User:Craigboy/sandbox
Texas State Capital
Texas Senate Chambers
Behind the Texas Senate President is a Portrait of
"In God We Trust"
Albert Sidney Johnston
David B. Culberson
https://www.thestoryoftexas.com/discover/texas-state-capitol/capitol-art
Capitol Rotunda
This section has so many issues.
Cleaned up spaceflight program section (mostly the manned spacecraft portion). It had many issues. Inaccuracies, poor summarization of programs and somewhat opinionated. Tried to add more sources and given missions the significance they held when they occurred.
Space flight programs
The most notable NASA activities are its space flight programs, both manned and unmanned. The latter can be either independent, carrying scientific equipment, or supportive, testing equipment for manned flights. In the beginning, from the late 50s to early 70s, NASA’s mission focus revolved heavily around a competition with the
Manned programs
The rocket planes experiments started by NACA was taken a step further by NASA which used them as support for spaceflights, the first of which was one-manned and launched by modified intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs). When the attention turned to reaching the Moon, the solution chosen was complicated but also the most economical. Supportive projects, both
X-15 rocket plane (1959–1968)
The NACA XS-1 (Bell X-1) was followed by additional experimental vehicles, including the
Project Mercury (1959–1963)
Project Mercury was initiated in 1958 and started NASA down the path of human space exploration with missions designed to discover if man could survive in
In April 1961, one month before Alan Shepard, cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first person in space when he orbited the Earth once in Vostok 1.[8] Further in August the same year, the follower Vostok 2 made a day long orbital flight[9] which led to canceling of additional American suborbital missions; they were no longer enough.[10] Three more orbital flights were made by the Mercury project after Friendship 7, the last in 1963.[11] Three additional orbital flights were cancelled since it was clear that the Mercury spacecraft had reached its limit of staying in space.[10]
The defeat in the first round of the spacerace led to the introduction of the Moon race program, Apollo, in 1961 just after the flight of Freedom 7. However, it was estimated that this could not be done in one step and that further projects in Earth orbit were needed.[12]
Project Gemini (1962–1966)
Project Gemini consisted of ten manned missions which focused on conducting experiments and developing and practicing techniques required for lunar missions. Some of the main objectives were to peform a 14-day human space flight (in order gain greater confidence that man could survive in the space the length of a moon mission),
During the Gemini program, the United States began to surpass Russia on the way to a moon landing.
Project Apollo (1961–1972)
The Apollo program was one of the most expensive American scientific programs. It is estimated to have cost $265 billion in present-day US dollars.[20][21] (In comparison, the Manhattan Project cost roughly $33.8 billion, accounting for inflation.)[20][22] It used the
The Saturn I which was later upgraded into the Saturn IB, was used in the early portions of the program to test equipment in low Earth orbit. The Saturn V was used for the larger tests in low Earth orbit, the lunar practice missions and the actual lunar landings.
Early on in the program, the Apollo I diaster set the program back. The second manned mission, Apollo 8, brought astronauts for the first time in a flight around the Moon in December 1968.[24] Shortly before, the Soviet had sent an unmanned spacecraft around the Moon.[25] On the next two missions docking maneuvers that were needed for the Moon landing were practiced[26][27] and then finally the Moon landing was made on the Apollo 11 mission in July 1969.[28] In 1961 President Kennedy had introduced the Apollo Program and set the deadline for a successful Moon landing at the end of the same decade. It was done by a narrow margin.[29]
The later missions utilized improved space suits and a lunar rover, and attempted more difficult landings. Longer missions.
The first
Apollo set major
Skylab (1965–1979)
Skylab was the United States' first
NASA used one of the Saturn V rockets originally earmarked for a Apollo moon mission to launch Skylab. Skylab's habitable volume was 11,290 cubic feet (320 m3), which was 30.7 times larger than that of the
Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (1972-1975)
On May 24, 1972, US President
The mission included both joint and separate scientific experiments, and provided useful engineering experience for future joint US–Russian space flights, such as the Shuttle–Mir Program[36] and the International Space Station.
Space Shuttle program (1972–2011)
The Space Shuttle became the major focus of NASA in the late 1970s and the 1980s. Planned as a frequently launchable, inexpensive and mostly reusable vehicle, four Space Shuttle orbiters were built by 1985. The first to launch, Columbia, did so on April 12, 1981,[37] coincidentally on the 20th anniversary of the first human space flight.[38] Although it never achieved the flight rate or the launch economics originally envisioned.
