Pavel Milyukov
Pavel Milyukov | |
---|---|
Павел Милюков | |
Nicholas II Emperor Michael II | |
Prime Minister | Georgy Lvov |
Preceded by | Nikolai Pokrovsky (for Russian Empire) |
Succeeded by | Mikhail Tereshchenko |
Member of the Russian State Duma | |
In office March–April 1906 – 6 October 1917 | |
Personal details | |
Born | Pavel Nikolayevich Miliukov 27 January 1859 Moscow, Russian Empire |
Died | 31 March 1943 Aix-les-Bains, Savoie, France | (aged 84)
Resting place | Batignolles Cemetery, Paris |
Nationality | Russian |
Political party | Constitutional Democratic |
Spouse | Anna Miliukova |
Alma mater | Imperial Moscow University (1882) |
Occupation |
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Signature | |
Pavel Nikolayevich Milyukov
Pre-revolutionary career
Pavel was born in Moscow in the upper-class family of Nikolai Pavlovich Milyukov, a professor in architecture who taught at the
In 1890 he became a member of the Moscow Society of Russian History and Antiquities. He gave private lectures with great success at a training institute for girl teachers
When released from jail, Milyukov went to
Forbidden are all gatherings, meetings, and assemblies on streets, market-places, and other public places, whatever aim they may have. All meetings in private houses for the aim of discussing the statutes of associations for which the permission of the government is necessary are permitted only with the knowledge and approval of the police, who have to give permission for each gathering separately, on an appointed day and in an appointed place.[6]
He contributed under a
In 1903 he delivered courses of lectures in the United States at summer sessions in
The Kadets gave up the idea of founding a republic and promoting a constitutional monarchy. Georgy Lvov and Alexander Guchkov tried to convince the tsar to accept liberals in the new government. In 1907 Milyukov was elected in the Third Duma; at some time he joined the board of the party Rech (newspaper). He was one of the few publicists in Russia, who had considerable knowledge of international politics, and his articles on the Near East seem to be of considerable interest.[13]
Deputy
In January 1908 Milyukov addressed "The Civic Forum" in
In 1912 he was reelected in the
"Stupidity or treason" speech
At
According to Stockdale, he had trouble gaining the support of his own party; at the 22–24 October Kadet fall conference provincial delegates "lashed out at Miliukov with unaccustomed ferocity. His travels abroad had made him poorly informed about the public mood, they charged; the patience of the people was exhausted." He responded with a plea to keep their ultimate goal in mind:[22]
It will be our task not to destroy the government, which would only aid anarchy, but to instill in it a completely different content, that is, to build a genuine constitutional order. That is why, in our struggle with the government, despite everything, we must retain a sense of proportion... To support anarchy in the name of the struggle with the government would be to risk all the political conquests we have made since 1905.
The day before the opening of the Duma, the Progressist party pulled out of the bloc because they believed the situation called for more than a mere denunciation of Stürmer.
On 1 November (O.S.) the government under the pro-peace Boris Stürmer was attacked in the Imperial Duma, not gathering since February.[23] Alexander Kerensky spoke first, called the ministers "hired assassins" and "cowards" and said they were "guided by the contemptible Grishka [or Grigori] Rasputin!"[24] The acting president Rodzianko ordered him to leave, when calling for the overthrow of the government in wartime.[25] Miliukov's speech was more than three times longer than Kerensky's, and delivered using much more moderate language.
In his speech "Rasputin and Rasputuiza" he spoke of "treachery and betrayal, about the dark forces, fighting in favor of Germany".[26] He highlighted numerous governmental failures, including the case Sukhomlinov, concluding that Stürmer's policies placed in jeopardy the Triple Entente. After each accusation – many times without basis – he asked "Is this stupidity or is it treason?" and the listeners answered "stupidity!", "treason!", etc. (Milyukov stated that it did not matter "Choose any ... as the consequences are the same.") Stürmer walked out, followed by all his ministers.[27]
He began by outlining how public hope had been lost over the course of the war, saying: "We have lost faith that the government can lead us to victory." He mentioned the rumours of treason and then proceeded to discuss some of the allegations: that Stürmer had freed Suchomlinov, that there was a great deal of pro-German propaganda, that he had been told that the enemy had access to Russian state secrets in his visits to allied countries and that Stürmer's private secretary [Ivan Manuilov-Manasevich] had been arrested for taking German bribes but was released when he kicked back to Stürmer.
