User:Lachie irving/Avicine
Avicine, tested and developed by AVI BioPharma, and also known as CTP-37 was trialled as a possible cancer vaccine to treat a number of different cancers[1]. These included colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer and prostate cancer[1]. The treatment was trialled as and intended to be induced via intramuscular injection[1] into the bloodstream, the location dependant on the treatment area[2].
Common side effects during clinical trials included fever and chills as experienced with many other conventional vaccines[1]. The vaccine operated by eliciting antibodies against human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) a cancer associated protein expressed by most cancer cells, with the goal of prolonged survival for sufferers[3].
Avicine was originated by AVI BioPharma in the USA [3], who licensed the product to SuperGen[4]. However, due to delays in clinical testing, as a result of research difficulties , the owners of Avicine were forced to direct their attention to other areas being the investigation and treatment of cardiovascular and infectious disease indications[4][1].
Medical Uses
Avicine never reached the
Contraindications and drug interactions
Patients who were
As of 2007, due to the discontinued sate of Avicine research, drug interactions have not been studied[1].
Adverse Effects
Results from a multi-center phase II study in test subjects with metastatic colorectal cancer in USA exposed that of 64 patients some experienced fevers and chills. Overall, the vaccines were tolerated well by the patients. 69% (55 of the 73 patients)[5].
Key Development Milestones
Colorectal Cancer
After successfully completing a
Pancreatic Cancer
A
A plan was proposed to begin a phase III trial for patients suffering from pancreatic cancer. However, in 2003 it was reported in order to do so an additional
Prostate Cancer
A phase I trial of Avicine was completed by Avi Biopharma in patients with prostate cancer, however after this stage research was discontinued on the 15th of January 2007[1].
Drug Properties and Chemical Synopsis
Route of administration: IM [1]
Formulation: unspecified [1]
EPhMRA code: L3A (Immunostimulating Agents Excluding Intereferons) [1]
Chemistry of Avicine
The chemical and physical properties of Avicine can be highlighted in the table below:[6]
Property Name | Property Value |
---|---|
Molecular Weight |
332.3 g/mol |
XLogP3-AA | 4.4 |
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count | 0 |
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count | 4 |
Rotatable Bond Count | 0 |
Monoisotopic Mass | 332.092283 g/mol |
Exact Mass | 332.092283 g/mol |
Heavy Atom Count | 25 |
Topological Polar Surface Area Count |
40.8 Å2 |
Formal Charge | 1 |
Complexity | 530 |
Covalently Bonded Unit Count | 1 |
Compound is Canocalized | Yes |
Isotope Atom Count | 0 |
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count | 0 |
Pharmacology
Avicine (CTP-37) is a peptide fragment of
By employing this ideology Avi Biopharma created a modulated form of CTP-37 (Avicine) containing an extra peptide domain, more specifically denoted as a loop peptide (Adis Insight, 2007). The modulation of the earlier formulation was done to force the immune system to act against multiple epitopes, with the aim of improving the survival rate of cancer sufferers. The moderated formula of Avicine was built on the basis of a study that indicated patients exhibited prolonged survival when they responded to more than one vaccine epitope[5].
The majority of the world’s population have been vaccinated against diphtheria use
Therapeutic Trials
Colorectal Cancer
Phase I tests demonstrated a satisfactory
Pancreatic Cancer
55 pancreatic cancer patients were included in a study which confirmed treatment with Avicine produces comparable survival rates to treatment with Gemcitabine[2]. A group was also tested with gemcitabine combined with Avicine, and expressed significantly better survival rates than those who were treated with either substance independently. Also, Gemcitabine did not affect the patients ability to have an immune response to Avicine’s epitopes[10].
Data from a phase Ib study including ten patients with pancreatic cancer established the safety and value of the use of Avicine in the subjects. The patients survived for periods greater than 6 months, which were historical survival rates for patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer. During the phase II study, one patient survived greater than 20 months, three lived more than 11 months, and 4 out of 6 patients remaining exceeded the 5.3 month period of median historical survival for this disease in 2001[1]. The median survival in the 10 pancreatic patients was equal to 33 weeks with the Avicine (CTP-37) vaccine[2].
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Adis Insight (15 January 2007). "Cancer vaccine - AVI BioPharma". Adis Insight.
- ^ a b c d e f Lilly (7 January 2001). "AVI BioPharma Announces One-Year Survival Results from Phase II AVICINE Cancer Vaccine Study; Study Shows 'Substantial Survival Benefit". Lilly. Retrieved 30 May 2020.
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: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ a b c Biopress Online (11 December 1998). "AVI BioPharma annaounces additional data from mulit-center phase II study of AVICINE in advanced colorectal cancer". Biopress Online. Retrieved 30 May 2020.
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: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ a b Speits, Keith (12 April 2017). "Sarepta Therapeutics Stock History: A Biotech Roller-Coaster Ride". Motley Fool. Retrieved 30 May 2020.
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: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ a b c d e f Moulton, Hong M.; Yoshihara, Paul H.; Mason, David H.; Iversen, Patrick L.; Triozzi, Pierre L. (July 2002). "Active Specific Immunotherapy with a Beta-Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Peptide Vaccine in Patients with Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: Antibody Response Is Associated with Improved Survival1". 8: 2044–2051 – via Clinical Cancer Research.
- ^ National Library of Medicine (24 April 2020). "Compound Summary: Avicine". PubChem.
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: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ Kido, A.; Mori, M.; Adachi, Y.; Yakaya, H.; Ishida, T.; Sugi Machi, K. (1996). "Immunohistochemical expression of beta-human chorionic go-nadotropin in colorectal carcinoma". Jpn. J. Surg – via PubMed.
- ^ Triozzi, P. L.; Gochnour, D.; Martin, E. W.; Powell, J.; Kim, J. A.; Young, D. C.; Lombardi, J. (1994). "Clinical and immunological effects of a synthetic beta-human chorionic gonadotropin vaccine". Int. J. Oncol. 5: 1447–1454 – via PubMed.
- ^ Buisness Wire (5 May 2004). "AVI BioPharma Announces First Quarter Financial Results". Business Wire. Retrieved 30 May 2020.
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: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ Beauregard, Colleen; Fowler, Andrew (2002). "AVI BioPharma Announces 2001 Fourth Quarter And Full Year Financial Results". Waggener Edstrom Bioscience.
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