User:Asiaticus/sandbox/Snake War
Snake War | |||||||
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Part of the American Indian Wars | |||||||
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Belligerents | |||||||
United States | Snake Indians: | ||||||
Commanders and leaders | |||||||
Benjamin Alvord Reuben F. Maury George B. Currey Frederick Steele Louis H. Marshall George Crook Billy Chinook William C. McKay |
Winnemucca Ocheho | ||||||
Strength | |||||||
1864-65 8th Cavalry Regiment U.S. Army Wasco Scouts | Unknown | ||||||
Casualties and losses | |||||||
Total casualties: ~1762 |
The Snake War (1864–1868) was a war fought by the
Background
The conflict was a result of increasing tension over several years between the Native tribes and the settlers who were encroaching on their lands, and competing for game and water. Explorers passing through had minimal effect. In October 1851,
In August 1854, Native attacks on several pioneer trains along the
As gold mining declined in California in the later 1850s, miners searching for gold started to move north and eastward into the upper
About the war
The Snake War was not defined by one large battle but was a series of
Events, Skirmishes and Battles of the Snake War
Conclusion
The Snake War wound down after peace talks between George Crook and Snake chief Weahwewa had taken place. The Snake War has been widely forgotten in United States history. One reason was that the Paiute and Western Shoshone did not have notable reputations as warriors, unlike the Apache. Few reporters covered the war, and Joe Wasson was one of the first. More significantly, much of the nation was concentrating on the American Civil War and its aftermath. Despite its being overlooked, the Snake War was statistically the deadliest of the Indian Wars in the West in terms of casualties.
By the end, a total of 1,762 men were known to have been killed, wounded, and captured on both sides. By comparison, the Battle of the Little Bighorn produced about 847 casualties.[3]: 345–346
Snake War posts, California, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon,
- Fort Dalles, Oregon, (1850–1867)
- Fort Churchill, Nevada 1860–1869
- Camp Nye, Nevada (1861–1865) [4]
- Fort Ruby, Nevada (1862–1869)
- Camp Smoke Creek, Nevada, (1862–1864)[5]
- Camp Dun Glen, Dun Glen, Nevada (1863, 1865–1866)[6]
- Fort Trinity, Nevada, 1863 - 1864 [7]
- Fort Klamath, Oregon, (1863–1890)
- Boise, Idaho, (1863–1879),[8]
- Camp Susan, Susanville, California 1864 [9]
- Post at Friday's Station, 1864 [10]
- Camp Bidwell, California (1865–1879) (Later Fort Bidwell)
- Antelope Station, Nevada, 1864 [11]
- Camp Alvord, Oregon (1864–1866) [12]
- Camp Dalgren, Oregon (1864) [13]
- Camp Henderson, Oregon, 1864-1866 [14]
- Camp Lincoln, Oregon 1864[15]
- Camp Maury, Oregon 1864[16]
- Camp Russell, Oregon 1864-1865 [17]
- Camp Watson, Oregon 1864-1869
- Samuel Smith's Camp, Idaho (1864), near the mouth of the Raft River.
- Quinn River Camp, Nevada 1865
- Fort McDermitt, Nevada 1865–1889
- Fort McGrary, Nevada 1865–1868
- Camp McKee, Nevada 1865–1866 [18]
- Camp Overend, Nevada, 1865 [19]
- .
- Camp Wallace or Cantonment Soldier, Idaho (1865), located on the Big Camas Prairie near Fairfield, Idaho.
- Camp Colfax, Oregon, 1865, 1867[22]
- Camp Currey, Oregon 1865-1866 [23]
- Camp Logan, Oregon (1865–1868) [24]
- Camp Polk, Oregon (1865–1866) [25]
- Camp on Silvies River, Oregon (1864?) [26]
- Camp Wright, Oregon (1865–1866) [27]
- Camp Buford, Idaho, (1866)[28]
- Old Camp Warner, Oregon (1866–1867)[29]
- Camp Warner, Oregon (1867–1874)[30]
- Camp Winthrop, September 26, 1866 - April, 1867
- Camp Three Forks, April, 1867-October 23, 1871 [31]
References
- ^ Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of Oregon, Volume II, 1848-1888, The History Company, San Francisco, 1888, p.462 note 4.
- ^ "Settlement: Hostiles Erupt." National Park Service: John Day Fossil Beds. 25 April 2002 (retrieved from web.archive.org 7 August 2011)
- ^ Michno, Gregory, The Deadliest Indian War in the West: The Snake Conflict, 1864-1868. Caldwell: Caxton Press, 2007.
