Timeline of early Islamic history

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

This is a timeline of the early history of Islam during the lifetime of Muhammad. The information provided in this article is based on Islamic oral tradition, not on historical or archaeological evidence. A separate list of military expeditions and battles is at List of expeditions of Muhammad.

N. Record, milestone or achievement Date Noteworthy facts Notable primary sources
1. Muhammad's first revelation: Quran 96:1–5[1][2][3][4] 610 [1][2][3][4]
  • According to Islamic tradition, during one such occasion while he was in contemplation, the archangel Gabriel appeared before him in the year 610 CE and said, ‘Recite’, upon which he replied, ‘I am unable to recite’. Thereupon the angel caught hold of him and embraced him heavily. This happened two more time after which the angel commanded Muhammad to recite the following verses:[1][2][3]"Proclaim! (or read!) in the name of thy Lord and Cherisher, Who Created man, out of a (mere) clot of congealed blood:Proclaim! And thy Lord is Most Bountiful,- Who taught (the use of) the pen,-Taught man that which he knew not."[4]
2.
 First Muslim Female convert: Khadija[5] 610 [5]
3 First Muslim Male convert: Abu Bakr 610 ● According to Hadis Ali was Muhammad's cousin and accepted Islam at the age of 11 making him the first male accepted Islam.

Later Abu Bakr followed.

  • Muhammad's prominent companions
    al-Nakhai
    (d. 714) claim Abu Bakr to be the first male convert.
  • Abu Bakr is also said to be the first male Muslim convert on accounts preserved by the historian al-Tabari.
  • Despite the conflicts, when talking about adult males, Abu Bakr was the first one to accept Islam.
  • al-Nakhai
4 First Muslim Child convert:
Ali Ibn Abi Talib[6]
 610 [6] Ali, is said to have supported Muhammed from his childhood and in some texts, is said to have converted to Islam just after his birth. Ali was among the earliest Muslims, the first among young/children converts.
5 First Public Dawah[8] 613 [9][8][10]
  • Around 613, Muhammad began to preach to the public(Quran 26:214).[8] Most Meccans ignored him and mocked him,[9] though a few became his followers. There were three main groups of early converts to Islam: younger brothers and sons of great merchants; people who had fallen out of the first rank in their tribe or failed to attain it; and the weak, mostly unprotected foreigners.[10]
6 First Muslim
Sumayyah bint Khabbab
 615 [11][9]
  • Tradition records at great length the persecution and ill-treatment towards Muhammad and his followers.
    Abu Jahl, is famous as the first martyr of Islam; killed with a spear by her master when she refused to give up her faith.[9][12][13][14][15]
7 First Muslim to be tortured:
Bilal ibn Ribah
 615
  • Tabari, Volume 6 [18]
8 First migration to another country:
Ethiopia
 615[11][9]
  • In 615, some of Muhammad's followers
    Hijrah[11][9]
9 First Muslim Ambassador and Envoy:
Mus`ab ibn `Umair
 September 621 [21][22]
  • Musab ibn Umair al-Abdari was the first Muslim Ambassador. He was sent to Yathrib (now Medina) to teach the people the doctrines of Islam and give them guidance[22] Note: Author says it happened before the Second pledge at al-Aqabah which happened in 622. Therefore, this event happened in 621
10 First Muslim
Bilal ibn Ribah[24][25]
 622 [26]
  • After Muhammad migrated to
    Bilal ibn Ribah as the first Muslim Muezzin[24]
11 First treaty/pledge of war made amongst Muslims: Second pledge at al-Aqabah 622 [29]
12 623 [36]
13 First Muslim to take part in actual fighting in the name of Islam:
Sa`d ibn Abi Waqqas[39][43]
 623
  • In 623 Muhammad ordered the
    Batn Rabigh Caravan Raid to raid Quraysh caravan to relieve themselves from poverty[39][43] Sa'd ibn Abi Waqas was the first person to fire an arrow in the name of Islam, it mentioned in the Sunni hadith collection Sahih al-Bukhari "I heard Sa'd saying, "I was the first amongst the 'Arabs who shot an arrow for Allah's Cause. We used to fight along with the Prophet""Sahih al-Bukhari, 5:57:74[39]
14 First peace treaty:
Banu Darhma peace treaty
 August 623 [45][46]
15
  • First Muslim to kill another person in the name of Islam: Waqid ibn Abdullah
  • First person(s) taken captive by Muslims: Uthman bin Abdullah and Nawfal bin Abdullah
 January 624[51]
  • Quraysh) were busy preparing food during the Nakhla Raid, the Muslims attacked.[51] In the short battle that took place, Waqid ibn Abdullah killed Amr ibn Hadrami by shooting arrow at the leader of the Quraysh caravan.[52] Nawfal ibn Abdullah managed to escape. The Muslims took Uthman ibn Abdullah and al-Hakam ibn Kaysan as captives. Abdullah ibn Jahsh returned to Medina with the booty and with the two captured Quraysh tribe members. The followers planned to give one-fifth of the booty to Muhammad.[53]
  • Also during the
    Abd-Allah ibn Jahsh[53] According to the Muslim scholar Ibn Kathir, Muhammad refused to accept ransom for Nawfal bin Abdullah and another captive, until he was sure his companions were safe, he also threatened to kill the captives. Muhammad said: "For we fear for their safety with you. If you kill them, we will kill your people", Ibn Kathir cites Ibn Ishaqs 7th century biography of Muhammad as the primary source for this quote.[52][53] The 2 companions in question were Sa`d bin Abu Waqqas and `Utbah bin Ghazwan who had lost their camels and gotten lost, Muhammad feared the Quraysh my find them and kill them.[53]
16 First assassination carried out by Muslims: Asma bint Marwan or Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf

