User:Al Ameer son/Kalb

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The Banu Kalb or Kalb ibn Wabara was an

Monophysite Christianity and were under the military authority of the Ghassanids
, vassals of the Byzantines.

During the lifetime of the

Hims and Palmyra
, and were driven out of the Samawah by the Qays.

Origins

The Kalb were traditionally held to be from

Qahtan, via the Kalb's ancestral tribe, Quda'ah;[3][note 2] the latter was a large confederation with numerous branches whose tribesmen lived as far north as Syria,[3] possibly as early as the 4th century CE.[4]

Pre-Islamic era

The Kalb were a

Palmyrena and Tabuk in the northern Hejaz.[6]

The Kalb's territory on the

al-Hirah and Fadak.[1] The Kalb may have been the unnamed tribe that launched a massive invasion of Byzantine-held Syria, Phoenicia, Palestine and Egypt in 410, according to Shahid.[12] Shahid argues that the Kalbid invasion was possibly related to the fall of the Kalb's Tanukhid allies and the latter's replacement as the Byzantine's main foederati with the Salihids,[12] which also descended from the Quda'ah.[13] In the closing years of the 5th century,[14] tensions between the Kalb and the Salihids culminated in a day-long battle in which the Salihid phylarch, Dawud, was killed by Tha'laba ibn Amir of Kalb and his ally Mu'awiya ibn Hujayr of Namir in the Golan region.[15][note 3] It is not clear if the conflict between the Tha'laba ibn Amir and Dawud was a personal feud or part of a tribal conflict between the Kalb and the Salihids.[16]

Though the Kalb's role in 5th-century Arab tribal politics in the Byzantine Empire is clear, contemporary sources do not indicate how early the Kalb made contact with the Byzantines.

Lakhmids.[1] As a result of their firm incorporation in the Byzantine foederati system, the Kalb "became accustomed to military discipline and to law and order", according to historian Johann Fück.[1]

The most well-known early chieftain of the Kalb was Zuhayr ibn Janab al-Kalbi, who wielded significant influence among the Bedouin tribes of northern Arabia.

Ka'aba of Mecca, at the time a widely-honored edifice containing pagan Arabian idols, which offended the powerful tribes of the area, including the Kalb.[19] Zuhayr decisively defeated the Ghatafan and had their haram destroyed.[19]

Islamic era

Early Muslim campaigns

During the early years of

Muslim conquest of Syria.[1] During the conquest, in 634, the Kalb were among the Arab Christian tribes that were defeated by Khalid ibn al-Walid at Ziza in Transjordan during the caliphate of Abu Bakr.[21][25]

Umayyad era

The Muslim conquest of Syria was concluded by 638; by then the Kalb inhabited steppes north of Damascus around Homs and Palmyra and were the leaders and most powerful component of the Quda'ah tribal confederation.

Sufyanid period (661–684) of the Umayyad Caliphate.[27]

Mu'awiyah's son and successor,

Qays–Yaman feud intensified, while Marwan became completely dependent on the Yaman to maintain his rule;[31] just prior to Marj Rahit, Marwan agreed to the Kalb's conditions, including that 2,000 of their chiefs would receive an annual salary of 2,000 silver dirhams in return for military service which would be transferred to their heirs in case of death, and that the tribe would be given precedence in Marwan's court and be consulted for all major government decisions.[27]

Qaysi revenge against the Kalb and Umayyads took place during the 686

Jordan Valley.[27] Humayd attacked the Qays in Upper Mesopotamia, but was ultimately defeated during the battle of Banat Qayn, the last of the major Qaysi–Yamani day-long clashes (ayyam).[27]

Notes

  1. ^ The names of Wabara's son were as follows: Kalb ("dog"), Asad ("lion"), Namir ("tiger"), Dhi'b ("wolf"), Tha'lab ("fox"), Fahd ("lynx"), Dabu' ("hyena"), Dubb ("bear"), Sid ("coyote") and Sirhan ("jackal").[2]
  2. Qaḥṭān.[3]
  3. ^ The Namir tribe was related to Kalb through their common ancestor Wabara.[15]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Fück, p. 492.
  2. ^ Ibn Abd Rabbih, transl. Boullata, p. 275.
  3. ^ a b c Landau-Tasseron, ed. Yar-Shater, p. 6.
  4. ^ a b c Shahid 1986, p. 388.
  5. ^ Shahid 1986, p. 146.
  6. ^ a b Shahid 1986, p. 197.
  7. ^ Grant, pp. 11–12.
  8. ^ Sudayri, p. 81.
  9. ^ Sudayri, ʻAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad (1995). The Desert Frontier of Arabia: Al-Jawf Through the Ages. Stacey International.
  10. ^ Shahid 1986, p. 196.
  11. ^ Bosworth, ed. Yar-Shater, p. 20.
  12. ^ a b c Shahid 1989, p. 24.
  13. ^ Shahid 1989, p. 235.
  14. ^ Shahid 1989, p. 86.
  15. ^ a b Shahid 1989, pp. 258–259.
  16. ^ Shahid, p. 260.
  17. ^ Shahid 1989, p. 272.
  18. ^ Shahid 1989, p. 314.
  19. ^ a b Munt, Harry (2014). The Holy City of Medina: Sacred Space in Early Islamic Arabia. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 38–39.
  20. ^ Donner, p. 106.
  21. ^ a b Shahid, p. 304.
  22. ^ Homoud, p. 179.
  23. ^ Donner, pp. 106–107.
  24. ^ a b c d Donner, p. 107.
  25. ^ Blankinship, ed. Yar-Shater, p. 76.
  26. ^ a b c d e Marsham, Andrew (2003). "The Architecture of Allegiance in Early Islamic Late Antiquity: The Accession of Mu'awiya in Jerusalem, ca. 661 CE". In Beihammer, Alexander; Constaninou, Stavroula; Parani, Maria (eds.). Court Ceremonies and Rituals of Power in Byzantium and the Medieval Mediterranean: Comparative Perspectives. Leiden: Brill. p. 104.
  27. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Dixon, p. 493.
  28. ^ Humphreys, ed. Yar-Shater, p. 254.
  29. ^ Kennedy, p. 80.
  30. ^ a b c d e Kennedy, p. 78.
  31. ^ a b c Kennedy, p. 79.

Bibliography

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