Horace Walpole
The Earl of Orford | |
---|---|
Member of Parliament for King's Lynn | |
In office 25 February 1757 – 16 March 1769 Serving with Sir John Turner, 3rd Baronet | |
Preceded by | Horatio Walpole the Elder |
Succeeded by | Thomas Walpole |
Member of Parliament for Castle Rising | |
In office 21 May 1754 – 25 February 1757 Serving with Thomas Howard | |
Preceded by | Robert Knight |
Succeeded by | Charles Boone |
Member of Parliament for Callington | |
In office 12 June 1741 – 18 April 1754 Serving with Thomas Coplestone (1741–1748), Edward Bacon (1748–1754) | |
Preceded by | Isaac le Heup |
Succeeded by | John Sharpe |
Personal details | |
Born | Horatio Walpole 24 September 1717 London, England, Great Britain |
Died | 2 March 1797 Berkeley Square, London, Great Britain | (aged 79)
Resting place | St Martin's Church, Houghton, Norfolk |
Political party | Whig |
Parent(s) | Robert Walpole Catherine Shorter |
Residence(s) | Strawberry Hill, London |
Education | King's College, Cambridge |
Occupation |
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Signature | |
Horatio Walpole, 4th Earl of Orford (
He had
The youngest son of the first British Prime Minister, Sir Robert Walpole, 1st Earl of Orford, he became the 4th and last Earl of Orford of the second creation on his nephew's death in 1791.
Early life: 1717–1739
Walpole was born in London, the youngest son of British Prime Minister Sir Robert Walpole and his wife, Catherine. Like his father, he received early education in Bexley;[5] in part under Edward Weston. He was also educated at Eton College and King's College, Cambridge.[6]
Walpole's first friends were probably his cousins Francis and
At Cambridge, Walpole came under the influence of Conyers Middleton, an unorthodox theologian. Walpole came to accept the sceptical nature of Middleton's attitude to some essential Christian doctrines for the rest of his life, including a hatred of superstition and bigotry even though he was a nominal Anglican. Ceasing to reside at Cambridge at the end of 1738, Walpole left without taking a degree.[9]
In 1737, Walpole's mother died. According to one biographer, his love for his mother "was the most powerful emotion of his entire life ... the whole of his psychological history was dominated by it".[10] Walpole did not have any serious relationships with women; he has been called "a natural celibate".[11]
His sexual orientation has been the subject of speculation. He never married, engaging in a succession of unconsummated flirtations with unmarriageable women, and counted among his close friends a number of women such as Anne Seymour Damer and Mary Berry named by a number of sources as lesbian.[12]
Many contemporaries described him as effeminate (one political opponent called him "a
Walpole's father secured for him three sinecures which afforded him an income: in 1737 he was appointed Inspector of the Imports and Exports in the Custom House, which he resigned to become Usher of the Exchequer, which gave him at first £3900 per annum but this increased over the years. Upon coming of age he became Comptroller of the Pipe and Clerk of the Estreats which gave him an income of £300 per annum. Walpole decided to go travelling with Thomas Gray and wrote a will in which he left Gray all his belongings.[14]
In 1744, he wrote in a letter to Conway that these offices gave him nearly £2,000 per annum; after 1745 when he was appointed Collectorship of Customs, his total income from these offices was around £3,400 per annum.[15]
Grand Tour: 1739–1741
Walpole went on the Grand Tour with Gray, but as Walpole recalled in later life: "We had not got to Calais before Gray was dissatisfied, for I was a boy, and he, though infinitely more a man, was not enough to make allowances".[16]
They left
In October they left for Italy, arriving in Turin in November, then going to Genoa, Piacenza, Parma, Reggio, Modena, Bologna, and in December arriving at Florence. Here he struck up a friendship with Horace Mann, an assistant to the British Minister at the Court of Tuscany.[18] In Florence he also wrote Epistle from Florence to Thomas Ashton, Esq., Tutor to the Earl of Plymouth, a mixture of Whig history and Middleton's teachings.[19] In February 1740, Walpole and Gray left for Rome with the intention of witnessing the papal conclave upon the death of Pope Clement XII but never saw it.[20] Walpole wanted to attend fashionable parties and Gray wanted to visit antiquities. At social occasions in Rome, he saw the Old Pretender, James Francis Edward Stuart, and his two sons, Charles Edward Stuart and Henry Stuart, although there is no record of them conversing.[21]
Walpole and Gray returned to Florence in July. However, Gray disliked the idleness of Florence as compared to the educational pursuits in Rome, and animosity grew between them, eventually leading to an end to their friendship.[22] On their way back to England they had a furious argument, although it is unknown what it was about. Gray went to Venice, leaving Walpole at Reggio.[23] In later life Walpole admitted that the fault lay primarily with himself:
I was too young, too fond of my own diversions, nay, I do not doubt, too much intoxicated by indulgence, vanity, and the insolence of my situation, as a Prime Minister's son, not to have been inattentive and insensible to the feelings of one I thought below me; of one, I blush to say it, that I knew was obliged to me; of one whom presumption and folly perhaps made me deem not my superior then in parts, though I have since felt my infinite inferiority to him.