[57]

January 624 [57]
  • Muhammad ordered the killing of 'Asma' bint Marwan for opposing Muhammad with poetry and for provoking others to attack him[58]
  • For those scholar who consider this as unreliable Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf is considered the first person to be assassinated by Muslims
17 First assassination carried out by Muslims: Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf[60][61] September 624 [60][61]
  • According to Ibn Ishaq, Muhammad ordered his followers to kill Ka'b because he "had gone to Mecca after Badr and inveighed against Muhammad. He also composed verses in which he bewailed the victims of Quraysh who had been killed at Badr. Shortly afterwards he returned to Medina and composed amatory verses of an insulting nature about the Muslim women".[60][61]
18 First person(s) to be beheaded and executed by Muslims:
Uqba ibn Abu Mu'ayt
 March 624 [62]
  • According to the Muslim scholar
    Sunan Abu Dawud no 2686 and Anwal Ma'bud 3/12[62] The Muslim scholar Ibn Kathir mentions that [Quran 8:31] is also about this incident [63]
19 First Siege carried out by Muslims: Invasion of Banu Qaynuqa February 624 [64]
  • Muhammad ordered his followers to attack the Banu Qaynuqa Jews for allegedly breaking the treaty known as the Constitution of Medina[65] by pinning the clothes of a Muslim woman, which lead to her being stripped naked[66]
  • As a result, a Muslim killed a Jew in retaliation, and the Jews in turn killed the Muslim man. This escalated to a chain of revenge killings, and enmity grew between Muslims and the Banu Qaynuqa, leading to the siege of their fortress.[67][68][69]: 122  The tribe eventually surrendered to Muhammad, who initially wanted to kill the members of Banu Qaynuqa but ultimately yielded to Abdullah ibn Ubayy's insistence and agreed to expel the Qaynuqa.[70]
20

First person to try and assassinate Muhammad:

