Tselovalnik
Tselovalnik (
The history of this institution has two periods: before and after the Time of Troubles (early 17th century). During the former period tselovalniks acted independently, and afterwards they served under the voivodes and the officials of various prikazes.[2]
The term was first mentioned in the Sudebnik of 1497 and later in the statutory charters of Novgorod of Vasili III of Russia.[2]
Nowadays, usage of the term often refers to its 19th-century meaning: under the Russian state alcohol monopoly, vodka sellers in taverns were commonly called tselovalniks because they gave a cross-kissing oath not to dilute vodka supplied from state-controlled distilleries and to sell it according to the demand.[citation needed]
References
- ^ This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: . Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary (in Russian). 1906.
- ^ a b c This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: . Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary (in Russian). 1906.
Brockhaus & Efron cites the following sources:
- Lappo-Danilevsky, «Организация прямого обложения»
- Pavel Milyukov, «Спорные вопросы финансовой истории Московского государства»
- Boris Chicherin, «Областные учреждения в XVII веке»
- Aleksandr Dmitriyevich Gradsky, «История местного управления в России»
- Vasiliy Sergeyevich, «Русские юридические древности»
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