Toxoid
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (December 2009) |
A toxoid is an inactivated
formalin) or heat treatment, while other properties, typically immunogenicity, are maintained.[1] Toxins are secreted by bacteria, whereas toxoids are altered form of toxins; toxoids are not secreted by bacteria. Thus, when used during vaccination, an immune response is mounted and immunological memory is formed against the molecular markers of the toxoid without resulting in toxin-induced illness. Such a preparation is also known as an anatoxin.[2] There are toxoids for prevention of diphtheria, tetanus and botulism.[3]
Toxoids are used as
DTaP
vaccine. While patients may sometimes complain of side effects after a vaccine, these are associated with the process of mounting an immune response and clearing the toxoid, not the direct effects of the toxoid. The toxoid does not have virulence as the toxin did before inactivation.
Toxoids are also useful in the production of human
tetanus immune globulin (TIG), HyperTet (c)[5]), which has replaced horse serum
-type tetanus antitoxin in most of the developed world.
Toxoids are also used in the production of conjugate vaccines. The highly antigenic toxoids help draw attention to weaker antigens such as polysaccharides found in the bacterial capsule.[6]
List of toxoids
 |
| Toxin | Organism | Toxoid |
|---|---|---|
| Tetanus toxin | Clostridium tetani | Tetanus toxoid
|
| Diphtheria toxin | Corynebacterium diphtheriae | Diphtheria toxoid
|
| Botulinum toxin | Clostridium botulinum | Botulinum toxoid |
| Pertussis toxin | Bordetella pertussis | "Bordetella pertussis toxoid antigen"[7] (see pertussis vaccine) |
| Tracheal cytotoxin | Bordetella pertussis | |
Erythrogenic toxin |
Streptococcus pyogenes | (PMID 10948118, 10925320) |
Streptolysins |
Streptococcus pyogenes | |
| Clostridial a-toxin | Clostridial perfringens | (PMID 4306752) |
| Cholera toxin | Vibrio cholerae | [8](Used in experimental TA-CD) |
| Anthrax toxin | Bacillus anthracis | (see anthrax vaccines)[9]
|
Staphylococcal enterotoxin |
Staphylococcus aureus | (PMID 30824769) |
Toxic shock syndrome toxin |
Staphylococcus aureus | (PMID 30824769) |
| Pseudomonas exotoxin A | Pseudomonas aeruginosa | (Unnamed; used in Vi-rEPA)[10]
|
References
- ^ Parham, P. (2015). "The Immune System". 4th Ed. Garland Science, Peter & Francis Group, LLC. New York.
- ^ Anatoxin
- PMID 18012024.
- ^ "Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoids Adsorbed" (PDF). fda.gov. Retrieved 21 October 2015.
- ^ "Tetanus Immune Globulin (Human)" (PDF). September 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 2010-05-29.
- )
- ^ "Bordetella pertussis toxoid antigen (formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde inactivated)". go.drugbank.com.
- PMID 823107.
- ^ "NIBSC - Anthrax". www.nibsc.org.
It can be prevented by vaccination, and the licensed anthrax vaccine is a toxoid vaccine. It consists of inactivated subunits of anthrax toxin and elicits an antibody response that neutralises anthrax toxin.
- PMID 9169736.