— Ketton-Cremer 1964, p. 71
Walpole then visited Venice, Genoa, Antibes, Toulon, Marseille, Aix, Montpellier, Toulouse, Orléans and Paris. He returned to England on 12 September 1741, reaching London on the 14th.[24]
Early parliamentary career: 1741–1754
By 1735, Walpole was a student at
At the
Walpole delivered his maiden speech on 19 March against the successful motion that a Secret Committee be set up to enquire into Sir Robert Walpole's last ten years as Prime Minister. For the next three years, Walpole spent most of his time with his father at his country house Houghton Hall in Norfolk.[33] His father died in 1745 and left Walpole the remainder of the lease of his house in Arlington Street, London; £5,000 in cash; and the office of Collector of the Customs (worth £1,000 per annum). However, he had died in debt, the total of which was in between £40,000 and £50,000.[34]
In late 1745 Walpole and Gray resumed their friendship.
- "Now comes the Pretender's boy, and promises all my comfortable apartments in the Exchequer and Custom House to some forlorn Irish peer, who chooses to remove his pride and poverty out of some large old unfurnished gallery at St. Germain's. Why really, Mr. Montagu, this is not pleasant! I shall wonderfully dislike being a loyal sufferer in a threadbare coat, and shivering in an antechamber at Hanover, or reduced to teach Latin and English to the young princes at Copenhagen".[36]
Strawberry Hill
Walpole's lasting architectural creation is
Later parliamentary career: 1754–1768
In the House of Commons, Walpole represented one of the many
I am sensible that from the prostitution of patriotism, from the art of ministers who have had the address to exalt the semblance while they depressed the reality of royalty, and from the bent of the education of the young nobility, which verges to French maxims and to a military spirit, nay, from the ascendant which the nobility itself acquires each day in this country, from all these reflections, I am sensible, that prerogative and power have been exceedingly fortified of late within the circle of the palace; and though fluctuating ministers by turns exercise the deposit, yet there it is; and whenever a prince of design and spirit shall sit in the regal chair, he will find a bank, a hoard of power, which he may lay off most fatally against this constitution. [I am] a quiet republican, who does not dislike to see the shadow of monarchy, like Banquo's ghost, fill the empty chair of state, that the ambitious, the murderer, the tyrant, may not aspire to it; in short, who approves the name of a King, when it excludes the essence.
