Typhoon Orchid (1991)

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Typhoon Orchid (Sendang)
Typhoon Orchid early on October 7
Meteorological history
FormedOctober 3, 1991 (1991-10-3)
DissipatedOctober 14, 1991 (1991-10-14)
Very strong typhoon
10-minute sustained (JMA)
Highest winds175 km/h (110 mph)
Lowest pressure930 hPa (mbar); 27.46 inHg
Category 4-equivalent typhoon
1-minute sustained (SSHWS/JTWC)
Highest winds215 km/h (130 mph)
Overall effects
Fatalities1 direct, 2 indirect
Damage$15.8 million (1991 USD)
Areas affectedGuam, Japan
IBTrACSEdit this at Wikidata
Part of the 1991 Pacific typhoon season

Typhoon Orchid, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Sendang, was a long-lived

subtropical ridge to its north, allowing the disturbance to slowly gain latitude, and on October 3, the system organized into a tropical depression. On the next day, the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Orchid. Continuing to intensify, the cyclone strengthened into a typhoon on the morning of October 6. Typhoon Orchid tracked due westward south of subtropical ridge while rapidly intensifying, and on October 7, Orchid reached its peak intensity. Shortly after its peak, the typhoon began to recurve north as the ridge receded. After interacting with Typhoon Pat
, Orchid weakened below typhoon intensity on October 12. After accelerating to the northwest while gradually weakening, Orchid transitioned into an extratropical cyclone on October 14.

In conjunction with Pat, high waves claimed two lives on

US$15.8 million).[nb 1][nb 2]

Meteorological history

Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
triangle Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

The first tropical cyclone to develop during October 1991, Typhoon Orchid formed a broad

Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) also monitored the storm and assigned it with the local name Sendang.[6] On the evening of October 5, Orchid was upgraded into a typhoon by the JTWC, and on the following morning, the JMA followed suit.[5]

Continuing to intensify, Typhoon Orchid tracked due westward south of subtropical ridge.

Typhoon Pat. Over a 42-hour period from October 10–12, Orchid took a "stair-stepped" track - moving to the north then back to the northeast due to interaction with Typhoon Pat.[1] At 00:00 UTC on October 12, both the JTWC and JMA agreed that Pat lost typhoon intensity.[5] Orchid subsequently started speeding up, following Pat to the northwest while slowly weakening. At 00:00 UTC on October 13, the final warning was issued by the JTWC since Orchid had transitioned into an extratropical cyclone,[1] though according to the JMA, this process did not occur until 24 hours later.[2] The JMA stopped keeping an eye on the system late on October 15.[5]

Impact

Although Typhoon Orchid spent much of its life over the open ocean, away from land, high surf, in conjunction with Pat, killed two people on Guam on October 17. In addition, its slow movement south of Japan resulted in prolonged rains to much of the island nation.

Ōfunato.[11] A wind gust of 83 km/h (52 mph) was recorded in Tokyo.[12]

In the southern portion of the island nation, 160 households lost power in

Gunma prefecture, including forty-four in Ōta, while four others were destroyed.[26] A landslide blocked a road near Katsuyama.[27] A 43-year-old woman was killed because of a landslide in Fukushima Prefecture, where six people were hurt.[28] Seventeen dwellings were damaged and destroyed in Yamagata Prefecture.[29] Heavy rains deluged Iwate Prefecture, damaging seventy-nine houses and destroying seven others. Roads suffered damage in 196 places and damage totaled at ¥657 million.[30] Damage in Aomori Prefecture was estimated at ¥557 million.[31]

