User:Setsanto/sandbox
Detection of Gene Doping
The
endogenous and recombinant proteins. [2]
Indirect methods are by nature more subjective, as it becomes very difficult to determine which anomalies are proof of gene doping, and which are simply natural, though unusual, biological properties. For example,
cyclist, whose body produces approximately half as much lactic acid as an average person, thus improving his performance in endurance sports such as cycling. [4]
Targets for Gene Doping
Myostatin
wild-type counterparts, while whippets with two mutated copies have significantly increased musculature compared to wild-type and single mutation whippets.[6] Similar results have also been found in mice, producing so called "Schwarzenegger mice".[7] Humans have also demonstrated the same results; a German boy with a mutation in both copies of the myostatin gene was born with well-developed muscles.[8] The advanced muscle growth continued after birth, and could lift weights of 3kg at the age of 4.[8] Reducing or eliminating myostatin expression is thus seen as a possible future candidate for increasing muscle growth for the sake of increasing athletic performance in humans.[8]
Erythropoietin (EPO)
Another potential concern is the use of gene therapy among Paralympic athletes. Gene doping is a banned process for all Paralympic athletes, but it is extremely difficult to differentiate these two concepts. [9] The International Paralympic Committee
- ^ World Anti Doping Agency. (October 2009). Gene Doping. In World Anti-Doping Agency. Retrieved April 11, 2012, from http://www.wada-ama.org/en/Science-Medicine/Science-topics/Gene-Doping/.
- ^ Oliveria, R.S., Collares, T.F., Smith, K.R., Seixas, F.K. (2011). The use of genes for performance enhancement doping or therapy?. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 44 (12), 1194-1201
- ^ Sweeney, H.L. (July 2004) “Gene Doping.” Scientific American, pp. 63-69.
- ^ Stefan Lovgren. (July 22, 2005). The Science of Lance Armstrong: Born and Built, to Win. In National Geographic. Retrieved April 11, 2012, from http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/07/0722_050722_armstrong.html.
- ^ a b Myostatin - The Genetic Factor in Muscle Building, 'Myostatin Info', Retrieved April 6, 2012, http://www.myostatininfo.com/
- ^ Mosher DS, Quignon P, Bustamante CD, Sutter NB, Mellersh CS, et al. (2007) A Mutation in the Myostatin Gene Increases Muscle Mass and Enhances Racing Performance in Heterozygote Dogs. PLoS Genet 3(5): e79. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.0030079
- ^ Cieszczyk, P., Maciejewska, A., Sawczuk, M. (2009). Gene Doping in Sport. "Biology of Exercise", '5'(1). doi: 10.4127/jbe.2009.0021.
- ^ a b c d e f Halsma, H.J., & de Hon, O. (2006). Gene Doping. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 27, 257-266. doi: 10.1055/s-2006-923986.
- ^ Wolbring, G. (2008). Oscar Pistorius and the future nature of Olympic, Paralympic and other sports. SCRIPT-ed, 5(1). doi: 10.2966/scrip.050108.139.