User:Lindsaybean/Megalagrion xanthomelas
Background Information
The species Megalagrion xanthomelas, the Orangeblack Hawaiian Damselfly, was first found by G. F. Matthew and described in 1876 by Selys-Longchamps.[1] Classified as an endemic species, the Orangeblack Hawaiin Damselfly can only be found in the forests of the Hawaiian Islands.[2] Derived from a freshwater ancestor, the genus Megalarion consists of very diversified groups of damselflies that can grow between the lengths of 33 to 37 millimeters.[2][3] Megalagrion xanthomelas are commonly found in calm water sources throughout Hawaii including streams and ponds.
Diversity
Since the genus Megalagrion is native to the Hawaiian Islands, the species has been exposed to adaptive radiation causing varieties within the species especially in color. Across the adaptive radiation of Hawaiian Megalagrion damselflies, closely related species exhibit a variety of colors ranging from blue, green, yellow, orange, and red.[2] Megalagrion xanthomelas have red males and brown females which results in the species being named the Orangeblack Hawaiian Damselfly.[2] Megalagrion xanthomelas is classified as a sexually dimorphic species since male and female damselflies are different colors.
Origin
Around the early 1900s, Megalagrion xanthomelas was one of the most common species found on the Hawaiian Islands. After World War II, Megalagrion xanthomelas showed an extremely fast decline in population numbers, resulting in many Hawaiian Islands no longer being the home for any populations since the 1990s.[1] In 1994, the species Megalagrion xanthomelas was placed on the List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife in the Federal Register and protected under the Endangered Species Act.[1][3] Later in 1996, Megalagrion xanthomelas would be listed as a vulnerable species and this was the last time the species was assessed by the IUCN.[4]The last time the Orangeblack Hawaiian Damselfly was assessed was on January 18, 2019 and the species was listed as an endangered species.[4]
Habitat
Common Places
Megalagrion xanthomelas is commonly found near the coastal wetlands of the Hawaiian Islands.[1] The species is also found in wetlands fed by basal springs and different levels of elevation throughout the Hawaiian Islands.[1] Megalagrion xanthomelas is usually found between the range of 60 to 610 meters above sea level, with some populations recorded as high as 1000 meters above sea level.[1] Megalagrion xanthomelas thrive in habitats that have tall Guinea grass lining the perimeter of the water source.
Anchialine Ponds
Anchialine ponds are the most common habitat for Megalagrion xanthomelas since this type of water source is found in low-lying areas within the Hawaiian Islands.[3] Anchialine ponds are created when a water source is contaminated with groundwater and has no direct connection with a larger body of water, like an ocean or a sea.[3] Anchialine ponds are known for their salinity levels which can be caused by the mixing of groundwater with the original water source. Anchialine ponds have fluctuating salinity and temperature levels since these types of ponds are commonly found when there is a mixture of cold freshwater and warm saltwater.[3] Temperature and salinity are two major components that factor how well a population will survive and flourish within their environment.
Salinity
Salinity is the most powerful component out of the two since freshwater recharge, like precipitation, and evaporation can change the level of salinity causing it to fluctuate.[3] The average annual rainfall within the Hawaiian Islands is about 300 centimeters which could impact the salinity levels within anchialine ponds.[3]The average salinity of east coast anchialine ponds is held around 3.5 ppt while west coast anchialine ponds have a salinity held at about 7.0 ppt. [3]With varying levels of salinity and the possibility of salinity levels fluctuating, populations within the species Megalagrion xanthomelas have adapted to live within different levels of salinity.[3]
Other Species
Megalagrion xanthomelas live within the same habitat shared by already existing species of dragonflies and damselflies along with other introduced species on the Hawaiian Islands. “Other species of dragonflies and damselflies that the Orangeblack Hawaiian Damselfly shares a habitat with are Ischnura posita, Tramea abdominalis, and Paniala flavescens”.[5]
Life Cycle
The life cycle of Megalagrion xanthomelas is done fully within water sources that have a salinity level lower than 8 ppt.[3] The order Odonata, including Megalagrion xanthomelas, undergo incomplete metamorphosis within their life cycles.[3] The life cycle of the Megalagrion xanthomelas contains four stages. The first stage of the life cycle is the egg stage which lasts about 21 days before the larva emerges.[3] Next, is the pre-larva which takes anywhere between 11 to 17 days to complete.[3] The third stage is the naiad, naiads can develop from a range of 103 to 111 days.[3] The last stage is the adult, which is the only stage that doesn’t require water to be completed.[3] When females lay their eggs, they lay their eggs fully submerged within aquatic plants.[3] When the eggs are laid, they are covered by an outer shell called a chorion. The chorion provides a structure that allows for the intake of oxygen while preventing any level of salinity from entering and killing the baby organism inside.[3]
