Trioecy
Trioecy, tridioecy or subdioecy, is a
Evolution of trioecy
Trioecy may be an unstable transient state
But one study found that trioecy can be stable under nucleocytoplasmic sex determination.[8] Another theoretical analysis indicates that trioecy could be evolutionary stable in plant species if a large amount of pollinators vary geographically.[9]
Occurrence
Trioecy is a relatively common sexual system in plants,[10] estimated to occur in about 3.6% of flowering plant species,[8] although most reports of trioecy could be misinterpretations of gynodioecy.[11] It is rare as well as poorly understood in animals.[10]
Species that exhibit trioecy
The following species have been observed to exhibit a trioecious breeding system.
Plants
- Buddleja sessiliflora
- Buddleja americana
- Coccoloba cereifera[12]
- Garcinia indica[13]
- Fragaria virginiana[14]
- Fraxinus excelsior[3]
- Fuchsia procumbens[15]
- Mercurialis annua[16]
- Opuntia robusta[17]
- Pachycereus pringlei[17][18]
- Pleodorina starrii[19]
Animals
- Aiptasia diaphana[20]
- Auanema rhodensis[1][4]
- Auanema freiburgensis[4]
- Hydra viridissima[21]
- Thor manningi [3]
- Semimytilus algosus Pacific mussel[10]
See also
- Dioecy
- Gynodioecy
- Androdioecy
- Hermaphrodite
- Monoicy
References
- ^ PMID 26631423.
- ISBN 978-0-12-813252-4.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-108-49985-9.
- ^ PMID 28894108.
- ISBN 978-0-12-800426-5. Archived from the originalon July 1, 2016.
- ISBN 978-0-12-809606-2.
- ISBN 978-0-8165-2204-0.
- ^ PMID 24246889.
- ISBN 978-0-8165-2204-0.
- ^ .
- ISBN 978-3-662-03908-3.
- S2CID 85673074.
- S2CID 15926083.
- ^ Husaini, Amjad M.; Neri, Davide (2016). Strawberry: growth, development and diseases. Boston, MA: CAB International.
- ^ Godley, E. J. (1955). "Breeding Systems in New Zealand Plants: I. Fuchsia." Annals of botany, 19(4), 549-559.
- PMID 22532862.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-231-52715-6.
- S2CID 122244912.
- ^ Roy, Scott (1 November 2021). "Digest: Three sexes from two loci in one genome: A haploid alga expands the diversity of trioecious species". academic.oup.com. Retrieved 2023-05-12.
- PMID 24790160.
- PMID 23970358.