Its major components were the
On 20 missions (1983–1998) the Space Shuttle carried Spacelab, a space laboratory designed in cooperation with the ESA. Spacelab was not designed for independent orbital flight, but remained in the Shuttle's cargo bay as the astronauts entered and left it through an airlock.[41] Another famous series of missions were the launch and later successful repair of the Hubble space telescope 1990 and 1993[42] Sally Ride became the first American woman to travel into space as a crew member of STS-7 during June of 1983 and Guion Bluford became the first African-American to travel into space as a crew member of STS-8 in August of the same year.
In 1995 Russian-American interaction resumed with the
The Shuttle fleet lost two orbiters and a combined 14 astronauts in two disasters: Challenger in 1986, and Columbia in 2003.[44] While the 1986 loss was mitigated by building the Space Shuttle Endeavour from replacement parts, NASA did not build another orbiter to replace the second loss.[44] Because Columbia was already planned to be retired. NASA's Space Shuttle program had 135 missions when the program ended with the successful landing of the Space Shuttle Atlantis at the Kennedy Space Center on July 21, 2011. The program spanned 30 years with over 300 astronauts sent into space.[45] The Discovery orbiter flew 39 missions, the most of any spacecraft.
International Space Station (1998–)
The International Space Station (ISS) combines the Japanese
Long duration missions to the ISS are referred to as
The ISS program is expected to continue until at least 2020 but may be extended until 2028 or possibly beyond that.[62]
Commercial Resupply Services (2006-)
The development of the Commercial Resupply Services (CRS) vehicles began in 2006 with the purpose of creating American commercially operated uncrewed cargo vehicles to service the ISS.[63] The development of these vehicles was under a fixed price milestone-based program, meaning that each company that received a funded award had a list of milestones with a dollar value attached to them that they didn't receive until after they had successful completed the milestone.[64] Private companies were also required to have some "skin in the game" which refers raising an unspecified amount of private investment for their proposal.[65]
On 23 December 2008, NASA awarded Commercial Resupply Services contracts to
Commercial Crew Program (2010–)
The
In 2010, NASA announced the winners of the first phase of the program, a total of $50 million was divided among five American companies to foster research and development into human spaceflight concepts and technologies in the private sector. In 2011, the winners of the second phase of the program were announced, $270 million was divided among four companies.
-
The unmanned variant of Dragon is seen approaching the ISS
-
Computer rendering of CST-100 in orbit
Unnamed BLEO program (2010–)
For missions beyond
The Authorization Act required a new heavy lift vehicle design to be chosen within 90 days of its passing and that the construction of a beyond low earth orbit spacecraft.
Misc
Following the
In February 2010, President Barack Obama's administration proposed eliminating public funds for the Constellation program and shifting greater responsibility of servicing the ISS to private companies.[78] During speech at the Kennedy Space Center on April 15, 2010, Obama proposed the design selection of the new HLV that would replace the Ares-V would not occur until 2015.[89] The U.S. Congress drafted the NASA Authorization Act of 2010 and President Obama signed it into law on October 11 of that year.[80] The authorization act officially canceled the Constellation program.[80]
Unmanned programs (1958–)
More than 1,000 unmanned missions have been designed to explore the Earth and the solar system.[90] Besides exploration, communication satellites have also been launched by NASA.[91] The missions have been launched directly from Earth or from orbiting space shuttles, which could either deploy the satellite itself, or with a rocket stage to take it farther.
