Vauquelin-class destroyer

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Vauquelin, about 1934
Class overview
NameVauquelin class
Operators French Navy
Preceded byAigle class
Succeeded byLe Fantasque class
Built1930–1934
In service1933–1942
Completed6
Lost6
General characteristics
TypeLarge destroyer
Displacement
Length129.3 m (424 ft 3 in)
Beam11.8 m (38 ft 9 in)
Draft4.97 m (16 ft 4 in)
Installed power
  • 4
    du Temple boilers
  • 64,000 
    kW; 63,000 shp
    )
Propulsion2 shafts; 2 geared steam turbines
Speed36 knots (67 km/h; 41 mph)
Range3,000 nmi (5,600 km; 3,500 mi) at 14 knots (26 km/h; 16 mph)
Crew12 officers, 224 crewmen (wartime)
Armament

The Vauquelin class was a group of six large

Operation Vado, a bombardment of Italian
coastal facilities after Italy entered the war in June.

The

invaded French Lebanon and Syria in June 1941, Chevalier Paul was ordered to ferry ammunition there. Sunk en route, the ship was replaced by her sister Vauquelin which successfully delivered the ammunition and then attempted to transport reinforcements and supplies to Lebanon. The four surviving ships were scuttled in Toulon when the Germans occupied Vichy France in November 1942. They were not successfully salvaged during the war and their wrecks were broken up
well after the war.

Design and description

Right elevation and plan of the Vauquelin class

Like their predecessors, the contre-torpilleurs of the Vauquelin class were designed as fleet scouts, intended to fight their way through the enemy's screen. The design was virtually identical to the preceding

seaboats, although the small rudder, carried over from the earlier ships, made them not very maneuverable. In service the use of duralumin was much criticized as it was corrosion prone and required much maintenance.[1]

The Vauquelin-class ships had an overall length of 129.3 meters (424 ft 3 in), a beam of 11.8 meters (38 ft 9 in),[2] and a draft of 4.97 meters (16 ft 4 in). The ships displaced 2,441 metric tons (2,402 long tons) at standard[3] and 3,120 metric tons (3,070 long tons) at deep load. Their hull was subdivided by a dozen traverse bulkheads into 13 watertight compartments. Their crew consisted of 10 officers and 201 crewmen in peacetime and 12 officers and 220 enlisted men in wartime.[2]

The Vauquelins were powered by two geared

kW; 63,000 shp) which was intended give the ships a speed of 36 knots (67 km/h; 41 mph). During their sea trials, each of the ships comfortably exceeded their designed speed, ranging from 38.4 to 41 knots (71.1 to 75.9 km/h; 44.2 to 47.2 mph) from 69,326 to 79,846 PS (50,989 to 58,727 kW; 68,378 to 78,754 shp). They carried a maximum of 585 metric tons (576 long tons) of fuel oil which give them a range of 3,000 nautical miles (5,600 km; 3,500 mi) at 14 knots (26 km/h; 16 mph). The ships were fitted with two 80-kilowatt (110 hp) turbo generators in the engine rooms. In addition, a pair of 22-kilowatt (30 hp) diesel generators were located in the central superstructure.[4]

Armament and fire control

Tartu and Vauquelin docked in Monte Carlo, about 1935

The main armament of the Vauquelin-class ships consisted of five 40-

star shells for No. 2 gun.[6]

Their

Mitrailleuse de 13.2-millimeter (0.52 in) CA Modèle 1929 AA machine guns on the forecastle deck abreast the bridge.[7]

The ships carried two above-water twin mounts for 550-millimeter (21.7 in)

traverse to both sides. Their Mle 1923DT torpedoes had a 415-kilogram (915 lb) TNT warhead and could be set for a speed of 39 knots (72 km/h; 45 mph) with a range of 9,000 meters (9,800 yd) or 35 knots (65 km/h; 40 mph) for 13,000 meters (14,000 yd).[8] A pair of depth charge chutes were built into their stern; these housed a total of sixteen 200-kilogram (440 lb) depth charges, with eight more in reserve. They were also fitted with a pair of depth-charge throwers, one on each broadside abreast the aft funnels, for which they carried a dozen 100-kilogram (220 lb) depth charges. The ships could be fitted with rails to drop forty 530-kilogram (1,170 lb) Breguet B4 mines. With a de-emphasis on anti-submarine warfare for the contre-torpilleurs, the depth-charge throwers were removed in 1936 and more 200-kilogram depth charges were carried in their place.[9]