Invasion of Dhi Amr

 September 624 [77][78]
  • Ghwarath ibn al-Harith
    Sahih Bukhari that it was raining, and Muhammad took his garments off and hung it on a tree to dry, while the enemy was watching, Ghwarath ibn al-Harith went to attack Muhammad. He threatened Muhammad with his sword and said "who will protect you from me on this day". Then according to Muslim Scholars the Angel Gabriel came and thumped Ghawrath in the chest and forced him to drop his sword. Muhammad then picked up the sword and said "who will protect you from me".[79][80]
21 First defensive military campaign: Battle of Uhud[35] March 625 [82][83]
  • The purpose of the Battle of Uhud was to defend against a Quraysh attack.[84] According to the Muslim scholar Dr. Mosab Hawarey, this battle was the first truly defensive military campaign. All military campaigns prior to this were of an offensive nature [35]
22 First Muslim missionaries to be killed:
Khubyab bin Adi and Zayd bin al-Dathinnah during the Expedition of Al Raji
 625 [88]
23 First Massacre of Muslims:
Expedition of Bir Maona[95]
 July 625 [96]
  • Muhammad sends Missionaries at request of some men from the Banu Amir tribe,[97] but the Muslims are killed as revenge for the assassination of Khalid bin Sufyan by Muhammad's followers.[89] 70 Muslims were killed[97] and 2 Non-Muslims were killed[97]
24 First massacre carried out by Muslims:
Invasion of Banu Qurayza
 February–March 627 [100]
  • Banu Qurayza betrayed Muhammad, So he ordered his followers to attack the Banu Qurayza because according to Muslim tradition he had been ordered to do so by the angel Gabriel.[101][102][103][104][105][106] Al-Waqidi claims Muhammad had a treaty with the tribe which was torn apart. Stillman and Watt deny the authenticity of al-Waqidi.[107] Al-Waqidi has been frequently criticized by Muslim writers, who claim that he is unreliable.[108][109]
  • 600-900 members of the Banu Qurayza were beheaded (Tabari, Ibn Hisham).[104][105][110] Another source says all Males and 1 woman beheaded (Sunni Hadith).[111][112] 2 Muslim's were killed[104]
25 First woman captured by Muhammad as
Rayhana[116][117]
 March 627 [100]
  • After the
    part of his booty.[116] Muhammad offered to free and marry her and according to some sources she accepted his proposal.[118] She is said to have later become a Muslim.[109] Watt, "Kurayza, Banu" Encyclopaedia of Islam
26 First Muslim treasurer:
Bilal ibn Ribah[24]
 630 [120]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Brown (2003), pp. 72–73
  2. ^ a b c Sell (1913), p. 29.
  3. ^ a b c Sahih Bukhari. "Sahih Bukhari : Book of "Revelation" volume1, book 1, number 3". sahih-bukhari.com.
  4. ^ a b c Quran 96:1–5
  5. ^ a b c Guillaume. The Life of Muhammad. Oxford. p. 111.
  6. ^
    ISBN 0887067077
  7. ^ Watt 1953, p. 86
  8. ^ a b c Ramadan (2007), p. 37–9
  9. ^ a b c d e f g An Introduction to the Quran (1895), p. 185
  10. ^ a b Watt, The Cambridge History of Islam (1977), p. 36.
  11. ^
    ISBN 90-04-09419-9
    .
  12. Encyclopedia of the Qur'an
  13. Encyclopedia of Islam
  14. ^ Watt (1964) p. 76.
  15. ^ Peters (1999) p. 172.
  16. ISBN 0-19-636033-1
    , 2003 reprint used - page 145
  17. ^
    ISBN 1467899666
    Pgs. 235-238
  18. ISBN 0887067077
  19. ISBN 0887067077
  20. ^ Muḥammad, Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Edited by P. J. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W. P. Heinrichs et al. Brill Online, 2014
  21. ISBN 9789231041532
    . Retrieved 9 August 2012.
  22. ^
    ISBN 9789960899558. Retrieved 7 August 2012. Note: Author says it happened before the Second pledge at al-Aqabah
    which happened in 622. Therefore this event happened in 621
  23. ^
    ISBN 1438423403
  24. ^
    ISBN 0940368935
  25. ISBN 9780933121775
    .
  26. ISBN 9780933121775
    . Notes: Source says Bilal was appointed after Muhammad migrated to Medina, that is the year 622
  27. ^ A. Adu Boahen, Alvin M. Josephy, The Horizon history of Africa, Volume 1, p. 151, University of Michigan
  28. ^ Tabari, The History of al-Tabari Vol. 39: Biographies of the Prophet's Companions ..., p. 371, SUNY Press,
    ISBN 1438409982
