Tollmann's bolide hypothesis

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Tollmann's bolide hypothesis is a hypothesis presented by Austrian

Universal Deluge.[1]

The claimed evidence for the event includes

tektites,[2][3][4] dendrochronology, and ice cores (from Camp Century, Greenland) containing hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid (indicating an energetic ocean strike) as well as nitric acids
(caused by extreme heating of air).

Christopher Knight and Robert Lomas in their book, Uriel's Machine, argue that the 7640 BCE evidence is consistent with the dates of formation of a number of extant salt flats and lakes in dry areas of North America and Asia. They argue that these lakes are the remains of multiple-kilometer-high waves that penetrated deeply into continents as the result of oceanic strikes that they proposed occurred. Research by Quaternary geologists, palynologists, and others has been unable to confirm the validity of the hypothesis and proposes more frequently occurring geological processes for some of the data used for the hypothesis. The dating of ice cores and Australasian tektites has shown long time span differences between the proposed impact times and the impact ejecta products.

Scientific evaluation

paleoclimatologists, and planetary geologists specialising in meteorite and comet impacts have rejected Tollmann's bolide hypothesis.[5]
They reject this hypothesis because:

  1. The evidence offered to support the hypothesis can more readily be explained by more mundane and less dramatic geologic processes
  2. Many of the events alleged to be associated with this impact occurred at the wrong time (i.e., many of the events occurred hundreds to thousands of years before or after the hypothesized impacts); and
  3. There is a lack of any credible physical evidence for the cataclysmic environmental devastation and characteristic deposits that kilometre-high
    tsunamis would have created had they actually occurred.[5]
Global sea-level curve for the Late Pleistocene and Holocene

Evidence used by proponents of the Tollmann's bolide hypothesis to argue for catastrophic

endorheic lakes, which commonly occur in arid climates on both hemispheres on Earth. The composition of the salts and other evaporite minerals found in these lakes is consistent with their precipitation from dissolved material continually carried into the lakes by rivers and streams and subsequent concentration by evaporation, instead of evaporation of seawater.[9][10][11] Whether a lake becomes salty or not depends on whether the lake lacks an outlet and the relative balance between the inflow and outflow of lake waters via evaporation.[9] Ocean water accessing a continental lake as the result of a single catastrophic event, as Tollmann's hypothesis proposes, would contain an inadequate amount of dissolved minerals to produce, when evaporated, the vast quantities of salts and other evaporites found in the salt lakes, flats, and pans cited as evidence of a mega-tsunami
by this hypothesis.

Geological criticism

Isostatic rebound

Isostatic rebound in the British Isles

Many published papers

sediments and fossils within them. A well-documented example of flooding caused by isostatic depression is the case of Charlotte, The Vermont Whale,[14] a fossil whale found in the deposits of the former Champlain Sea. Like many similar marine deposits, the sediments, which accumulated within the Champlain Sea lack the physical characteristics; i.e. sedimentary structures, interlayers, and textures, that characterise sediments deposited by a mega-tsunami. These deposits and the associated fossils have been dated to significantly earlier periods than the times the bolide hypothesis proposed. In the case of the Champlain Sea, its sediments started to accumulate around 13,000 BP, almost 3,400 years before the oldest of the hypothesized Holocene bolide impacts.[15]

Dating

Lake Bonneville and other ice age pluvial lakes (17,500 years BP), and modern remnants

A significant amount of the physical evidence used by Kristan-Tollmann and Tollmann,[1] as supporting their hypothesis, is either too old or too young to have been created by this hypothesized impact. In many cases, it is hundreds to thousands, and in one case hundreds of thousands, of years too old to be credible evidence of a Holocene impact. The research[2][3][4] that dates the tektites, which Tollmann's bolide hypothesis regards as indicative for the timing of the impact, is outdated. Later research,[16][17][18] has dated the Australasian tektites to the Middle Pleistocene; about 790,000 years BP. In addition, the formation of salt lakes and salt flats is neither synchronous nor consistent with the hypothesized impacts having occurred about either 9,640 BP or 5,150 BP. For example, in the case of Lake Bonneville, Lake Lahontan, Mono Lake, and other Pleistocene pluvial lakes in the western United States, the transition to salt lakes and salt flats occurred at different times between 12,000 and 16,000 BP.[19] Thus, the change from freshwater to salty water and eventually salt flats started over 2,400 to 6,400 years before the oldest of the impacts hypothesized by the Tollmann bolide hypothesis occurred. As a result, it is impossible that the formation of these salt lakes could have been associated with the impact hypothesized by Kristan-Tollmann and Tollmann.[1]

