Wikipedia:VideoWiki/Hypertension
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Overview
Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a
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Epidemiology
High blood pressure is very common, and affects between 16 and 37% of the population. [2] In 2010, it was a factor in 9.4 million deaths globally.[3]
Symptoms and risks
High blood pressure typically does not show any symptoms,
Classification
High blood pressure is classified as either primary, or secondary hypertension.[2] Primary high blood pressure is also known as essential hypertension.
Causes
Roughly 90 to 95% of people with high blood pressure, have the primary type. This is high blood pressure caused by nonspecific lifestyle, and genetic factors.[2][9]
Most common causes
Lifestyle factors that increase the risk of primary hypertension include smoking, being overweight, too much salt in the diet, and excessive alcohol use.[4][2]
Less common causes
The remaining 5 to 10% of cases are secondary hypertension, where an identifiable cause can be found, such as the use of
Diagnosis
Blood pressure is expressed by two measurements. The
Typical reading
For instance, a blood pressure of 120 over 70 would be normal, in most people when they are at rest. [10]
Normal values
For most adults, when they are resting, a normal maximum (or systolic) blood pressure is between 100 and 130
High blood pressure values
A high blood pressure is present when the resting blood pressure is persistently at, or above, 130 over 80, or 140 over 90 mmHg.[2][11] It is important to realize, children have much different numbers that depend on their age, and size.[12]
Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring
Pregnancy
Hypertension occurs in approximately 8 to 10% of pregnancies. This is called gestational hypertension. Two blood pressure measurements, six hours apart, of greater than 140 over 90 mmHg, are diagnostic of hypertension in pregnancy, and should be immediately addressed.[13]
Treatment of moderate hypertension
Research is clear that the treatment of moderately high blood pressure (defined as more than 160 over 100 mmHg), is associated with an improved life expectancy.[14]
Low to moderate blood pressure
The research is less clear on the effect of treatment of blood pressure between the ranges of 130 and 160 mmHg systolic, and 80 to 100 mmHg diastolic. Some reviews find benefit,[11][15][16] and others do not.[17][18][19]
Effect of lifestyle
Lifestyle changes and medications can lower blood pressure, and decrease the risk of health complications.[20]
Lifestyle changes
Lifestyle changes include weight loss, physical exercise, decreased salt intake, reducing alcohol intake, and a healthy diet.[2]
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Treatment with medication
If lifestyle changes are not sufficient, then
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References
- ^ ISBN 9780702052491.
- ^ PMID 25832858.
- PMID 25644474.
- ^ a b c "High Blood Pressure Fact Sheet". CDC. 19 February 2015. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 6 March 2016.
- PMID 25795106.
- ISBN 9789241564373. Archived(PDF) from the original on 17 August 2014.
- PMID 28532183.
- PMID 28784826.
- from the original on 12 February 2012.
- PMID 23771844.
- ^ PMID 29133356.
- PMID 24352797.
- ISBN 9780071748896.
- PMID 19821263.
- PMID 25531552.
- PMID 26559744.
- PMID 22895954.
- PMID 28787537.
- PMID 28813123.
- ^ a b "How Is High Blood Pressure Treated?". National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. 10 September 2015. Archived from the original on 6 April 2016. Retrieved 6 March 2016.