  29. ISBN 9798694145923[permanent dead link
    ]. Note: This is the free version available on Google Books
  30. ^ Watt (1974) p. 83
  31. ^
    ISBN 0887067077
    . Quote: "the second al-'Aqabah took the pledge of war"
  32. ISBN 9960897710
    . Quote: "The second Pledge of Al-'Aqabah (the pledge of war) was: "Blood is blood and blood not to be paid for is blood not to be paid for. I am of you and you are of me. I will war against them that war against you, and be at peace with those at peace with you""
  33. ^
    as-Seerat an-Nabawiyyah
    , Vol. I p. 454
  34. ^ Antonie Wessels, A Modern Arabic Biography of Muḥammad: A Critical Study of Muḥammad Ḥusayn, p. 153,Brill Archive, 1972
  35. ^
    ISBN 9789957051648.Note: Book contains a list of battles of Muhammad in Arabic, English translation available here
  36. ^ a b c Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar (Free Version)[permanent dead link], p. 127.
  37. ^ a b Mubarakpuri, When the Moon Split, p. 147.
  38. ^
    ISBN 978-983-9154-17-7
  39. ^ a b c d e Muḥammad Ibn ʻAbd al-Wahhāb, Mukhtaṣar zād al-maʻād, p. 345.
  40. ^ Witness Pioneer "Pre-Badr Missions and Invasions"
  41. ^ a b ʻAbd al-Malik Ibn Hishām, The life of Muhammad, Apostle of Allah, p. 95, Folio Society, 1964. Translated by Michael Edwardes. Quote: "Go forth against this caravan; it may be that Allah will grant you plunder." (archive)
  42. ISBN 1136921141
    , Routledge, 2013
  43. ^
    ISBN 978-0-8061-3860-2
  44. ^
    ASIN B0007JAWMK
    .
  45. ASIN B0007JAWMK
    . GHAZWAH OF AL-ABWA* Then (occurred) the ghazwah of the Apostle of Allah, may Allah bless him, at al-Abwa in Safar (August 623 AC)
  46. ISBN 978-0887063442
    , In Safar (which began August 4, 623), nearly twelve months after his arrival in Medina on the twelfth of Rabi' al- Awwal, he went out on a raid as far as Waddan
  47. ^ Richard A. Gabriel, Muhammad, Islam's first great general, p. 73.
  48. ISBN 978-983-9154-17-7
  49. ISBN 978-9960899558
  50. ISBN 978-0-19-577307-1. (free online
    )
  51. ^ a b Sir William Muir, The Life of Mahomet and History of Islam, to the Era of the Hegira ..., Volume 3, p. 72, Oxford University, Smith, Elder, 1861
  52. ^
    ISBN 978-983-9154-17-7
  53. ^
    ISBN 1861796765. (online
    )
  54. ISBN 978-9960899558
  55. ^ Muhammad Ibn Abd-al-Wahhab, Mukhtaṣar zād al-maʻād, p. 347.
  56. ISBN 978-9960899558
    See footnote 1, page 247
  57. ^ a b William Muir (1861), The life of Mahomet, Smith, Elder and co, p. 130
  58. ^
    ASIN B0007JAWMK
    . SARIYYAH OF `UMAYR IBN `ADI. Then (occurred) the sariyyah of `Umayr ibn `Adi Ibn Kharashah al-Khatmi against `Asma' Bint Marwan, of Banu Umayyah Ibn Zayd, when five nights had remained from the month of Ramadan, in the beginning of the nineteenth month from the hijrah of the apostle of Allah.
  59. ISBN 9780195778281
    .
  60. ^ a b c Uri Rubin, The Assassination of Kaʿb b. al-Ashraf, Oriens, Vol. 32. (1990), pp. 65-71.
  61. ^ a b c Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, pp.151-153. (online)
  62. ^ a b c Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar (Free Version)[permanent dead link], p. 129
  63. ^
    ISBN 1861797699, MSA Publication Limited, 2009. (online
    )
  64. ^ Muhammad Siddique Qureshi (1989), Foreign policy of Hadrat Muhammad (SAW), Islamic Publications, p. 254.
  65. ^ Watt, W. Montgomery (1956), Muhammad at Medina, p. 209.
  66. ^ Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, pp.149-150. (online)
  67. ^ Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasul Allah [The Life of Muhammad], transl. Guillaume, p. 363
  68. ISBN 978-9960-899-55-8
  69. ^ Stillman, The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book.
  70. ^ Cook, Michael, Muhammad, p. 21.
  71. ^ Sāzmān-i Tablīghāt-i Islāmī (1987), Al-Tawḥīd, vol. 5, Tehran, Iran: Islamic Propagation Organization, International Relations Dept, p. 86
  72. ISBN 978-1-8421-2609-7
    , This was the taunt of the jews of the tribe of Kainoka, when Muhammad demanded tribute of them in the name of God.
  73. ISBN 978-9-9608-9754-7.(online
    )
  74. ISBN 978-0691000404
    .
  75. ASIN B0007JAWMK