Megatsunami

The megatsunami-producing Storegga Slide in Norway has been dated to approximately 6225–6170 BCE

There exists a lack of credible physical evidence of either multiple-kilometer-high

mega-tsunamis postulated by Tollmann's bolide hypothesis would have created. Paleovegetation maps[22][24]
illustrate a distinct lack of the dramatic changes in North American paleovegetation during the Holocene, which would be expected from the cataclysmic ecological and physical destruction that a continental-wide mega-tsunamis would have certainly have caused.

Grimm et al. in a paper published in Science in 1993,[25] documented a 50,000-year-long record of environmental change by the analysis of pollen from an 18.5 m (61 ft) core from Lake Tulane in Highland county, Florida. Because of the low-lying nature of the peninsula, in which this part of Florida lies, this lake and the area around it would have been flooded and covered by tsunami deposits along with many of the other lakes and bogs described in their,[25] and other publications.[21] The forests and associated ecosystems of these areas would have been flooded and completely destroyed by the mega-tsunamis proposed by Kristan-Tollmann and Tollmann.[1] Despite its location, both the core and the pollen record recovered from Lake Tulane lacks any indication of an abrupt, catastrophic environmental disruption,[25] which the mega-tsunamis proposed by Tollmann's bolide hypothesis would have caused. Sedimentary cores obtained from Florida and other locations also lack sedimentary layers that have the characteristics of sediments deposited by either tsunamis or mega-tsunamis.

The cataclysmic scale of physical and ecological destruction that a megatsunami, like the one proposed by Kristan-Tollmann and Tollmann,

volcanic eruptions
, or submarine slides. These non-impact related tsunamis show abundant records of their environmental effects through the study of pollen from cores and exposures.

Members of the Holocene Impact Working Group have published papers advocating the occurrence of mega-tsunamis created by extraterrestrial impacts at various times during the Holocene and Late Pleistocene.[26] However, none of these proposed impacts match either the cataclysmic scale or timing proposed by Kristan-Tollmann and Tollmann[1] for their hypothesized bolide.

