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Alex Ramek
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10--underlying Causes of the
Terms
Dogma- A principle, belief, or statement of ideas or opinion considered to be absolutely true
Heresy- any opinions or beliefs that reject official or orthodox position
Excommunication- he act of banishing a member of the Church and cutting him off from a religious society
Sect- A group of a religion unified by a common belief
Mysticism- The immediate experience of oneness with God
Pre-Reformation Reformist Factions
Wyclif also believed that the Biblewas the most important if not only Christian guide to turn to and advocated its vernacularization.
3. In Fourteenth Century Europe the
The Great Schism abused the Christian world in several ways. First, different regions of the Christian world pledged allegiance to different papacies. The French, Scots, Spanish, and Southern Italians pledged allegiance to the Avignonese popes, while England, Germany, Scandinavia, and most of Italy followed the Roman popes. Another problem was that the two papal administrative systems meant half the revenue for the church than before, which, in turn, led two a doubling in taxes.
The
There was one problem. According to Church
A group of cardinals formed the
Another council, the Council of Constance (1414-1418), was started to correct the mistakes of the Council of Pisa. This time it was the Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund, who convened it, and in 1417, the council disposed of all three popes and elected Pope Martin V, ending the Great Schism and that smudge in the history of Christendom.
5. People took an active role in their salvation two main ways. The first way is through prayer and good deeds. People of the 14th Century often wrote clauses into their wills donating money to hospitals or other charitable sources. A major concern for Christians of the age was that of Purgatory, the place where the soul is purged, or purified, of its worldly sins before it can ascend to heaven. To solve this problem and hasten the soul’s ascension, people often started family chapels, in which priests said prayers and conducted masses for a loved one’s soul. Lastly, pilgrimages were used to aid in salvation. In pilgrimages, pilgrims could find their salvation without the involvement of clergy. The emphasis and popularity of pilgrimages during the time reflected a distrust of the organized Ecclesiastical hierarchy.
The second mode of salvation was through mysticism. Mysticism is defined as “the immediate experience of oneness with God”, and was best characterized in the teachings of Meister Eckhart (1260-1327). He said the union with God, or “birth of Christ”, that so characterizes mysticism, was attainable by those who pursued it wholeheartedly. Eckhart’s student, Johannes Tauler (1300-1361) added on to his master’s teachings that the soul needs to prepare for the union with God by expresing love of and devotion to God in everyday activities. Tauler and Eckheart’s teachings deepened the religious lives of clergy and laymen alike. Another important mystic,
6. The German princes were a threat to the Church and surrounding states in the Empire. The issuing of the
The German princes also posed a threat to the Holy Roman Emperor. German states, such as Bavaria, Hesse, Brandenburg, and the Palatinate, built up strong independent armies and started governing in the ways of the independent monarchies of France, England and Spain in their fiscal and Roman judicial policies.