Fire control for the main guns was provided by a Mle 1929 electro-mechanical

mainmast. The following year, Cassard was the test ship for a new 5-meter (16 ft 5 in) OPL E.1935 rangefinder in a two-man turret and an auxiliary Mle 1919 fire-control computer in the base of the turret. With the trial being successful, the new rangefinder in its turret replaced the E.1930 rangefinder in the rest of the Vauquelins in 1935–1936, although the latter was transferred to a new turret built around the base of the mainmast.[10]

Wartime modifications

The Marine Nationale reconsidered its anti-submarine warfare tactics after the war began in September and intended to reinstate the depth-charge throwers, although these were an older model than the one previously installed. Depth-charge stowage now consisted of 24 heavy depth charges and 16 of the 100-kilogram ones for those ships that received the throwers. There was a shortage of them and only

Asdic systems in April 1940, although they were slowly installed on the surviving ships between May and the end of 1941; Chevalier Paul did not receive one before her loss in June 1941.[11]

In May 1940, Vauquelin and Kersaint received a pair of twin-gun 37-millimeter mounts; the former lost all of her 37-millimeter guns in exchange while the latter retained a pair of her single mounts. Beginning in 1941 the Vauquelins had their anti-aircraft armament augmented, although shortages mean that most of the ships differed from each other. In general, the mainmast and the auxiliary fire-control position was replaced by a platform for a single 37-millimeter twin-gun mount and two of the single 37-millimeter mounts were transferred to the platform while the other two single mounts were removed. In addition each ship received two or four Browning 13.2-millimeter AA machine guns. Chevalier Paul's refit in January 1941 was the first to be completed and she had four 37-millimeter guns in a twin-gun mount and two singles, two single mounts for the Brownings and her original four Hotchkiss machine guns in a pair of twin-gun mounts. This was also the configuration for Tartu and Cassard. Vauquelin kept her two twin-gun 37-millimeter mounts and her original Hotchkiss mounts, and added three single Brownings. Kersaint reverted to her four original single 37-millimeter mounts, but exchanged her Hotchkiss guns for four single Brownings and also received three 25-millimeter (1 in) Hotchkiss Modèle 1925 AA guns in single mounts.[12]

Ships

Construction data
Ship Builder[13]
Laid down[13]
Launched[14]
 Completed[13] Fate
Vauquelin Ateliers et Chantiers de France, Dunkirk 13 March 1930 29 September 1932 3 November 1933 Scuttled in
Toulon, 27 November 1942[15]
Kersaint Chantiers Navals Français, Caen

Ateliers et Chantiers de la Loire, Saint-Nazaire

19 September 1930 14 November 1931 31 December 1933
Cassard Ateliers et Chantiers de Bretagne, Nantes 12 November 1930 8 November 1931 10 September 1933
Tartu Ateliers et Chantiers de la Loire, Saint-Nazaire 14 September 1930 7 December 1931 31 December 1932
Maillé Brézé
Ateliers et Chantiers de Penhoët
, Saint-Nazaire 		9 October 1930 9 November 1931 6 April 1933 Lost by accidental explosion, 30 April 1940[13]
Chevalier Paul
La Seyne
 28 February 1931 21 March 1932 20 July 1934 Torpedoed by aircraft and sunk, 16 June 1941[13]

Service

Chevalier Paul in the mid-1930s

Kersaint, Vauquelin, and Maillé Brézé were initially assigned to the 2nd Squadron (2e Escadre), based in

Toulon. All six ships were consolidated in the 1st Squadron in October 1934. After the start of the Spanish Civil War in July 1936, Kersaint and Cassard were among the ships assigned to evacuate French citizens from Spain and later to patrol the surveillance zones assigned to France. After September most of the contre-torpilleurs and destroyers in the Mediterranean were assigned these tasks on a monthly rotation as part of the non-intervention policy.[16]

