User:Makyen/sandbox/cite highlight/test01
Space Telescope | |
Operator | LASP NASA |
---|---|
COSPAR ID | 2009-011A |
SATCAT no. | 34380 |
Website | kepler |
Mission duration | planned: 3.5 years elapsed: 15 years, 3 months and 12 days |
Spacecraft properties | |
Manufacturer | Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corp. |
Launch mass | 1,052.4 kg (2,320 lb)[1] |
Dry mass | 1,040.7 kg (2,294 lb) |
Payload mass | 478 kg (1,054 lb) |
Dimensions | 4.7 m × 2.7 m (15.4 ft × 8.9 ft) |
Power | 1100 watts |
Start of mission | |
Launch date | March 7, 2009, 03:49:57 Cape Canaveral Air Force Station | UTC
Contractor | United Launch Alliance |
Entered service | May 12, 2009, 09:01 | UTC
Orbital parameters | |
Reference system | Heliocentric |
Regime | Earth-trailing |
Period | 372.5 days |
Main Telescope | |
Type | Schmidt camera |
Diameter | 0.95 m (3.1 ft) |
Collecting area | 0.708 m2[A] |
Wavelengths | 400–865 nm[3] |
Transponders | |
Band | X band (TT&C) Ka band (data acquisition) |
Bandwidth | few kbit/s (X Band) ~4.3 Mbit/s (Ka band) |
Kepler is a
Designed to survey a portion of our region of the
Kepler is part of NASA's
As of June 2014[update], Kepler and its follow-up observations had found
On August 15, 2013, NASA announced that they had given up trying to fix the two failed reaction wheels. This meant the current mission needed to be modified, but it did not necessarily mean the end of planet-hunting. NASA had asked the space science community to propose alternative mission plans "potentially including an exoplanet search, using the remaining two good reaction wheels and thrusters".
Spacecraft
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Kepler_put_with_a_crane_to_the_third_stage_of_its_Delta_II.jpg/220px-Kepler_put_with_a_crane_to_the_third_stage_of_its_Delta_II.jpg)
The spacecraft has a mass of 1,039 kilograms (2,291 lb) and contains a 1.4-meter (55 in) primary mirror feeding an aperture of 0.95-meter (37.4 in) – at the time of its launch this was the largest mirror on any telescope outside Earth orbit.[31] The spacecraft has a 115 deg2 (about 12-degree diameter) field of view (FOV), roughly equivalent to the size of one's fist held at arm's length. Of this, 105 deg2 is of science quality, with less than 11% vignetting. The photometer has a soft focus to provide excellent photometry, rather than sharp images. The mission goal is a combined differential photometric precision (CDPP) of 20 ppm for a m(V)=12 solar-like star for a 6.5-hour integration, though the observations so far have fallen short of this objective (see mission status). An Earth-like transit produces a brightness change of 84 ppm and lasts for thirteen hours when it crosses the center of the star.
Camera
Second Light (K2)
In November 2013, a newly proposed mission plan, initially named "K2" (also called "Second Light"), was presented for consideration.
In early 2014, the spacecraft underwent successful testing for the K2 mission.[37] From March to May 2014, data from a new field called Field 0 was collected as a testing run.[38] On May 16, 2014, NASA announced the approval of extending the Kepler mission to the K2 mission.[30] Kepler's photometric precision for the K2 mission is estimated to be 50 ppm on a magnitude 12 star for a 6.5 hour integration.[39] In February 2014, photometric precision for the K2 mission using two-wheel, fine-point precision operations was measured as 44 ppm on magnitude 12 stars for a 6.5 hour integration. The analysis of these measurements posted by NASA stated that the measurements "suggest" the K2 photometric precision "approaches" that of the Kepler archive of three-wheel, fine-point precision data.[40]
Field 1 of the K2 mission is set towards the
Data releases
The Kepler team originally promised to release data within one year of observations.[45] However, this plan was changed after launch, with data being scheduled for release up to three years after its collection.[46] This resulted in considerable criticism,[47][48][49][50][51] leading the Kepler science team to release the third quarter of their data one year and nine months after collection.[52] The data through September 2010 (quarters 4, 5, and 6) was made public in January 2012.[53]
See also
- Kepler-22b, the first exoplanet confirmed by Kepler to have an average orbital distance within its star's habitable zone
- List of planetary systems
- Related or comparable missions and projects
Notes
- ^ Aperture of 0.95 m yields a light-gathering area of Pi×(0.95/2)2 = 0.708 m2; the 42 CCDs each sized 0.050 m × 0.025m yields a total sensor area of 0.0525 m2:[4]
- ^ This does not include Kepler candidates without a KOI designation, such as circumbinary planets, or candidates found in the Planet Hunters project.
