardware

hotspots
. VoIP is also used on private networks which may or may not have a connection to the global telephone network.

Fixed telephone lines per 100 inhabitants 1997–2007

Social impact research

Direct person-to-person communication includes non-verbal cues expressed in facial and other bodily articulation, that cannot be transmitted in traditional voice telephony.

Video telephony
restores such interactions to varying degrees. Social Context Cues Theory is a model to measure the success of different types of communication in maintaining the non-verbal cues present in face-to-face interactions. The research examines many different cues, such as the physical context, different facial expressions, body movements, tone of voice, touch and smell.

Various communication cues are lost with the usage of the telephone. The communicating parties are not able to identify the body movements, and lack touch and smell. Although this diminished ability to identify social cues is well known, Wiesenfeld, Raghuram, and Garud point out that there is a value and efficiency to the type of communication for different tasks.[17] They examine work places in which different types of communication, such as the telephone, are more useful than face-to-face interaction.

The expansion of communication to mobile telephone service has created a different filter of the social cues than the

land-line telephone. The use of instant messaging, such as texting, on mobile telephones has created a sense of community.[18]
In The Social Construction of Mobile Telephony it is suggested that each phone call and text message is more than an attempt to converse. Instead, it is a gesture which maintains the social network between family and friends. Although there is a loss of certain social cues through telephones, mobile phones bring new forms of expression of different cues that are understood by different audiences. New language additives attempt to compensate for the inherent lack of non-physical interaction.

Another social theory supported through telephony is the Media Dependency Theory. This theory concludes that people use media or a resource to attain certain goals. This theory states that there is a link between the media, audience, and the large social system.[19] Telephones, depending on the person, help attain certain goals like accessing information, keeping in contact with others, sending quick communication, entertainment, etc.

See also

Look up telephony in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

References

  1. ^ Dictionary.com Telephony Definition
  2. ^ "The Communications Museum Trust - eMuseum - History of Digital Switching -ISDN". www.communicationsmuseum.org.uk. Retrieved 2022-08-25.
  3. ^ "Why ISDN telephones are in decline - Sussex, Surrey, Brighton | Ingenio". ingeniotech.co.uk. 2022-03-07. Retrieved 2022-08-25.
  4. ^ What is CTI? TechTarget
  5. ^
    ISBN 9781420041163
    .
  6. ^
    ISBN 9788793609860. Archived from the original
    (PDF) on 2021-09-30. Retrieved 2019-11-28.
  7. ISBN 9780387285238
    .
  8. ISBN 9788793609860. Archived from the original
    (PDF) on 2021-09-30. Retrieved 2019-11-28.
  9. U.S. Government Printing Office
    . 1974. p. 46.
  10. S2CID 27580722
    .
  11. S2CID 25112828
    .
  12. ISSN 1932-8346. Archived
    (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.
  13. S2CID 212485331. Archived from the original
    (PDF) on 2019-10-18. Retrieved 18 October 2019.
  14. Fraunhofer IIS. Audio Engineering Society. Archived
    (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 20 October 2019.
  15. ^ "Microsoft word - 37716" (PDF). docs.fcc.gov.
  16. ^ Sheridan, Barrett. "Newsweek - National News, World News, Health, Technology, Entertainment and more... - Newsweek.com". MSNBC. Archived from the original on January 18, 2005. Retrieved 2010-05-23.
  17. ^ "Hosted PBX". Retrieved 5 December 2017.
  18. S2CID 144874874
    .
  19. ^ "Media Dependency Theory". 2012-02-12.
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