- ^ Near Carson City, A depot for California Volunteers and after 1864 Nevada Volunteers. Located in the Washoe Valley five miles north of Carson City.
- ^ Near Robbers Roost, Nevada A temporary Army post that was intermittently occupied. Located near the Smoke Creek Depot (or Smoke Creek Station) on the Honey Lake stage route. The site is not shown on most maps, but it was located five miles from the state line west of Smoke Creek Desert and north of the Pyramid Lake Indian Reservation.
- ^ This camp was established at the request of the citizens of Dun Glen to protect them from attacks of the Snake Indians.
- ^ Eightmile, Nevada, located at the Goshute Indian Reservation between Tippett and the state line. Originally called Eight Mile Station, it was frequently occupied by troops from Fort Ruby.
- ^ IDAHO STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY, REFERENCE SERIES, FORT BOISE - (United States Army), Number 356, August 2, 1965
- ^ The California State Military Museum, Historic California Posts: Camp Susan
- ^ The California State Military Museum, Historic California Posts: Post at Friday's Station
- ^ At Little Antelope Mountain, it was an important stage station located about 40 miles west of Ely, Nevada in operation during the 1860s and 1870s. Garrisoned by California Volunteers in 1864.
- ^ Carey, History of Oregon, pg. 671. On Horse Creek in the Alvord Valley, east of the Steen Mountain Range
- ^ Carey, History of Oregon, pg. 671 Located slightly east of Camps Maury and Polk.
- ^ Carey, History of Oregon, pg. 671. This camp, named for Oregon's representative in Congress at that time, was established early in 1864, near the mouth of Jordan Creek, 330 miles from Walla Walla, and was the center of operations in Southeastern Oregon for some time afterward.
- ^ Carey, History of Oregon, pg. 671 Near Canyon City, on the headwaters of John Day River.
- Deschutes River near the mouth of Crooked River.
- ^ A Civil War training camp once located in Salem, Oregon, at the state fairgrounds, present-day 17th Street and Silverton Road.
- ^ Near Gerlach, Nevada. Originally called Detachment at Granite Creek, the Army occupied the Granite Creek Station after Indians burned it and killed its employees. Located north of town and east of Granite Mountain.
- ^ A temporary Army post near Golconda, Nevada that lasted only a few days. It was located south of Golconda at Summit Springs.
- ^ Carey, History of Oregon, pg. 671 In the Jordan Valley, east of the Owyhee River.
- ^ IDAHO STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY REFERENCE SERIES, CAMP LYON, Number 357 July 16, 1965
- ^ Carey, History of Oregon, pg. 671. At the Willow Creek crossing of the Canyon City - Boise Road, south of Baker City.
- ^ Carey, History of Oregon, pg. 671. On Silver Creek.
- ^ Carey, History of Oregon, pg. 671 East of Canyon City, on the road to Colfax.
- ^ Carey, History of Oregon, pg. 671. On the Deschutes River near the mouth of Crooked River.
- ^ Carey, History of Oregon, pg. 674. Located on the on Silvies River, north of Malheur Lake.
- ^ Carey, History of Oregon, pg. 671. North of Harney Lake. A temporary state militia encampment on the Silvies River, possibly to the south of Burns, Oregon. Originally Adobe Camp (1865), a 25-yard square sod-walled post, was located here before being replaced after only two weeks.
- ^ IDAHO STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY, REFERENCE SERIES, Number 63, IDAHO MILITARY POSTS AND CAMPS, May 1971
- ^ Carey, History of Oregon, pg. 671. Located east of Warner Lakes. A Federal camp originally located 20 miles east of Warner (Hart) Lake. It was moved in 1867
- ^ Carey, History of Oregon, pg. 671. Located west of Warner Lakes.
- ^ IDAHO STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY REFERENCE SERIES, CAMP THREE FORKS, Number 358, July 12, 1965
Sources
- The Snake War, 1864-1868, Idaho State Historical Society Reference Series #236, 1966
- Hubert Howe Bancroft, Mrs. Frances Auretta Fuller Barrett Victor, HISTORY OF OREGON, Vol. II. 1848-1888, The History Company, San Francisco, 1888, Chapters XX MILITARY ORGANIZATION AND OPERATIONS 1861-1865 and XXI THE SHOSHONE WARS 1866-1868, pp. 488–654
- Michno, Gregory, The Deadliest Indian War in the West: The Snake Conflict, 1864-1868. Caldwell: Caxton Press, 2007.
- Wooster, Robert, The Military and United States Indian Policy 1865-1903, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988.
- Hook, Jason, and Martin Pegler, To Live and Die in the West: The American Indian Wars, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, 2001.