William Beckford (politician)
Sir William Beckford | |
---|---|
Born | December 1709 |
Died | 21 June 1770 | (aged 60)
Other names | Alderman Beckford |
Education | Westminster School |
Spouse |
Maria Marsh (m. 1756) |
Children | 9, including William and Richard |
Parent |
|
Relatives |
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Sir William Beckford (December 1709 – 21 June 1770) was a Jamaican-born planter and
Early life
In 1709, William was born in the colony of Jamaica, the son of Peter Beckford, Speaker of the House of Assembly there, and the grandson of Colonel Peter Beckford, sometime Governor of the colony. He was sent to England by his family in 1723 to be educated. He studied at Westminster School, and made his career in the City of London.[3]
Between 1736 and 1744, William Beckford travelled back and forth between Jamaica and England, serving in the Jamaican militia, and as an elected representative of the island's Assembly.[4]
Involvement in slavery
Beckford's grandfather, Peter Beckford, was Governor of Jamaica, and reputedly owned 20 Jamaican estates, 1,200 slaves and left £1,500,000 in bank stock when he died in 1710. He left the vast majority of this wealth to his son Peter Beckford (junior).[5] When Peter Beckford (junior) died in 1735, the young William Beckford inherited his vast estate, as the sole surviving legitimate son.[6]
William Beckford was one of 13 children, but inherited the sole interest in 13 sugar plantations in Jamaica and owned approximately 3,000 enslaved Africans because his older brother, another Peter Beckford, died in 1712.[5] He also served in the Jamaican National Assembly before returning to England in 1744.[7]
In 1760, slaves rose up in revolt on his estate at Esher, in
Domestic life
In 1744 Beckford bought an estate at Fonthill Gifford, near Salisbury, Wiltshire. He made substantial improvements to the property but it was largely destroyed by fire in 1755. "I have an odd fifty thousand pounds in a drawer: I will build it up again," Beckford promptly declared, and rebuilt it as Fonthill Splendens.[10]
On 8 June 1756, aged 47, he married Maria Marsh, daughter of the Hon. George Hamilton. His only child by this marriage was William Thomas Beckford. Beckford also had eight children born out of wedlock who were left legacies in his will.[citation needed]
From 1751 until his death, his London residence was at 22 Soho Square, which became the centre of his political activities.
Political life
He became an
In September 1758 he wrote to Pitt advising him on the advisability of attacking the French colony of Martinique:
- [Martinique] has but one town of strength (...); all the inhabitants (...) have not victuals to support themselves and numerous slaves for one month, without a foreign supply. The Negroes and stock of the island are worth above four million sterling and the conquest easy (...) For God's sake attempt the capture without delay.[12]
Although some laughed at his faulty
In March 1770 following the release of John Wilkes, of whom Beckford had been an ardent supporter, Beckford decorated his house with a large banner, which according to Horace Walpole bore the word Liberty written in 3-foot-high (0.91 m) embroidered white letters. A few weeks later, on 23 May, Beckford publicly admonished George III. Breaking contemporary protocol he asked the King to dissolve Parliament and to remove his civil councillors, referring to "our happy constitution as it was established in the Glorious and Necessary Revolution".[13] King George was reportedly more enraged by the breach of protocol than by the nature of the request, yet it attracted the support of the Common Councilmen of London who expressed their gratitude by erecting a monument in the Guildhall, London including a life-size statue of Beckford (pictured), surmounting a stone tablet on which the words Beckford had used to admonish the king are engraved in gold.
Legacy
In 1929, the London County Council renamed a school in Broomsleigh Street, West Hampstead as Beckford Primary School. In 2020, as part of the Black Lives Matter movement, the London Borough of Camden announced they would rename the school again. Possible new names included Beryl Gilroy, after the school's first black headteacher.[14] However, as of September 2021, the new name is West Hampstead Primary School.[15]
References
- ^ Perry Gauci, William Beckford: First Prime Minister of the London Empire (Yale University Press, 2020)
- ^ Christian Isobel Johnstone, The Public Buildings of the City of London Described: Volume 5. 1831, p. 120
- ^ Vincent Brown, Tacky's Revolt: The Story of an Atlantic Slave War(Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2020), p. 54.
- ^ Vincent Brown, Tacky's Revolt: The Story of an Atlantic Slave War(Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2020), p. 54.
- ^ doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/91810. (Subscription or UK public library membershiprequired.)
- ^ Beckford and the Slave Trade https://beckfordstower.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Beckfords-and-Slavery-leaflet-2007.pdf Retrieved 18 December 2020.
- ISSN 1363-3554.
- ^ Vincent Brown, Tacky's Revolt: The Story of an Atlantic Slave War(Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2020), p. 54.
- ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 19 September 2023.
- ^ Fonthill: History Archived 5 January 2017 at the Wayback Machine, accessed July 2017
- ^ Vincent Brown, Tacky's Revolt: The Story of an Atlantic Slave War(Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2020), p. 54.
- Lawrence Henry Gipsonp 84
- ^ "glorious and necessary" British History Online
- ^ Foot, Tom (13 July 2020). "Plan to rename Beckford Primary School approved". Camden New Journal. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
- ^ Warner, Marina (9 September 2021). "I ain't afeard". London Review of Books. 43 (17). Retrieved 3 October 2021. Review of Beryl Gilroy memoir Black Teacher.