    .
  76. ISBN 978-0887063442
  77. ISBN 978-0-88706-344-2
  78. ISBN 978-0-19-577307-1. (free online
    )
  79. ^
    ISBN 978-9960-9803-2-4
  80. ^
    ASIN B0007JAWMK
    . So the apostle of Allah, may Allah bless him, put off his two garments and spread them on a tree to be dried and lay himself down (for rest). In the meantime a man from the enemy called Du'that ibn al-Harith came with a sword"
  81. ISBN 978-9960-897-71-4
    .
  82. ISBN 0198810784
    , The Battle of Uhud (23rd March 625) About...
  83. ISBN 978-0887063442
    , Messenger of God to Uhud. This is said to have been on Saturday, 7 Shaw- wal, in Year Three of the Hijrah (March 23, 625).
  84. ^ Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 181. (online)
  85. ^ Mubarakpuri, The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet , p. 292.
  86. ^ Mubarakpuri, The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet , pp. 299-300.
  87. ^ Mubarakpuri, The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet , p. 296 (footnote 2).
  88. ^ a b c Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 187. (online)
  89. ^
    ISBN 978-0195773071. The common version, however, is that B. Lihyan wanted to avenge the assassination of their chief at Muhammad's instigation, and bribed two clans of the tribe of Khuzaymah to say they wanted to become Muslims and ask Muhammad to send instructors. (online
    )
  90. ISBN 978-0-19-577307-1. The common version, however, is that B. Lihyan wanted to avenge the assassination of their chief at Muhammad's instigation, and bribed two clans of the tribe of Khuzaymah to say they wanted to become Muslims and ask Muhammad to send instructors. (online
    )
  91. ^ Kailtyn Chick, Kailtyn Chick, p. 338, Hamlet Book Publishing , 2013
  92. ISBN 1136921133
  93. ^ a b Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 187-188. (online)
  94. ASIN B0007JAWMK
    .
  95. ^ Sir William Muir, The Life of Mahomet and History of Islam, to the Era of the Hegira ..., Volume 3, p. 205
  96. ISBN 978-0887063442
    , Then in Safar (which began July 13, 625), four months after Uhud, he sent out the men of Bi'r Ma'unah
  97. ^ a b c Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, p. 188. (online)
  98. ^ Mubarakpuri, The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet , p. 352.
  99. ^ Mubarakpuri, The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet , p. 352 (footnote 1).
  100. ^
    ISBN 9780766177413[permanent dead link
    ]
  101. ISBN 978-0-19-636033-1
  102. ^ Peters, Muhammad and the Origins of Islam, p. 222-224.
  103. ^ Stillman, The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book, pp. 137-141.
  104. ^ a b c Mubarakpuri, The Sealed Nectar, pp. 201-205. (online)
  105. ^
    ISBN 9781861796110(online Archived 2015-03-05 at the Wayback Machine
    )
  106. ISBN 1887841288
  107. ^ Stillman, The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book, pp. 14-16.
  108. Encyclopedia of Islam
    , section on "Muhammad"
  109. ^ a b Watt, Encyclopaedia of Islam, Section on "Kurayza, Banu".
  110. ISBN 9780791431504 {{citation}}: |author= has generic name (help)[permanent dead link
    ]
  111. Sunan Abu Dawood, 14:2665
  112. ^ Sahih al-Bukhari, 4:52:280
  113. ISBN 9781861796110(online Archived 15 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine
    )
  114. ^ Muhammad Husayn Haykal, The Life of Muhammad, p. 338.
  115. ISBN 9780791431504 {{citation}}: |author= has generic name (help
    )
  116. ^ a b Rodinson, Muhammad: Prophet of Islam, p. 213.
  117. ^ Journal of Religion & Society Archived 30 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine, p. 1, Creighton University. (archive)
  118. ISBN 978-0-19-530880-8
    .
  119. ^ Guillaume. The Life of Muhammad. Oxford. p. 466.
  120. ^
    ISBN 0940368935
    . Note: Source says he became a Muslim treasurer after Muhammad conquered the Arabian Peninsula. This was around 630
  121. ISBN 0860787079
    . Quote: "(Bilal ibn Rabah, a mawla of Abu Bakr was the Prophet's treasurer); al-Tabari, Ta'rikh, V, 560"
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_early_Islamic_history&oldid=1217300992"