On 27 August 1939, in anticipation of war with Nazi Germany, the French Navy planned to reorganize the Mediterranean Fleet into the Forces de haute mer of three squadrons. When France declared war on 3 September, the reorganization was ordered and the 3rd Light Squadron, which included the 5th and 9th Scout Divisions (Division de contre-torpilleurs) with all of the Vauquelin-class ships, was assigned to the 3rd Squadron. The ships of the 9th Scout Division were assigned to escort duties in the Western Mediterranean in early October, although they occasionally escorted ships in the Atlantic as well. Cassard was detached for several months to help search for German commerce raiders and blockade runners in the Atlantic. Vauquelin and Maillé Brézé escorted a pair of cruisers to Dakar, French West Africa, in October and then escorted a convoy back.[17]

In April 1940 the 5th Scout Division with Chevalier Paul, Tartu and Maillé Brézé was tasked to escort convoys between Scotland and Norway. Beginning in mid-April they escorted two French troop convoys to Harstad and Namsos. Maillé Brézé was lost on 30 April after a torpedo accident at Greenock, Scotland. The remaining ships rejoined their sisters at Toulon at the end of May in anticipation of Italy joining the war. Four days after the Italians declared war on 10 June, Tartu, Cassard and Chevalier Paul were among the ships ordered to bombard targets in Vado Ligure. Little damage was inflicted despite the expenditure of over 1,600 rounds and two Italian MAS boats that attempted to intervene were only lightly damaged by the French.[18]

Vauquelin (left) and Kersaint scuttled in Toulon, 27 November 1942

Kersaint was present when the British

Marseilles between 30 June and 1 July that was intended to reinforce the Levant.[19]

After the Allies invaded French North Africa on 8 November 1942, the Germans attempted to capture the French ships in Toulon intact on 27 November, but the four surviving sisters were scuttled by their crews. The Germans and Italians made only cursory attempts to salvage the ships, not least because three were further damaged during Allied air attacks in 1944 and they were scrapped in place between 1950 and 1956.[20]

Notes

  1. ^ Jordan & Moulin, pp. 16–17, 112, 122
  2. ^ a b Jordan & Moulin, p. 112
  3. ^ Chesneau, p. 268
  4. ^ a b Jordan & Moulin, pp. 112, 116
  5. ^ Campbell, p. 298
  6. ^ Jordan & Moulin, pp. 98, 118
  7. ^ Campbell, p. 308; Jordan & Moulin, pp. 99, 118–119
  8. ^ Jordan & Moulin, pp. 88, 120
  9. ^ Jordan & Moulin 2015, pp. 112, 120, 124
  10. ^ Jordan & Moulin, pp. 118, 123–124
  11. ^ Jordan & Moulin, pp. 125–126
  12. ^ Jordan & Moulin, pp. 125–128
  13. ^ a b c d e Whitley, p. 41
  14. ^ Jordan & Moulin, p. 110
  15. ^ Jordan & Moulin, p. 247
  16. ^ Jordan & Moulin, pp. 213–215, 218
  17. ^ Jordan & Moulin, pp. 222–224
  18. ^ Jordan & Moulin, pp. 226–227, 229–230
  19. ^ Jordan & Moulin 2015, pp. 236–237, 239; Rohwer, p. 78
  20. ^ Cernuschi & O'Hara, p. 142; Jordan & Moulin 2015, p. 247

References

  • Campbell, John (1985). Naval Weapons of World War II. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press.
    ISBN 0-87021-459-4
    .
  • Cernuschi, Enrico & O'Hara, Vincent P. (2013). "Toulon: The Self-Destruction and Salvage of the French Fleet". In Jordan, John (ed.). Warship 2013. London: Conway. pp. 134–148.
    ISBN 978-1-84486-205-4
    .
  • Chesneau, Roger, ed. (1980). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946. Greenwich, UK: Conway Maritime Press.
    ISBN 0-85177-146-7
    .
  • Jordan, John & Moulin, Jean (2015). French Destroyers: Torpilleurs d'Escadre & Contre-Torpilleurs 1922–1956. Barnsley, UK: Seaforth Publishing.
    ISBN 978-1-84832-198-4
    .
  • ISBN 1-59114-119-2
    .
  • ISBN 0-87021-326-1
    .

External links
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