References
- ^ "Kepler: FAQ". NASA Ames Research Center. Retrieved March 25, 2014.
- ^ This ref was orphaned.
- ^ NASA Staff (2010). "Kepler Mission: Photometer and Spacecraft". NASA. Retrieved February 2, 2011.
- ^ Staff (June 26, 2013). "Kepler Spacecraft and Instrument | NASA". nasa.gov. Archived from the original on January 18, 2014. Retrieved January 18, 2014.
{{cite web}}
:|archive-date=
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timestamp mismatch; January 19, 2014 suggested (help) - ^ Koch, David; Gould, Alan (March 2009). "Kepler Mission". NASA. Retrieved March 14, 2009.
- ^ DeVore, Edna (June 9, 2008). "Closing in on Extrasolar Earths". SPACE.com. Retrieved March 14, 2009.
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: External link in
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- ^ NASA Staff. "Kepler Launch". NASA. Retrieved September 18, 2009.
- ^ NASA Staff. "Kepler Mission/QuickGuide". NASA. Retrieved April 20, 2011.Supports:"survey a portion of our region", "near the habitable zone and estimate how"
- extrasolar planets in", "the Milky Wayto discover"
- ^ AAS Staff. "Meeting Program and Block Schedule". American Astronomical Society. Retrieved April 20, 2011. – click the itinerary builder to get to the abstract of "Kepler Planet Detection Mission: Introduction and First Results".
- ^ BBC Staff (March 7, 2009). "Nasa launches Earth hunter probe". BBC News. Retrieved March 14, 2009.
- ^ "NASA Extends Planet-Hunting Kepler Mission Through 2016". Space.com. April 4, 2012. Retrieved May 2, 2012.
- ^ Stephen Clark (October 16, 2012). "Kepler's exoplanet survey jeopardized by two issues". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved October 17, 2012.
- ^ NASA - Kepler Mission Manager Update (May 21, 2013)
- ^ "Equipment Failure May Cut Kepler Mission Short". The New York Times. May 15, 2013. Retrieved May 15, 2013.
- ^ Wall, Mike (June 14, 2013). "Ailing NASA Telescope Spots 503 New Alien Planet Candidates". Space.com. TechMediaNetwork. Retrieved June 15, 2013.
- ^ "NASA's Exoplanet Archive KOI table". NASA. Retrieved February 28, 2014.
- ^ New York Times. Retrieved November 5, 2013.
- ^ PMID 24191033.
- ^ Staff (January 7, 2013). "17 Billion Earth-Size Alien Planets Inhabit Milky Way". Space.com. Retrieved January 8, 2013.
- ^ Khan, Amina (November 4, 2013). "Milky Way may host billions of Earth-size planets". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 5, 2013.
- ^ "NASA Ends Attempts to Fully Recover Kepler Spacecraft, Potential New Missions Considered". August 15, 2013. Retrieved August 15, 2013.
- New York Times. Retrieved August 15, 2013.
- ^ Wall, Mike (August 15, 2013). "Planet-Hunting Days of NASA's Kepler Spacecraft Likely Over". Space.com. Retrieved August 15, 2013.
- ^ "Kepler: NASA retires prolific telescope from planet-hunting duties".
- New York Times. Retrieved November 18, 2013.
- ^ a b c d Johnson, Michele (November 25, 2013). Johnson, Michele (ed.). "A Sunny Outlook for NASA Kepler's Second Light". nasa.gov. NASA Official: Brian Dunbar; Image credits: NASA Ames; NASA Ames/W Stenzel. NASA. Archived from the original on April 17, 2014. Retrieved December 12, 2013.
{{cite web}}
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timestamp mismatch; April 18, 2014 suggested (help) - ^ a b c d e Johnson, Michele (December 11, 2013). Johnson, Michele (ed.). "Kepler's Second Light: How K2 Will Work". nasa.gov. NASA Official: Brian Dunbar; Image credit: NASA Ames/W Stenzel. NASA. Archived from the original on April 17, 2014. Retrieved December 12, 2013.
{{cite web}}
:|archive-date=
/|archive-url=
timestamp mismatch; April 18, 2014 suggested (help) - ^ a b Hunter, Roger (December 11, 2013). Johnson, Michele (ed.). "Kepler Mission Manager Update: Invited to 2014 Senior Review". nasa.gov. NASA Official: Brian Dunbar. NASA. Archived from the original on April 17, 2014. Retrieved December 12, 2013.