Overall, one person was killed[22] and twenty people were injured across Japan.[1] A total of 17 flights were cancelled[32] while 1,072 trains were halted, which affected 342,000 passengers.[19] Eighteen ferries were cancelled.[33] The storm produced 249 landslides,[34] flooded over 675 homes, and was accountable for extensive road damage in Japan.[1] Damage was estimated at ¥2.15 billion (US$15.8 million).[13][18][25][30][31]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ All currencies are converted from Japanese yen to United States Dollars using this with an exchange rate of the year 1991.
  2. ^ All damage totals are in 1991 values of their respective currencies.
  3. Regional Specialized Meteorological Center for the western Pacific Ocean.[3]
  4. sustained over 10 minutes, while estimates from the United States-based Joint Typhoon Warning Center are sustained over 1 minute. 10-minute winds are about 1.14 times the amount of 1-minute winds.[4]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Joint Typhoon Warning Center; Naval Pacific Meteorology and Oceanography Center (1992). Annual Tropical Cyclone Report: 1991 (PDF) (Report). United States Navy, United States Air Force. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 6, 2013. Retrieved August 3, 2017.
  2. ^
    .TXT
    )     on January 22, 2013. Retrieved August 3, 2017.
  3. ^ "Annual Report on Activities of the RSMC Tokyo – Typhoon Center 2000" (PDF). Japan Meteorological Agency. February 2001. p. 3. Retrieved August 3, 2017.
  4. ^ Christopher W Landsea; Hurricane Research Division (April 26, 2004). "Subject: D4) What does "maximum sustained wind" mean? How does it relate to gusts in tropical cyclones?". Frequently Asked Questions. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. Retrieved August 3, 2017.
  5. ^ a b c d Kenneth R. Knapp; Michael C. Kruk; David H. Levinson; Howard J. Diamond; Charles J. Neumann (2010). 1991 ORCHID (1991274N14149). The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data (Report). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. Retrieved August 3, 2017.
  6. ^ Old PAGASA Names: List of names for tropical cyclones occurring within the Philippine Area of Responsibility 1991–2000. Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (Report). Typhoon 2000. Retrieved August 3, 2017.
  7. ^ Typhoon 23W Best Track (TXT) (Report). Joint Typhoon Warning Center. December 17, 2002. Retrieved August 3, 2017.
  8. ^ Asanobu, Kitamoto. Typhoon 1991 (Orchid). Digital Typhoon (Report). National Institute of Informatics. Retrieved August 3, 2017.
  9. ^ Asanobu, Kitamoto. AMeDAS HACHIJOJIMA (44261) @ Typhoon 199121. Digital Typhoon (Report). National Institute of Informatics. Retrieved August 3, 2017.
  10. ^ Asanobu, Kitamoto. AMeDAS OGATSU (34241) @ Typhoon 199121. Digital Typhoon (Report). National Institute of Informatics. Retrieved August 3, 2017.
  11. ^ Asanobu, Kitamoto. AMeDAS OFUNATO (33877) @ Typhoon 199121. Digital Typhoon (Report). National Institute of Informatics. Retrieved August 3, 2017.
  12. ^ Asanobu, Kitamoto. AMeDAS MIYAKEJIMA (44226) @ Typhoon 199121. Digital Typhoon (Report). National Institute of Informatics. Retrieved August 3, 2017.
  13. ^ a b Asanobu, Kitamoto. 1991-936-09. Digital Typhoon (Report) (in Japanese). National Institute of Informatics. Retrieved August 6, 2017.
  14. ^ Asanobu, Kitamoto. 1991-817-17. Digital Typhoon (Report) (in Japanese). National Institute of Informatics. Retrieved August 6, 2017.
  15. ^ Asanobu, Kitamoto. 1991-780-18. Digital Typhoon (Report) (in Japanese). National Institute of Informatics. Retrieved August 6, 2017.
  16. ^ Asanobu, Kitamoto. 1991-761-03. Digital Typhoon (Report) (in Japanese). National Institute of Informatics. Retrieved August 6, 2017.
  17. ^ Asanobu, Kitamoto. 1991-670-06. Digital Typhoon (Report) (in Japanese). National Institute of Informatics. Retrieved August 6, 2017.
  18. ^ a b c Asanobu, Kitamoto. 1991-662-09. Digital Typhoon (Report) (in Japanese). National Institute of Informatics. Retrieved August 6, 2017.
  19. ^ a b "Typhoon Triggered Landslides, Kills One, Injuries Eight". Japanese Economic Newswire. October 12, 1991.  – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
  20. ^ Asanobu, Kitamoto. 1991-651-14. Digital Typhoon (Report) (in Japanese). National Institute of Informatics. Retrieved August 6, 2017.
  21. ^ Asanobu, Kitamoto. 1991-648-20. Digital Typhoon (Report) (in Japanese). National Institute of Informatics. Retrieved August 6, 2017.
  22. ^ a b "Tropical storm moves along Japan's coast". The Town Talk. Associated Press. October 14, 1991. Retrieved August 7, 2017. – via newspapers.com (subscription required)
  23. ^ Asanobu, Kitamoto. 1991-638-09. Digital Typhoon (Report) (in Japanese). National Institute of Informatics. Retrieved August 6, 2017.
  24. ^ Asanobu, Kitamoto. 1991-629-13. Digital Typhoon (Report) (in Japanese). National Institute of Informatics. Retrieved August 6, 2017.
  25. ^ a b Asanobu, Kitamoto. 1991-626-10. Digital Typhoon (Report) (in Japanese). National Institute of Informatics. Retrieved August 6, 2017.
  26. ^ Asanobu, Kitamoto. 1991-624-15. Digital Typhoon (Report) (in Japanese). National Institute of Informatics. Retrieved August 6, 2017.
  27. ^ Asanobu, Kitamoto. 1991-616-08. Digital Typhoon (Report) (in Japanese). National Institute of Informatics. Retrieved August 6, 2017.
  28. ^ Asanobu, Kitamoto. 1991-595-08. Digital Typhoon (Report) (in Japanese). National Institute of Informatics. Retrieved August 6, 2017.
  29. ^ Asanobu, Kitamoto. 1991-588-03. Digital Typhoon (Report) (in Japanese). National Institute of Informatics. Retrieved August 6, 2017.
  30. ^ a b Asanobu, Kitamoto. 1991-584-07. Digital Typhoon (Report) (in Japanese). National Institute of Informatics. Retrieved August 6, 2017.
  31. ^ a b Asanobu, Kitamoto. 1991-575-04. Digital Typhoon (Report) (in Japanese). National Institute of Informatics. Retrieved August 6, 2017.
  32. ^ "Typhoon Likely to hit Honshu". Japanese Economic Newswire. October 11, 1991.  – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
  33. ^ "Typhoon Paralyses transport in Eastern Japan". Japanese Economic Newswire. October 13, 1991.  – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
  34. ^ Hong Kong Observatory (1992). "Part III – Tropical Cyclone Summaries". Meteorological Results: 1991 (PDF). Meteorological Results (Report). Hong Kong Observatory. p. 16. Retrieved August 3, 2017.
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