Tower and Stockade
Tower and Stockade (
Background
During the Arab Revolt, these settlements provided safe havens on land that had been officially purchased by the
The invention of the "Tower and Stockade" system is attributed to Shlomo Gur, founding member of Kibbutz Tel Amal (now Nir David), and was developed and encouraged by the architect Yohanan Ratner (see Russian-language article here Archived 2016-06-09 at the Wayback Machine). The system was based on the fast construction of a perimeter wall from pre-fabricated wooden moulds, which would be filled with gravel and enclosed with barbed wire fencing. On average, the enclosed space formed a yard of 35 x 35 metres (1 dunam). Within this protected yard, the pre-fabricated wooden observation tower and the four sheds sheltering the initial 40 settlers were erected. The constructions were located within eyesight of neighbouring settlements and with accessibility for motor vehicles.[1]
A model of a homa u'migdal was constructed for the Land of Israel Pavilion at the 1937 World Exposition in Paris.[5]
57 were constructed between the last days of 1936 and October 1939.[6]
The buildings were prefabricated by Solel Boneh, the construction arm of the Jewish trade union, Histadrut.[7]
In 1940 two more outpost were built in the northern
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Arrival of tower, Sde Nahum 1937
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Stockade walls being filled with gravel, Ginosar 1937
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Wall construction, Sde Nahum 1937
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Construction of tower, Tel Yitzhak 1938
Settlements
Tower and Stockade settlements by date of establishment:
- Kfar Hittim, 7 December 1936
- Tel Amal (now Nir David), 10 December 1936
- Sde Nahum, 5 January 1937
- Sha'ar HaGolan, 31 January 1937
- Masada, 31 January 1937
- Ginosar, 25 February 1937
- Beit Yosef, 9 April 1937
- Mishmar HaShlosha, 13 April 1937
- Tirat Tzvi, 30 June 1937
- Moledet (called "Bnei Brit" and "Moledet-Bnei Brit" between 1944-1957), 4 July 1937
- Ein HaShofet, 5 July 1937
- Ein Gev, 6 July 1937
- Maoz Haim, 6 July 1937
- Kfar Menachem, 27 July 1937
- Sha'ar HaNegev (renamed Kfar Szold before it moved altogether to the Galilee in 1942; site resettled in 1944 as Hafetz Haim), 15 August 1937
- Tzur Moshe, 13 September 1937
- Usha, 7 November 1937
- Hanita, 21 March 1938
- Shavei Tzion, 13 April 1938
- Sde Warburg, 17 May 1938
- Ramat Hadar, 26 May 1938
- Alonim, 26 June 1938
- Ma'ale HaHamisha, 17 July 1938
- Tel Yitzhak, 25 July 1938
- Beit Yehoshua, 17 August 1938
- Ein HaMifratz, 25 August 1938
- Ma'ayan Tzvi, 30 August 1938
- Sharona, 16 November 1938
- Geulim, 17 November 1938
- Eilon, 24 November 1938
- Neve Eitan, 25 November 1938
- Kfar Ruppin, 25 November 1938
- Kfar Masaryk, 29 November 1938
- Mesilot, 22 December 1938
- Ayalon (Khirbet Samach), 1 January 1939[8]
- Dalia, 2 May 1939
- Alef)
- Dan, 4 May 1939, as "Ussishkin Fortress 2" (Bet)
- Sde Eliyahu, 8 May 1939
- Mahanayim, 23 May 1939
- Shadmot Dvora, 23 May 1939
- Shorashim, 23 May 1939
- Hazore'im, 23 May 1939
- Kfar Glikson, 23 May 1939
- Ma'apilim, 23 May 1939
- Mishmar HaYam (now Afek), 28 May 1939
- Hamadiyah, 23 June 1939
- Kfar Netter, 26 June 1939
- Negba, 12 July 1939
- Gesher, 13 August 1939
- Beit Oren, 1 October 1939
- Amir, 29 October 1939
- Beit Hillel, 3 January 1940 (sometimes, but not always considered one of the "Ussishkin Fortresses")
- She'ar Yashuv, February 1940, as "Ussishkin Fortress 3" (Gimel)
Gallery
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Wall & Tower locations 1936-1939
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Alonim 1939
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Amir1940
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Ayalon under construction. 1939
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Beit Hillel 1944
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Beit Yehoshua 1939
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Beit Yosef April 1937
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Dafna 1939
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Dan1940
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Ein Gev March 1939
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Ein HaMifratz 1939
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Ein Hashofet1938
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Ginosar 1937
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Hanita 1938
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Kfar Menahem 1937
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Kfar Netter 1939
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Kfar Ruppin 1938
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Ma'ale HaHamisha 1939
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Maoz Haim 1938
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Masada 1939
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Mesilot 1939
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Moledet 1941
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Negba 1942
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Neve Eitan 1938
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Sde Nahum 1939
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Shaʽar HaGolan1937
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Shavei Tzion 1939
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She'ar Yashuv 1940
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Tel Amal 1937
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Tel Yitzhak 1939
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Tirat Zvi 1937
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Tzur Moshe 1940
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UssishkinD 1940
See also
- Three lookouts (in the Negev), 1943 settlements, created as advanced positions in southern Palestine/northern Negev
- 11 points in the Negev, 1946 settlements created prior to the partition of Palestine
- Settlement of the Thousand, two plans (1926 and 1932) to settle Jewish families on farms in Mandate Palestine
- Tegart fort, British police and border forts built during the 1930s Arab revolt
- Gecekondu, legal loophole in modern Turkey allowing for permit-free night-time building
References
- ^ ISBN 3-88375-734-9
- ^ Negev. p. 276
- ISBN 0670817384.
- ^ Dana Adams Schmidt (April 21, 1948). "Big convoy fights way to Jerusalem". New York Times. p. 18.
- ^ Weizman/Rotbard. p.47
- ISBN 1-85984-549-5.
- ISBN 978-1-78873-026-6.
- ^ Date according to captions provided by the JNF along with the photos taken by Rudi Weissenstein (see Ayalon Institute article).
- ^ Israel Foreign Affairs: PM Olmert's Speech at the Mishmar HaCarmel Ranch Events, November 3, 2015
- ^ "Jabotinsky, Vladimir" in Encyclopaedia Judaica, 2d edition, volume 11, p. 14
External links
- Homa u-Migdal Museum Archived 2012-02-20 at the Wayback Machine, Beit She'an
- Sharon Rotbard: Wall and Tower: The mold of Israeli Adrikhalut, December 17, 2008