{{cite web}}
:|archive-date=
/|archive-url=
timestamp mismatch; April 18, 2014 suggested (help) - ^ a b Sobeck, Charlie (May 16, 2014). Johnson, Michele (ed.). "Kepler Mission Manager Update: K2 Has Been Approved!". nasa.gov. NASA Official: Brian Dunbar; Image credit(s): NASA Ames/W. Stenzel. NASA. Archived from the original on May 17, 2014. Retrieved May 17, 2014.
- ^ Atkins, William (December 28, 2008). "Exoplanet Search Begins with French Launch of Corot Telescope Satellite". iTWire. Retrieved May 6, 2009.
- ^ NASA Staff. "Kepler: Spacecraft and Instrument". NASA. Retrieved May 1, 2009.
- ^ NASA Staff (April 16, 2009). "Kepler's Diamond Mine of Stars". NASA. Retrieved May 1, 2009.
- ^ a b NASA Staff (February 2009). "Kepler: NASA's First Mission Capable of Finding Earth-Size Planets" (PDF). NASA. Retrieved March 14, 2009.
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(help) - ^ "PyKE Primer - 2. Data Resources". NASA. Retrieved March 12, 2014.
- ^ )
- ^ Hunter, Roger (February 14, 2014). Johnson, Michele (ed.). "Kepler Mission Manager Update: K2 spacecraft operation tests continue". nasa.gov. NASA Official: Brian Dunbar; Image Credit: NASA Ames/T. Barclay. NASA. Archived from the original on April 17, 2014. Retrieved April 17, 2014.
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/|archive-url=
timestamp mismatch; April 18, 2014 suggested (help) - S2CID 119239193. Retrieved June 12, 2014.
- ^ Still, Martin, ed. (May 29, 2014). "Kepler Guest Observer Program". keplerscience.arc.nasa.gov. NASA Official: Jessie Dotson. Archived from the original on June 12, 2014. Retrieved June 12, 2014.
{{cite web}}
:|archive-date=
/|archive-url=
timestamp mismatch; June 13, 2014 suggested (help) - ^ Still, Martin, ed. (May 29, 2014). "K2 Performance". keplerscience.arc.nasa.gov. NASA Official: Jessie Dotson. Archived from the original on June 12, 2014. Retrieved June 12, 2014.
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:|archive-date=
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timestamp mismatch; June 13, 2014 suggested (help) - ) Supports:"Field 1 of the K2 mission is set", "sky and Field 2 is towards the"
- S2CID 118461108.)
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - S2CID 16098861.)
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - S2CID 16855894.)
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - ^ "Frequently Asked Questions from the Public". Retrieved September 6, 2011. This Kepler FAQ states: "Data for each 3-month observation period will be made public within one year of the end the observation period".
- ^ "NASA's Kepler Mission Data Release Schedule". NASA. Retrieved October 18, 2011. On this schedule, the data from the quarter ending June 2010 was scheduled to be released in June 2013.
- ^ Dennis Overbye (June 14, 2010). "In the Hunt for Planets, Who Owns the Data?". New York Times.
- ^ Eric Hand (April 14, 2010). "Telescope team may be allowed to sit on exoplanet data". Nature.
- ^ Alan MacRobert (August 2011). "Kepler's Exoplanets: A Progress Report". S ky and Telescope.
- ^ Alex Brown (March 28–29, 2011). "Minutes of the Kepler Users Panel" (PDF).
- ^ Nicole Gugliucci (June 15, 2010). "KEPLER EXOPLANET CONTROVERSY ERUPTS". Discovery news.
- ^ "NASA's Kepler Mission Announces Next Data Release to Public Archive".
- ^ "Kepler Data Collection and Archive Timeline". Retrieved January 1, 2012.
Further reading
- "Star : Kepler-10". EPE. Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia. Retrieved January 11, 2011.
External links
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
- Kepler Mission – NASA.
- Kepler Mission – KOI Data Search.
- Kepler Mission – Public Data.
- Kepler Mission – Audio (27:02) – AstronomyCast (2010).
- Kepler – Discoveries – Summary Table – NASA.
- Kepler – Discovery of New Planetary Systems (2013).
- Kepler – Tally of Planets/interactive (2013) – NYT.
- Kepler – Guest Observer Program.
- Kepler – Asteroseismic Science Consortium (KASC).
- Kepler – Spherical Panorama – Clean Room Before Fueling.
- Kepler – Galactic Archaeology.
- Makyen/sandbox/cite highlight/test01 on X.
- Extrasolar planetcatalogs and databases
- "The Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia" (Paris Observatory)
- "The Habitable Exoplanets Catalog" (PHL/UPR Arecibo)
- "New Worlds Atlas" (NASA/JPLPlanetQuest)