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Patrician (ancient Rome)
This article is about the social and political class in ancient Rome. For other uses of the term, see Patrician (disambiguation).
The patricians (from
The social structure of Ancient Rome revolved around the distinction between the patricians and the plebeians. The status of patricians gave them more political power than the plebeians. The relationship between the patricians and the plebeians eventually caused the Conflict of the Orders. This time changed the social structure of Ancient Rome.
After the
Contents
- 1Origin
- 2Roman Republic and Empire
- 3Late Roman and Byzantine periods
- 4See also
- 5References
- 6Sources
- 7Further reading
- 8External links
Origin
According to
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The patricians were distinct from the
Status[edit]
Patricians historically had more privileges and rights than plebeians. This status difference was At the beginning of the
While it was not illegal for a plebeian to run for political office, a plebeian would have not have had the backing needed to win a seat.[2] Since society was organized in this way, the patrician class was essentially in complete control of Ancient Rome's government.[2] In Cassius' accounts of Ancient Rome, he details how important and advantaged the patrician class was over the plebeian class.[3] He indicates the status difference between patricians and plebeians by detailing about the specific shows the patricians wore. Cassius states, "For the shoes worn by the patricians in the city were ornamented with laced straps and the design of the letter, to signify that they were descended from the original hundred men that had been senators."[3] It is clear through Cassius' account that these details mattered and represent the differentiation between classes. For more on Ancient Rome's social class distinction visit Social Class in Ancient Rome.
Very few plebeian names appear in lists of
Many of the ancient patrician gentes whose members appear in the founding legends of Rome disappeared as Rome acquired its empire, and new plebeian families rose to prominence. A number of patrician families such as the Horatii, Lucretii, Verginii and Menenii rarely appear in positions of importance during the later republic. Many old families had both patrician and plebeian branches, of which the patrician lines frequently faded into obscurity, and were eclipsed by their plebeian namesakes.
The decline accelerated toward the end of the Republic, principally because of the civil wars, from the
- Julii Caesares
- Manlii Torquatii
- Papirii Masones
- Postumii Albini
- Servilii Caepiones
However, large gentes with multiple stirpes seem to have coped better; the
Patricians vs. Plebeians[edit]
The distinction between patricians and
The Conflict of The Orders
Eventually, the plebeians were done with being the lower class and not having the same rights and privileges as the patricians.[2] This time in Roman history is called the Conflict of the Orders, which took place between 500-287 BCE.[2] Due to the patricians having the political status, the plebeian class had no representation in the government to advocate for their interests.[2] By not having anyone advocating for their interests, this also meant that the Plebeians did not know the laws they had to abide by.[2] Since the patricians were of high social status, they did not want to lose this status; they were not in agreement with changing the structure of society by giving plebeians more status.[2] Eventually, the plebeian class came together and created their own governing body, the Council of the Plebs.[2] Another advancement that came from the Conflict of the Orders was the twelve tables. At this time in Ancient Rome, the monarchy had been over thrown.[4] The plebeians wanted to know the laws, which resulted in the written form of laws: the Twelve Tables.[2] Even once these laws were written down, and the new Centuriate Assembly was created, the patrician class remained in power. The assembly separated citizens into classes, however, the top two class, Equestrians and Class 1, were able to control the majority of the vote.[2] This meant, that while the plebeians were able to vote, if the patrician classes voted together, the could control the vote.[2] Ancient Rome, according to Ralph Mathisen, author of Ancient Roman Civilization: History and Sources, made political reforms, such as the introduction of the Council of the Plebs and the Tribunes of the Plebs. These two political bodies were created to give the plebeians a voice. After the Conflict of the Orders, according to Mathisen, Plebeians were able to rise in politics and become members of the Senate, which used to be exclusively for patricians.[2]
Marriage
A marriage between a patrician and a plebeian was the only way to legally integrate the two classes. However, once the twelve tables were written down, a law was written which made the marriage between the two classes illegal.[2] If a marriage was to occur between a patrician and a plebeian, the children of that marriage would then be given patrician status. This law was created to prevent the classes from mixing. In Ancient Rome women did not have power in the household. However, according to Mathisen, having a recognized marriage, so not illegally marrying into the other class, was important.[2] Having a legally recognized marriage ensured that the children born from the marriage were given Roman citizenship and any property they might inherit.[2]
Modern Day
When the patrician class was created, the term "patres" was used to describe the head of the household, also known as the patres familias.[1] This term evolved into the word patriarch.[5] In modern society, class distinctions are inevitable. Thompson argues that there is a reason why rulers have looked back on history, specifically at Ancient Rome, to identify this form of societal order.[5] Using the term "patres" in today's society, as detailed by Thompson, means "from above".[5] One can deduct from this understanding of the term to indicate that the patres was the highest role one could have in the family. The relationship of "from above" governing transitions from families in Ancient Rome, to government's of current societies. The influence that the patrician class has on current day society and social class distinction visible through Thompson's reading. In addition to Thompson, Mathisen has also stated that the words "patrician" and "plebeian" are still used today to refer to groups of people of high and lower classes.[2]
Patrician families[edit]
Gentes maiores et minores[edit]
Among the patricians, certain families were known as the gentes maiores, the greatest or perhaps the most noble houses. The other patrician families were called the gentes minores. Whether this distinction had any legal significance is not known, but it has been suggested that the princeps senatus, or Speaker of the Senate, was traditionally chosen from the gentes maiores.