The first unmanned satellite was Explorer 1, which started as an ABMA/JPL project during the early space race. It was launched in January 1958, two months after Sputnik. At the creation of NASA it was transferred to this agency and still continues to this day. Its missions have been focusing on the Earth and the Sun, measuring magnetic fields and the solar wind, among other aspects.[92] A more recent Earth mission, not related to the Explorer program, was the Hubble Space Telescope, which as mentioned above was brought into orbit in 1990.[93]
The
The first successful landing on Mars was made by Viking 1 in 1976. Twenty years later a rover was landed on Mars by Mars Pathfinder.[95]
Outside Mars, Jupiter was first visited by Pioneer 10 in 1973. More than 20 years later Galileo sent a probe into the planet's atmosphere, and became the first spacecraft to orbit the planet.[96] Pioneer 11 became the first spacecraft to visit Saturn in 1979, with Voyager 2 making the first (and so far only) visits to Uranus and Neptune in 1986 and 1989, respectively. The first spacecraft to leave the solar system was Pioneer 10 in 1983.[97] For a time it was the most distant spacecraft, but it has since been surpassed by both Voyager 1 and Voyager 2.[98]
Pioneers 10 and 11 and both Voyager probes carry messages from the Earth to extraterrestrial life.[99][100] A problem with deep space travel is communication. For instance, it takes about 3 hours at present for a radio signal to reach the New Horizons spacecraft at a point more than halfway to Pluto.[101] Contact with Pioneer 10 was lost in 2003. Both Voyager probes continue to operate as they explore the outer boundary between the Solar System and interstellar space.[102]
On November 26, 2011, NASA's
Recent and planned activities
NASA's ongoing investigations include in-depth surveys of Mars and Saturn and studies of the Earth and the Sun. Other active spacecraft missions are
The
On December 4, 2006, NASA announced it was planning a
In September 2011, NASA announced the start of the
On August 6th, 2012, NASA landed the rover
References
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{{cite book}}
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{{cite book}}
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Just as in the COTS projects, in the CCDev project we have fixed-price, pay-for-performance milestones," Thorn said. "There's no extra money invested by NASA if the projects cost more than projected.
- ^ McAlister, Phil (October 2010). "The Case for Commercial Crew" (PDF). NASA. Retrieved 2 July 2012.
- ^ "NASA Awards Space Station Commercial Resupply Services Contracts". NASA, December 23, 2008.
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(help) - ^ "SpaceX/NASA Discuss launch of Falcon 9 rocket and Dragon capsule". NASA. 22 May 2012. Retrieved 23 June 2012.
- ^ a b Berger, Brian (2011-02-01). "Biggest CCDev Award Goes to Sierra Nevada". Imaginova Corp. Retrieved 13 December 2011.
- ^ Morring, Frank (10 October 2012). "Boeing Gets Most Money With Smallest Investment". Aviation Week. Retrieved 5 October 2012.
- ^ Dean, James. "NASA awards $270 million for commercial crew efforts". space.com, April 18, 2011.
- ^ a b "NASA Announces Next Steps in Effort to Launch Americans from U.S. Soil". NASA. August 3, 2012. Retrieved August 3, 2012.
- ^ Five Vehicles Vie For Future Of U.S. Human Spaceflight
- ^ "Recent Developments in NASA's Commercial Crew Acquisition Strategy". United States House Committee on Science, Space and Technology. 14 September 2012. Retrieved 23 September 2012.
- ^ "Congress wary of fully funding commercial crew". Spaceflightnow. 2012-04-24. Retrieved 28 April 2012.
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(help) - ^ "Missions to Mars". The Planet Society. Retrieved September, 30, 2011.
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- ^ Kenneth Chang (6 August 2012). "Curiosity Rover Lands Safely on Mars". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-08-06.
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- ^ Bergin, Chris (2011-11-06). "NASA managers approve EFT-1 flight as Orion pushes for orbital debut". NASASpaceFlight.com (Not affiliated with NASA). Retrieved 13 December 2011.
Falcon 9 engine anomaly
During the ascent of Falcon 9 there was an engine anomaly on Engine 1, which is one of the nine engines on Falcon 9's first stage. It is believed that fuel dome above the engine's nozzle ruptured, causing the engine's cover, which protects it from aerodynamic forces, to also rupture. Debris falling from the rocket was seen at around +120 seconds. The SpaceX CRS-1 first stage did shut down engine no. 1 during the October 2012 ascent, and as a result continued the first-stage burn on the remaining eight engines longer than usual to provide more time at the somewhat reduced thrust to insert the Dragon spacecraft into the proper orbit.[1] Although unintended, this was the first inflight demonstration of Falcon 9's "engine out" design,[2][3] and "provides a clear demonstration of the engine out capability."[4]
SpaceX has emphasized for several years that the Falcon 9 first stage is designed for "engine out" capability, with the capability to shut down one or more malfunctioning engines and still make a successful ascent.[5] In the event,
In response to the anomaly, NASA and SpaceX created the CRS-1 Post-Flight Investigation Board.[6]
The NASA Docking System (NDS) is a
Two
Design
The NDS docking mechanism is androgynous, the first system to use low impact technology and the first system to allow both docking and berthing.[10] It supports both autonomous and piloted dockings and features pyrotechnics for contingency undocking. Once mated the NDS interface can transfer power, data, commands, air, communication and in future implementations will be able to transfer water, fuel, oxidiser and pressurant as well.[7] The passage for crew and cargo transfer has a diameter of 800 millimetres (31 in).[11]
In form and function NDS bears some resemblance to the Androgynous Peripheral Attach System (APAS-95) mechanism already in use on the Pressurized Mating Adapter (PMA) attached to the International Space Station, but is not compatible with it
History
Johnson Space Center began development in 1996, then it was known as the Advanced Docking Berthing System
In February 2010, the LIDS program became modified to be compliant with the IDSS and became known as the international Low Impact Docking System (iLIDS) or simply the NASA Docking System (NDS).[10] In May 2011, the NDS critical design review was completed and qualification was expected to be completed by late 2013.[8]
In April 2012, NASA funded a study to determine if a less complex docking system could be used as the NASA Docking System that both met the international community’s desire for a narrower soft capture system ring width, as well as providing the ISS a simpler active docking system compared to the then-current design.
