University charter

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For the middle school in California, see
University Charter School (Lemoore, California)
.

A university charter is a

Alfonso VIII of Castille issued a charter in 1208 to create the University of Palencia but the status of that institution is doubtful. The first papal creation was the University of Toulouse in 1229, via a papal bull of Pope Gregory IX. Through the 13th century, most university foundations continued to be organic, often by migrations of scholars from other universities, but by the start of the 14th century either a papal bull or an imperial charter was considered necessary.[1]

Papal letters and bulls to create universities fell into four categories: Firstly, the creation of a new university where no school had existed before (e.g.

Perpignan in 1379); thirdly the apparent creation of a new university where one already existed (e.g. Montpellier in 1289); and finally the confirmation of an existing university (e.g. Salamanca in 1255).[2]

Canada

Most Canadian universities derive their degree-granting authority from

acts of the relevant provincial legislature (e.g. York University Act). Some older universities, including the University of Toronto and McGill University, derive their authority from a royal charter
.

United Kingdom

College Charter Act 1871
Act of Parliament
Scotland Act 1998 (Consequential Modifications) (No. 2) Order 1999
Status: Amended
Text of statute as originally enacted
Text of the College Charter Act 1871 as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from legislation.gov.uk.

Most universities founded prior to 1992 were created by

34 & 35 Vict. c. 63) provides for scrutiny by the Parliament of the United Kingdom (or, since 1999, the Scottish Parliament for institutions based in Scotland) of draft charters that establish "any institution in the nature of a college or university".[5]

Oxford and Cambridge developed organically prior to the use of charters to establish universities, although Cambridge received a papal bull in 1318 that either confirmed its status as a studium generale or conferred this status upon it.[6] Oxford and Cambridge were formally incorporated by Act of Parliament in 1571 and are civil, rather than chartered, corporations.[4] Three of the ancient universities of Scotland (St Andrews, Glasgow and Aberdeen) were established by papal bulls, while Edinburgh was founded by the town corporation under authority granted to it by a royal charter. All four ancient Scottish universities are now governed under the Universities (Scotland) Acts.[4]

Durham University was established by an act of Parliament in 1832 and was later incorporated and confirmed by a royal charter in 1837.[7] The University of London received four charters between 1836 (its founding charter) and 1863 but has been governed under an Act of Parliament since 1900.[8] Durham and London are thus both statutory and chartered corporations. Newcastle University was separated from Durham and established as an independent university by an Act of Parliament in 1963 and is the only university established before 1992 to be a purely statutory corporation.[9]

Since 1992, almost all new universities have been promoted to that status by orders under the

Trinity College Carmarthen.[13]

United States

Federal

See also: Congressional charter

In the United States,

US's federal district. Georgetown University was the first federally chartered institution of higher education in the United States when President James Madison signed the university's charter into law on March 1, 1815.[14]

The Institute of American Indian Arts was chartered by the federal congress in 1986.[15]

The United States service (military) academies are not chartered as they are agencies of the federal government itself.

State

Other universities are chartered by state or territorial legislatures. The colonial colleges were chartered by British colonial authorities prior to the American Revolution.

References

  1. S2CID 143493887
    .
  2. JSTOR community.28211819
    .
  3. ^ "Further and higher education—overview". LexisNexis. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
  4. ^
    ISBN 9780191634642
    .
  5. ^ "College Charter Act 1871". Legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 12 March 2021.
  6. ISBN 9781317107682
    .
  7. ISBN 9783319767260
    .
  8. ^ University of London, the Historical Record: (1836–1912) Being a Supplement to the Calendar, Completed to September 1912. First Issue. University of London Press. 1912. pp. 7–24.
  9. ISBN 9780191634642
    .
  10. ^ "History of the University". Cardiff University. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
  11. ^ "Charter and Statutes". Imperial College London. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
  12. ^ "Our foundations". University of Manchester. Retrieved 13 March 2021.
  13. ^ "History and Timeline". University of Wales Trinity Saint David. Retrieved 13 March 2021.
  14. ^ "Charter of the University".
  15. ^ "Key Facts, Public Documents, and Right to Know". Institute of American Indian Arts. Retrieved 10 February 2023.
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