No list of the gentes maiores has been discovered, and even their number is entirely unknown. It has been suggested that the Aemilii, Claudii, Cornelii, Fabii, Manlii, and Valerii were amongst them. The Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology suggests that the gentes maiores consisted of families that settled at Rome in the time of Romulus, or at least before the destruction of Alba Longa. The noble Alban families that settled in Rome in the time of Tullus Hostilius then formed the nucleus of the gentes minores. These included the Julii, Tulii, Servilii, Quinctii, Geganii, Curtii, and Cloelii.
However, . In any case, the distinction cannot have been based entirely on priority, because the Claudii did not arrive at Rome until after the expulsion of the kings.
Late Roman and Byzantine periods[edit]
Patrician status still carried a degree of prestige at the time of the early Roman Empire, and Roman emperors routinely elevated their supporters to the patrician caste en masse. This prestige gradually declined further, and by the end of the 3rd-century crisis patrician status, as it had been known in the Republic, ceased to have meaning in everyday life. The emperor Constantine the Great (r. 306–337) reintroduced the term as the empire's senior honorific title, not tied to any specific administrative position, and from the first limited to a very small number of holders. The historian Zosimus states that in Constantine's time, the holders of the title ranked even above the praetorian prefects.
In the late
In the 8th century, the title was further lowered in the court order of precedence, coming after the
The patrician title was occasionally used in Western Europe after the end of the Roman Empire; for instance, Pope Stephen II granted the title "Patricius of the Romans" to the Frankish ruler Pepin the Short. The revival of patrician classes in medieval Italian city-states, and also north of the Alps, is covered in patricianship.
References
- ^ ISSN 0032-3195.
- ^ OCLC 1137838429.)
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has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link - ^ a b "Cassius Dio — Fragments of Book 2". penelope.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 2020-02-23.
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at position 32 (help) - ISSN 0022-5037.
- ^ ISSN 0022-4529.
Class Work
Reference List
https://www.jstor.org/stable/2140599
- Title: The Social Composition of the Primitive Roman Populus
https://www.jstor.org/stable/296175
- Title: Patricians and Plebeians at Rome
https://www.jstor.org/stable/590734
- Title: Capitalism without Classes: The Case of Classical Rome
http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015028304320
- Title: Ancient Rome
http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/acadia/detail.action?docID=178583
- Title: Women and Politics in Ancient Rome
http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/2*.html
- Title: Cassius Dio- Fragments of Book 2
http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/6*.html
- Title: Cassius Dio- Fragments of Book 6
https://www.jstor.org/stable/3786463
Mathisen, Ralph W., Ralph W. Mathisen, and Ralph W. Mathisen. Ancient Roman Civilization: History and Sources, 753 BCE to 640 CE. New York: Oxford University Press, 2019.
Improving My Article
I added the specific hyperlinks into my article above. Below is a list of articles where I linked my own article:
1.)Social class in ancient Rome
While patrician was already hyperlinked into this article, I wanted to include this article to indicate that I made sure it was included.
I added the hyperlink into this article under the Republic heading.
Once again, my article was already linked, but I wanted to indicate that I looked here as well.
4.)
Added my article's link in the section on the Conflict of the Orders.