See also

References

  1. ^
    doi:10.1111/j.1365-3121.1994.tb00656.x
    . Retrieved 14 March 2019.
  2. ^ a b Glass, B.P., 1978, "Australasian Microtektites and the Stratigraphic Age of the Australites" Bulletin of the Geological Society of America. v. 89, no. 10, pp. 1455–1458.
  3. ^ a b Izokh, E.P., 1988, "Age-paradox and the Origin of Tektites" in J. Konta, ed., 2nd international conference on natural glasses Abstracts – International Conference on Natural Glasses-Prague, Czechoslovakia, 1988. v. 2, pp. 379–384.
  4. ^ a b Prasad, N.S. and P.S. Rao, 1990, "Tektites Far and Wide". Nature. v. 347, no. 6291, pp. 340.
  5. ^ a b Deutsch, A., C. Koeberl, J.D. Blum, B.M. French, B.P. Glass, R. Grieve, P. Horn, E.K. Jessberger, G. Kurat, W.U. Reimold, J. Smit, D. Stöffler, and S.R. Taylor, 1994, "The impact-flood connection: Does it exist?" Terra Nova. v. 6, pp. 644–650.
  6. ^ Hammer, C.U., H.B. Clausen, and W. Dansgaard, 1980, "Greenland ice sheet evidence of post-glacial volcanism and its climatic impact". Nature. v. 288, no. 5788, pp. 230–235.
  7. ^ Zielinski, G.A., P.A. Mayewski, L.D. Meeker, S. Whitlow, and M.S. Twickler, 1996, "A 110,000-year record of explosive volcanism from the GISP2 (Greenland) ice core". Quaternary Research. v. 45, no. 2, pp. 109–118.
  8. ^ Hammer, C.U., H.B. Clausen and C. Langway, Jr., 1997, "50,000 years of recorded global volcanism". Climatic Change. v. 35, no. 1, pp. 1–15.
  9. ^ a b Eugster, H.P., 1980, "Geochemistry of Evaporitic Lacustrine Deposits". Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. v. 8, pp. 35–63.
  10. ^ Spencer, R.J., Eugster, H.P., and Jones, B.F., 1985, "Geochemistry of Great Salt Lake, Utah II: Pleistocene-Holocene evolution". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. v. 49, no. 3, pp. 739–747.
  11. ^ Hart, W.F., J. Quade, D.B. Madsen, D.S. Kaufman, and C.G. Oviatt, 2004, "The 87Sr/86Sr ratios of lacustrine carbonates and lake-level history of the Bonneville paleolake system". Geological Society of America Bulletin. v. 116, no. 9–10, pp. 1107–1119.
  12. ^ Peltier, W.R. 1998, "Global glacial isostatic adjustment and coastal tectonics" in I. Stewart and C. Vita-Finzi, eds., pp. 1–29. Coastal Tectonics. Special Publication no. 146, pp. 1–29. Geological Society of London, London.
  13. ^ Peltier, W.R., 2002, "Global glacial isostatic adjustment: Palaeogeodetic and space-geodetic tests of the ICE-4G (VM2) model". Journal of Quaternary Science. v. 17, no. 5–6, pp. 491–510.
  14. ^ Wright, W.A., 2000, "Charlotte, The Vermont Whale An Electronic Museum". University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont Archived 19 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  15. ^ Hooper, Ken. "History of the Champlain Sea". Virtual Natural History Museum Ottawa–Carleton Geoscience Centre, Dept. of Earth Sciences, Carleton University. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
  16. ^ Schneider, D.A., D.V. Kent, G.A. Mello, 1992, "A detailed chronology of the Australasian impact event, the Brunhes–Matuyama geomagnetic polarity reversal, and global climatic change". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. v. 111, no. 2–4, pp. 395–405.
  17. ^ Shoemaker E.M., and H.R. Uhlherr, 1999, "Stratigraphic relations of australites in the Port Campbell Embayment, Victoria". Meteoritics & Planetary Science. v. 34, no. 3, pp. 369–384.
  18. ^ Lee, M.-Y., and K.-Y. Wei, 2000, "Australasian microtektites in the South China Sea and the West Philippine Sea: Implications for age, size, and location of the impact crater". Meteoritics & Planetary Science. v. 35, pp. 1151–1155.
  19. ISBN 0-444-51470-8
  20. ISBN 0-931871-01-8 [page needed
    ]
  21. ^ a b Jacobson, G.L., Jr., T. Webb, III, and E.E. Grimm, 1987, "Patterns and rates of vegetational change during the deglaciation of North America". in W. F. Ruddiman and H. E. Wright, Jr., eds., pp. 277–287. North America Adjacent Oceans During the Last Deglaciation. The Geology of North America. K-3. Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colorado.[ISBN missing]
  22. ^ a b Shuman, B., P. Bartlein, N. Logar, P. Newby, T. Webb, III, 2002, "Parallel climate and vegetation responses to the early Holocene collapse of the Laurentide Ice Sheet". Quaternary Science Reviews. v. 21, no. 16–17, pp. 1793–805.
  23. ISBN 0-444-51470-8
  24. ^ Overpeck, J.T., R.S. Webb, and T. Webb., 1992. "Mapping eastern North American vegetation change over the past 18,000 years: no-analogs and the future". Geology. v. 20, no. 12, pp. 1071–1074.
  25. ^ a b c Grimm, E.C., G.L. Jacobson Jr., W.A. Watts, B.C.S. Hansen, and K.A. Maasch, 1993, "A 50,000-Year Record of Climate Oscillations from Florida and Its Temporal Correlation with the Heinrich Events." Science. v. 261, no. 5118, pp. 198–200.
  26. ^ Blakeslee, S. (14 November 2006). "Ancient Crash, Epic Wave". The New York Times.

External links

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