Milyukov was taken immediately by Sir George Buchanan to the British Embassy and lived there till the February Revolution;[28] (according to Stockdale he went to the Crimea). It is not known what they discussed, but his speech was spread in flyers on the front and at the Hinterland. Stürmer and Protopopov asked in vain for the dissolution of the Duma.[29] Tsarina Alexandra suggested to her husband to expel Alexander Guchkov, Prince Lvov, Milyukov and Alexei Polivanov to Siberia.[30]
According to Melissa Kirschke Stockdale, it was a "volatile combination of revolutionary passions, escalating apprehension, and the near breakdown of unity in the moderate camp that provided the impetus for the most notorious address in the history of the Duma..." The speech was a milestone on the road to
Richard Abraham, in his biography of Kerensky, argues that the withdrawal of the Progressists was essentially a vote of no confidence in Miliukov and that he grasped at the idea of accusing Stürmer in an effort to preserve his own influence.[32]
February Revolution
During the February Revolution Milyukov hoped to retain the constitutional monarchy in Russia. He became a member of the Provisional Committee of the State Duma on 27 February 1917. Milyukov wanted the monarchy retained, albeit with Alexei as Tsar and the Grand Duke Michael acting as Regent. When Michael awoke on 2 March (O.S.), he discovered not only that his brother had abdicated in his favour, as Nicholas had not informed him previously, but also that a delegation from the Duma would visit him in a few hours.[33] The meeting with Duma President Rodzianko, Prince Lvov, and other ministers, including Milyukov and Kerensky, lasted all morning.[34] Since the masses would not tolerate a new Tsar and the Duma could not guarantee Michael's safety, Michael decided to decline the throne.[35] On 6 March 1917, David Lloyd George gave a cautious welcome to the suggestion of Milyukov that the toppled Tsar and his family could be given sanctuary in Britain, but Lloyd George would have preferred that they go to a neutral country.
Rodzianko succeeded in publishing an order for the immediate return of the soldiers to their barracks, subordinate to their officers.
Miliukov sent the British an official request for revolutionary
He staunchly opposed popular demands for peace at any cost and firmly clung to Russia's wartime alliances. As the Britannica 2004 put it, "he was too inflexible to succeed in practical politics". On 20 April 1917, the government sent a note to Britain and France (which became known as the
Kornilov Affair
In the mass discontent following the July Days, mainly about Ukrainian autonomy, the Russian populace grew highly skeptical of the Provisional Government's abilities to alleviate the economic distress and social resentment among the lower classes; the word 'provisional' did not command respect.[42] The crowd tired of war and hunger demanded a "peace without annexations or contributions". Milyukov described the situation in Russia in late July as, "Chaos in the army, chaos in foreign policy, chaos in industry and chaos in the nationalist questions".[43] Lavr Kornilov, appointed commander-in-chief of the Russian army in July 1917, considered the Petrograd Soviet responsible for the breakdown in the military in recent times, and believed that the Russian Provisional Government lacked the power and confidence to dissolve the Petrograd Soviet. Following several ambiguous correspondences between Kornilov and Alexander Kerensky, Kornilov commanded an assault on the Petrograd Soviet.[43]
Because the Petrograd Soviet was able to quickly gather a powerful army of workers and soldiers in defense of the Revolution, Kornilov's coup was an abysmal failure and he was placed under arrest. The Kornilov Affair resulted in significantly increased distrust among Russians towards the Provisional Government.[44]
Exile
On 26 October 1917, the party's newspapers were shut down by the new Soviet Government. On 25 November 1917 Milyukov was elected in the
Milyukov went to Turkey and from there to Western Europe, to get support from the allies of the White movement, involved in the Russian Civil War. In April 1921 he immigrated to France, where he remained active in politics and edited the Russian-language newspaper Poslednie novosti (Latest News) (1920–1940). In June 1921 he left the Constitutional Democrats, following a division in the party. Miliukov had called on exiles to abandon hopes in counterrevolution at home, and instead to place their hopes in the peasantry to rise up against the hated Bolshevik regime.[46] The debate between Milyukov and Vasily Maklakov began with Maklakov's criticism of the Constitutional Democratic Party. Could the revolutions of 1917 have been prevented if the Kadets had adopted a less radical stance, particularly in 1905-1906?[47]
Assassination Attempt
During a performance of the Berliner Philharmonie on 28 March 1922, his friend Vladimir Dmitrievich Nabokov, the father of the novelist Vladimir Nabokov, was killed while shielding Milyukov from attackers. In 1934, Milyukov was a witness at the Berne Trial.