Annotated Bibliography
Hannah Helm- 100135135
CLAS 2673 Annotated Bibliography
Wikipedia Topic: Patricians (Ancient Rome)
1. Bauman, Richard A. Women and Politics in Ancient Rome. London, UNITED KINGDOM: Routledge, 1994. http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/acadia/detail.action?docID=178583. This source discusses women in ancient Rome. Specifically, this book has a chapter on women during the Order of the Conflicts (13). This chapter will allow me to add women into the section on the Order of the Conflicts. Within this chapter, marriage between the two classes is discussed. If enough information is gained from this source and the class textbook, a subsection on marriage could be added to the article. Women’s political engagement, specially, patrician women, is detailed in this chapter (14). The role of patrician women that this chapter explains will added significantly to the current article.
2. Botsford, George Willis. “The Social Composition of the Primitive Roman Populus.” Political Science Quarterly 21, no. 3 (1906): 498–526. https://doi.org/10.2307/2140599.
This source illustrates how the Roman populous was created in Ancient Rome. The source uses the Romulus and Remus legend to illustrate how the Roman society came to be (498). Discussion of the army, the Senate, and the citizen body are discussed in their relation to the class structure of Rome which will be used to contribute to the “Status” section of the article. This source mostly discusses the patrician class, detailing a lot on the pater familias (499). This information will allow me to expand the Lead of the article in order to create a better foundation for the article. Throughout the source, the author refers to many primary sources, including Livy. The meaning behind the word patrician is also illustrated in this source. The meaning behind the word will enable a new section that can be added to the Wikipedia page.
3. “Cassius Dio — Fragments of Book 2.” Accessed February 3, 2020. http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/2*.html.
This source is a primary document translated from Cassius Dio. Throughout this source, there are moments and stories explained about the Ancient Roman time. Within these stories, the role of the patrician class is detailed, showing the hierarchy of class in Ancient Rome. Having these primary sources allows the reader to see the role as shown through the day to day affairs of Ancient Roman people. There are details in this passage, such as what the patrician shoes looked like, which will enable to article to form imagery in the mind of the reader. A quote for example is, “For the shoes worn by the patricians in the city were ornamented with laced straps and the design of the letter, to signify that they were descended from the original hundred men that had been senators.”, (Dio). This is a credible source, as it is a primary document. This source will better the “status” section of the article, including more details.
4. Mathisen, Ralph W., Ralph W. Mathisen, and Ralph W. Mathisen. Ancient Roman Civilization: History and Sources, 753 BCE to 640 CE. New York: Oxford University Press, 2019.
This source contains a lot of details on the patricians. Particularly, this source will be used to add a new section about the conflict of the orders. The current Wikipedia page does not contain a section about the fall of the patrician and plebian divide which I think it critical in Roman history. This source will also be able to significantly contribute to the currently lacking patrician vs plebian section of the article. It contains primary documents from Livy, which will enhance the day to day affairs throughout the article. This source also has the twelve tables in it, which will allow me to include the fact that marriage between the two classes was not illegal. The current article does not elaborate on the political involvement of the patricians and plebeians. This source will allow me to enhance that part of the article.
5. Rose, H. J. “Patricians and Plebeians at Rome.” The Journal of Roman Studies 12 (1922): 106–33. https://doi.org/10.2307/296175.
This source documents the opinion that the patricians and plebeians were two distinct races. The source details the many theories and legends surrounding this opinion. This source will allow for a new section on the myths and legends of the distinction between patricians and plebeians for the Wikipedia page. The source directly discusses three specific legends. While all of the details surrounding the different myths will not be used, the stories will be of benefit for the explanation of the origins. This source is written in the Journal of Roman Studies, which is a credible source. Currently, the article discusses the families and members of the distinct classes, but neglects to discuss the separation between the classes themselves. This article discusses the language distinct between the two groups which will be an interesting fact or sub-section in the article (111).
6. Thompson, E. P. “Patrician Society, Plebeian Culture.” Journal of Social History 7, no. 4 (1974): 382–405.
This source examines how the Roman classification of patrician and plebeian has shaped societies in England today. The author examines why other rulers based their class structure off of the ancient Roman structure. This source examines in more detail the life of the plebeian and how it can be seen today. It is important to understand the role and life of the plebeians in order to form the contrast with the patrician class. The source is taken from the Journal of Social History. Since the class structure is a social history, in and of itself, this is a fitting and credible source to examine. This source will allow me to create a new section perhaps showing the legacy or impact the patricians have on the modern world.
Editing an Existing Article
The patricians (from
The patricians were distinct from the
- ISSN 0032-3195.
- OCLC 1038024098.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link