Vulcanian eruption
A Vulcanian eruption is a
The term Vulcanian was first used by
Characteristics
Vulcanian eruptions display several common characteristics. The mass of rock ejected during the eruption is usually between 102 and 106 tonnes[1] and contains a high proportion of non-juvenile material (> 50%). During active periods of volcanic activity, intervals between explosions vary from less than 1 minute (e.g. Anak Krakatoa) to about a day. Pyroclastic flows are also common features of this type of eruption.[2][3] The gas streaming phase of Vulcanian eruptions are characterised by discrete cannon-like explosions.[4] These expulsions of gas can reach supersonic velocities resulting in shock waves.[5]
The tephra is dispersed over a wider area than that from Strombolian eruptions. The pyroclastic rock and the base surge deposits form an ash volcanic cone, while the ash covers a large surrounding area. The eruption ends with a flow of viscous lava. Vulcanian eruptions may throw large metre-size blocks several hundred metres, occasionally up to several kilometres.
Vulcanian eruptions are dangerous to persons within several hundred metres of the vent. Volcanic bombs are common products of this type of eruption. These are initially molten blobs of lava, which rapidly cool into blocks often 2 to 3 m across. At Galeras, a Vulcanian eruption ejected bombs which struck several volcanologists who were in the crater, some of whom died or suffered severe injuries.
1930 eruption of Stromboli
The 11 September 1930 eruption of Stromboli was a Vulcanian eruption. It started at 08:10 hours (local), when ash was vented for about 10 minutes. Then at 09:52 two incredibly powerful explosions occurred which shook the whole island. Blocks were hurled about 2 km. These fell out of the sky smashing through buildings etc. A tsunami 2 to 2.5 m high was generated. By 10:40 the explosive phase of the eruption was over. Expulsion of lava followed, this flowed down the Sciara del Fuoco, lasting into the night. At the same time incandescent scoria flowed down the Vallonazzo Valley and entered the sea near Piscità.
It is believed that water entered due to a partial collapse of the conduit. The water flashed into steam and took the easiest "escape route" via the open conduit. Expansion by contact with the molten magma generated the two very large explosions.
There were six deaths. Four fishermen died at sea when the avalanches of hot scoria caused the sea to become very disturbed. One person was killed in Stromboli village by falling blocks, and the sixth was killed by the tsunami.
See also
- Volcanic eruption
References
- ^ Murai, I. & Hosoya, Y., 1964, Earthquake Research Institute Tokyo Bulletin, 42, 203–36
- ^ Melson, W.G. & Saenz, R., 1973, Bulletin of Volcanology, 37, 416–37
- ^ Stith, J.L. et al., 1977, Geophysical Research Letters,4, 259–62
- ^ Minakami, T., 1950, Bulletin of Volcanology, 10, 59–87
- ^ Nairn, I.A. & Self, S.J., 1978, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 3, 39–60
Further reading
- Italian Volcanoes, Chris Kilburn and Bill McGuire, Terra Publishing, ISBN 1-903544-04-1
- Volcanoes of Southern Italy, John Guest, Paul Cole, Angus Duncan and David Chester, The Geological Society (London) ISBN 1-86239-138-6
- Encyclopedia of Volcanoes, Haraldur Sigurdsson, Bruce Houghton, Stephen R McNutt, Hazel Rymer and John Stix (eds) Academic Press, ISBN 0-12-643140-X
- The eruption of Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat, from 1995 to 1999, T. H. Druitt and B. P. Kokelaar (eds), Geological Society Memoir No. 21. Geological Society (London), ISBN 1-86239-098-3,
External links
- Kinds of volcanic eruptions Archived 2017-12-27 at the Wayback Machine