A leaked internal memo dated November 13, 2012,
Bigelow
References
- ^ SpaceX CRS-1: Post conference press conference
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
tsr20121008
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Hennigan, WJ (8 October 2012). "SpaceX rocket engine shuts down during launch to station". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 8 October 2012.
- ^
Money, Stewart (2012-10-09). "Falcon 9 Loses an Engine (and Fairing), Demonstrates Resiliance". Innerspace. Retrieved 2012-10-10.
provides a clear demonstration of the engine out capability.
- ^ "Falcon 9 Overview". SpaceX. 8 May 2010.
- ^ Lindsey, Clark (12 October 2012). "SpaceX CRS-1: Review board formed to investigate engine failure". NewSpaceWatch. Retrieved 12 October 2012.
- ^ a b Parma, George (2011-05-20). "Overview of the NASA Docking System and the International Docking System Standard" (PDF). NASA. Retrieved 11 April 2012.
- ^ a b Bayt, Rob (2011-07-26). "Commercial Crew Program: Key Drving Requirments Walkthrough". NASA. Retrieved 27 July 2011.
- ^ "Dragon C2, CRS-1,... CRS-12". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 2014-01-17.
- ^ a b NASA Docking System (NDS) Technical Integration Meeting (2010-11-17)
- ^ "NASA Docking System (NDS) Interface Definitions Document (IDD) JSC-65795 Revision C November 2010" (PDF). NASA Technical Reports Server. NASA. Retrieved July 19, 2014.
- ^ Low Impact Docking System (2009-02)
- ^ Advanced Docking/Berthing System - NASA Seal Workshop (2004-11-04)
- ^ Advanced Docking Berthing System
- ^ NASA's Exploration Systems Architecture Study - 5.3.4 Docking Mechanism/ISS Docking Module Trades (November 2005)
- ^ NASA (2008). "The Soft Capture and Rendezvous System". NASA. Retrieved May 22, 2009.
- ^ a b "Feasibility of the SIMAC for the NASA Docking System" (PDF). Boeing. Retrieved 27 September 2014.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - ^ Johnson Space Center (2012-11-13). "NASA Decides to Adopt Boeing SIMAC Design for Docking and Is Retiring the iLIDS Design". SpaceRef. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
- ^ "NASA Commercial Crew Transportation Capability Contract CCTCAP Draft RFP". SpaceREF. July 19, 2013. Retrieved July 22, 2013.
- ^
Covault, Craig (2007-04-08). "Bigelow Reveals Business Plan". Aviation Week. Retrieved 2010-07-20.
equipped with a Soyuz type docking system at one end and a new NASA developed advanced lightweight Low Impact Docking System on the other end
- ^ John Cook, Valery Aksamentov, Thomas Hoffman, and Wes Bruner (2011-09-02). "ISS Interface Mechanisms and their Heritage" (PDF). The Boeing Company. Retrieved 6 September 2011.
The mechanism to be used for the interface between the CST-100 and the Bigelow module was originally an APAS, but the NDS platform is also consideration due to its implementation as part of the International Docking System Standard (IDSS)
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- James L. Lewis, Advanced Docking Berthing System. NASA technical publication. Johnson Space Center.
- James L. Lewis, Monty B. Carroll. Prototype Low Impact Docking System. NASA technical publication.Johnson Space Center.
External links
- NASA Docking System (NDS) Interface Definitions Document (IDD) JSC-65795 Revision C November 2010
Category:Spacecraft components Category:Spacecraft docking systems