Although he remained an opponent of the communist regime, Milyukov supported
Death
Milyukov died in 1943, in Aix-les-Bains, France. Sometime between 1945 and 1954 his body was reburied at Batignolles Cemetery, division 30, next to his wife, Anna Sergeievna.
Works
- Works by or about Pavel Milyukov at Internet Archive
- Works by Pavel Milyukov at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
- Russia and its crisis (1905) by P.N. Miliukov
- Constitutional government for Russia an address delivered before the Civic forum by P.N. Miliukov. New York city, 14 January 1908 (1908)
- "Past and present of Russian economics" in Russian realities & problems: Lectures delivered at Cambridge in August 1916, by Pavel Milyukov, Peter Struve, Harold Williams, Alexander Lappo-Danilevsky and Roman Dmowski, Cambridge, University Press, 1917, 229p.
- Bolshevism: an international danger by P.N. Miliukov. 1920.
- History of the Second Russian Revolution (1921) by P. Milykov.[50]
- Russia, to-day and to-morrow (1922) by P.N. Miliukov.
Notes
- ^ The Constituent Assembly was declared dissolved by the Bolshevik-Left SR Soviet government, rendering the end the term served.
- ^ Foreign Minister of the Russian Provisional Government.
References
- ^ RUSSIA STRONGER WITH FREEDOM. New York Times. 20 April 1917.
- ^ Also transliterated Milyukov. His name is sometimes rendered in English as Paul Miliukov or Paul Milukoff.[1]
- ^ Jacob Walkin (1962) The rise of democracy in pre-revolutionary Russia, p. 290
- ^ a b c One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Paul Vinogradoff (1922). "Milyukov, Paul Nikolayevich". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica (12th ed.). London & New York: The Encyclopædia Britannica Company.
- ^ "Милюков Павел Николаевич".
- ^ P.N. Milyukov (1905) Russia and its crisis, p. 150
- ^ O. Figes (1996), p. 204
- ^ "Pavel Nikolayevich Milyukov". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 18 July 2016.[permanent dead link]
- ^ O. Figes (1996), p. 195
- ^ 1905: The Liberation Union (Soyuz Osvobozhdeniya) merged with the Union of Zemstvo-Constitutionalists (Soyuz Zemstev-Konstitutsionistov) to form the liberal Constitutional Democratic Party (Konstitutsiono-Demokraticheskaya Partya), formally known as the Party of Popular Freedom (Partiya Narodnoy Svobody), led by Pavel Milyukov.
- ^ Kröner, A.W. (1998) "The Debate Between Miliukov and Maklakov on the Chances for Russian Liberalism", p. 173
- ^ Charles Louis Seeger (1 January 1921). "Recollections Of A Foreign Minister". Doubleday Page & Company – via Internet Archive.
- Harold Whitmore Williams(1915) Russia of the Russians, p. 112
- ^ "Constitutional government for Russia; an address delivered before the Civic forum ... New York City, January 14, 1908". 1908.
- ISBN 0-8014-3248-0.
- ISBN 0-8020-3937-5.
- ^ Antrick Otto (1938). Rasputin und die politischen Hintergründe seiner Ermordung. E. Hunold, Braunschweig, p. 37.
- ^ Harold Whitmore Williams (1915) Russia of the Russians, p. 79
- ^ "Maurice Paléologue. An Ambassador's Memoirs. 1925. Vol. III, Chapter II". gwpda.org. Retrieved 11 December 2014.
- ISBN 978-80-87173-47-3, pages 36 – 39, 41 – 42, 111-112, 124–125, 128, 129, 132, 140–148, 184–199.
- ^ Figes (1997) A People's Tragedy, p. 287.
- ISBN 9780801432484.
- ^ Pierre Gilliard - Thirteen years at the Russian court. Chapter Thirteen – Tsar at the Duma – Galacia – Life at G.Q.H. – Growing Disaffection
- ISBN 978-0-8047-0023-8– via Google Books.
- ISBN 978-0-8047-0023-8– via Google Books.
- ^ "Артемий Ермаков. Глупость или измена? / Православие.Ru".
- ISBN 1-4437-3029-7.
- ^ "Thompson-George-Der-Zar-Rasputin-und-die-Juden".
- ^ Pares, Bernard (1939). The Fall of the Russian Monarchy. A Study of the Evidence. Jonathan Cape. London, p. 392.
- ^ Pares, p. 398.