Environmental Problems
Urbanization
Megalagrion xanthomelas is a species particularly vulnerable to any type of habitat degradation or alteration.[3] Habitat degradation can be caused by urbanization resulting in Megalagrion xanthomelas being forced into smaller habitat areas. Megalagrion xanthomelas used to be so abundant back in the 1800s, that fields and any shallow water source would be swarmed with Orangeblack Hawaiin Damselflies.[3]
Invasive Species
The introduction of invasive species has been a major threat to most aquatic habitats within the Hawaiian Islands and has been the main cause of the decline in population numbers for Megalagrion xanthomelas. Invasive fish species that are introduced to the Hawaiian Island habitats have increased the vulnerability of many Odonata species, including Megalagrion xanthomelas. “Some of these invasive fish species include Xiphophorus helleri, Poecilia mexicana, Poecilia reticulata, and Gambusia”.[1][5] Populations of Megalagrion xanthomelas are higher in areas without any introduction of invasive fish species compared to areas that have invasive fish species. Megalagrion xanthomelas can survive with the presence of some invasive species including carp and apple snails.[1]
Weather
The species Megalagrion xanthomelas is extremely sensitive to increased salinity levels and any fluctuation outside the normal range of salinity which can lead to a decline in population numbers. Anchialine ponds, which are the most common habitat for Orangeblack Hawaiian Damselflies, are very susceptible to increased groundwater withdrawals leading to an increase in the salinity level.[3]
Conservation Methods
Research Studies
There has been a very little amount of studies, research, and experiments completed on the species Megalagrion xanthomelas.[6] This results in an insufficient amount of information being available on the Orangeblack Hawaiin Damselfly, making it very hard to learn how the species behaves, functions within its habitat, and how to better protect this vulnerable species from becoming extinct. To help protect the Orangeblack Hawaiian Damselfly from extinction, baseline research needs to be conducted and completed so conservation biologists, or anyone who wants to help protect this species, has the right information.[6]
Habitat Stability
The habitat for Megalagrion xanthomelas is commonly anchialine ponds that are very susceptible to pollution, degradation, alteration, and the introduction of invasive species. The habitat for Megalagrion xanthomelas could be contaminated by pollutants due to sediment being pushed into water sources around construction sites and roads. Pollution and sediment results in poor water quality for the Orangeblack Hawaiian Damselfly to live in and reproduce. There should be strong conservation methods on anchialine pond water quality and quantity which ensures their habitat is sufficient enough to reproduce and create more anchialine populations.[3] Degradation of the Orangeblack Hawaiian Damselfly is caused by urbanization like constructing developments or roads into their habitats.[3] Urbanization causes habitat alteration by decreasing the habitat size resulting in populations of Megalagrion xanthomelas being confined into small areas not suitable for their species or number.[3]
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h Polhemus, Dan (1996). "The Orangeblack Hawaiian Damselfly, Megalagrion xanthomelas (Odonata: Coenagrionidae): Clarifying the Current RAnge of a Threatened Species". Bishop Museum (45): 30–53 – via Odyssey.
- ^ a b c d Roland, Linkem, Rivera, Butler (11 July 2018). "Should I stay or should I go? Perching damselfly use simple colour and size cues to trigger flight". Animal Behavior. 145: 29–37 – via Elsevier.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Tango, Lori (May 2010). "The Effect of Salinity and Temperature on Survival of the Orange-Black Hawaiian Damselfly, Megalagrion xanthomelas". University of Hawaii at Hilo – via Semantic Scholar.
- ^ a b Group), Dan A. Polhemus (Odonata Specialist (2019-01-18). "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Orangeblack Hawaiian Damselfly". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 2020-04-27.
- ^ a b Englund, Ron (1998). "Response of the Orangeblack Hawaiian Damselfly (Megalagrion xanthomelas), a Candidate Threatened Species, to Increases in Stream Flow". Bishop Museum (56): 19–24 – via University of New Mexico.
- ^ a b Englund, Ronald (June 2002). "The Loss of Native Biodiversity and Continuing Nonindigenous Species Introductions in Freshwater, Estuarine, and Wetland Communities of Pearl Harbor, Oahu, Hawaiian Islands". Estuaries. 25 (3): 418–430 – via Springer.