- ISBN 9780801432484.
- ISBN 9780231061087.
- ^ Crawford and Crawford, pp. 297–300
- ^ Crawford and Crawford, pp. 302–307
- ^ O. Figes (1996), p. 344-345
- ISBN 978-1-931859-45-5– via Google Books.
- ^ "Trotsky's tactical ruthlessness may have won the Bolsheviks Russia. But he almost missed the uprising in a Canadian jail". National Post. 12 July 2014. Retrieved 12 July 2014.
- ^ der Provisorischen Regierung an dieRegierungen der alliierten Mächte ["Miljukov-Note"], 18. April (1. Mai) 1917[permanent dead link]
- ^ Orlando Figes, p. 381
- ^ Orlando Figes, p. 383
- ^ Orlando Figes, p. 443
- ^ Orlando Figes, p. 360
- ^ a b "Kornilov Affair". Soviethistory.org. Archived from the original on 30 March 2014. Retrieved 30 April 2014.
- ^ "The Petrograd Soviet and the Kornilov affair, Revolution, The Russian Revolution, SOSE: History Year 9, NSW – Online Education Home Schooling Skwirk Australia". Skwirk.com.au. 26 March 1999. Archived from the original on 10 April 2013. Retrieved 30 April 2014.
- ^ Orlando Figes, p. 571
- ^ Jansen, Dinah (2015). After October: Russian Liberalism as a 'Work in Progress,' 1919–1945. Kingston.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Kröner, A.W. (1998) "The Debate Between Miliukov and Maklakov on the Chances for Russian Liberalism", p. 2, 57, 95-100
- ^ Vail', Boris Borisovich (2010) Милюков и Сахаров Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine, p. 12 in: Мыслящие миры российского либерализма: Павел Милюков (1859–1943). International Conference. Moscow, 23—25 September 2009. p. 12.
- ^ Н. Вакар. Милюков в изгнанье // Новый журнал. 1943. Вып. 6. С. 377
- ^ "Страница:Милюков П.Н. - История второй русской революции - 1921.pdf/8 — Викитека".
Further reading
- Aldanov, M. "Professor Milyukov on the Russian Revolution." Slavonic Review 6#16 (1927), pp. 223–227. online
- Breuillard, Sabine. "Russian Liberalism—Utopia or Realism? The Individual and the Citizen in the Political Thought of Milyukov." in Robert B Mcklean, ed. New Perspectives in Modern Russian History (Palgrave Macmillan, 1992) pp. 99–116.
- Elkin, B. I. "Paul Milyukov (1859–1943)" Slavonic and East European Review 23#2 (1945), pp. 137–141 online obituary
- Jansen, Dinah. "After October: Russian Liberalism as a 'Work in Progress,' 1919-1945," Unpublished PhD Dissertation, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada (2015).
- Pearson, Raymond. "Milyukov and the Sixth Kadet Congress." Slavonic and East European Review 53.131 (1975): 210–229. online
- Riha, Thomas. A Russian European: Paul Miliukov in Russian Politics, (U of Notre Dame Press, 1969), ISBN 1-121-78859-9, 373pp.
- Stockdale, Melissa Kirschke. Paul Miliukov and the Quest for a Liberal Russia, 1880–1918, (Cornell University Press, 1996), ISBN 0-8014-3248-0, 379pp.
- Thatcher, Ian D. "Post-Soviet Russian Historians and the Russian Provisional Government of 1917." Slavonic & East European Review 93.2 (2015): 315–337. online
- Zeman, Zbyněk A. A diplomatic history of the First World War. (1971) pp 207–42.
Other languages
- Thomas M. Bohn: Russische Geschichtswissenschaft von 1880 bis 1905. Pavel N. Miljukov und die Moskauer Schule. Böhlau, Köln u. a. 1998, ISBN 3-412-12897-X
- Бон, Т.М. Русская историческая наука /1880 г. – 1905 г./. Павел Николаевич Милюков и Московская школа. С.-Петербург 2005. ISBN 5-901603-05-2
- Макушин А. В., Трибунский П. А. Павел Николаевич Милюков: труды и дни (1859–1904). — Рязань, 2001. — 439 с. — (Новейшая российская история. Исследования и документы. Том 1.). — ISBN 5-94473-001-3
External links
Media related to Pavel Miliukov at Wikimedia Commons
- "An Open Letter to Professor P.N. Miliukov", an early critique of Miliukov's liberalism by Leon Trotsky