— Ketton-Cremer 1964, p. 127
Walpole worried that while his fellow
In 1757, he wrote the anonymous pamphlet A Letter from Xo Ho, a Chinese Philosopher at London, to his Friend Lien Chi at Peking, the first of his works to be widely reviewed.[42]
In early 1757, old Horace Walpole of Wolterton died and was succeeded in the peerage by his son, who was then an MP for King's Lynn, thereby creating a vacancy. The electors of King's Lynn did not wish to be represented by a stranger and instead wanted someone with a connection to the Walpole family. The new Lord Walpole, therefore, wrote to his cousin requesting that he stand for the seat, saying his friends "were all unanimously of opinion that you were the only person who from your near affinity to my grandfather, whose name is still in the greatest veneration, and your own known personal abilities and qualifications, could stand in the gap on this occasion and prevent opposition and expense and perhaps disgrace to the family".[43]
In early 1757, Walpole was out of Parliament after vacating Castle Rising until his election that year to King's Lynn, a seat he would hold until his retirement from the Commons in 1768.[44]
Walpole became a prominent opponent of the 1757 decision to execute Admiral John Byng.[44]
Later life: 1768–1788
Without a seat in Parliament, Walpole recognised his limitations as to political influence.
He wrote to Mann critical of the activities of the East India Company on 13 July 1773:
What is England now? – A sink of Indian wealth, filled by nabobs and emptied by Maccaronis! A senate sold and despised! A country overrun by horse-races! A gaming, robbing, wrangling, railing nation without principles, genius, character or allies.
— Walpole 1844, p. 339 , Carson 2012, pp. 18–33
He opposed the recent
I have for five and forty years acted upon the principles of the constitution as it was settled at the
royalty, which had so often preferred the aggrandizement of the Crown to the dignity of presiding over a great and puissant free kingdom, threw away one predominant source of our potency by aspiring to enslave America—and would now compensate for that blunder and its consequenceby assuming a despotic tone at home. It has found a tool in the light and juvenile son of the great minister who carried our glory to its highest pitch—but it shall never have the insignificant approbation of an old and worn out son of another minister, who though less brilliant, maintained this country in the enjoyment of the twenty happiest years that England ever enjoyed.
Last years: 1788–1797
Walpole was horrified by the French Revolution and commended Edmund Burke's Reflections on the Revolution in France: "Every page shows how sincerely he is in earnest — a wondrous merit in a political pamphlet—All other party writers act zeal for the public, but it never seems to flow from the heart".[1] He admired the purple passage in the book on Marie Antoinette: "I know the tirade on the Queen of France is condemned and yet I must avow I admire it much. It paints her exactly as she appeared to me the first time I saw her when Dauphiness. She...shot through the room like an aerial being, all brightness and grace and without seeming to touch earth".[45]
After he heard of the execution of King
Indeed, Madam, I write unwillingly; there is not a word left in my Dictionary that can express what I feel. Savages, barbarians, &c., were terms for poor ignorant Indians and Blacks and Hyaenas, or, with some superlative epithets, for Spaniards in Peru and Mexico, for Inquisitors, or for Enthusiasts of every breed in religious wars. It remained for the enlightened eighteenth century to baffle language and invent horrors that can be found in no vocabulary. What tongue could be prepared to paint a Nation that should avow Atheism, profess Assassination, and practice Massacres on Massacres for four years together: and who, as if they had destroyed God as well as their King, and established Incredulity by law, give no symptoms of repentance! These Monsters talk of settling a Constitution—it may be a brief one, and couched in one Law, "Thou shalt reverse every Precept of Morality and Justice, and do all the Wrong thou canst to all Mankind".
, pp. 305–306
He was not impressed with Thomas Paine's reply to Burke, Rights of Man, writing that it was "so coarse, that you would think he means to degrade the language as much as the government".[46]
His father was created Earl of Orford in 1742. Horace's elder brother, the 2nd Earl of Orford (c. 1701–1751), passed the title on to his son, the 3rd Earl of Orford (1730–1791). When the 3rd Earl died unmarried, Horace Walpole became, at the age of 74, the 4th Earl of Orford, and the title died with him in 1797. The massive amount of correspondence he left behind has been published in many volumes, starting in 1798. Likewise, a large collection of his works, including historical writings, was published immediately after his death.[47]
Horace Walpole was buried in the same location as his father Sir Robert Walpole, at the Church of St Martin at Tours on the Houghton Hall estate.[48]
Rumours of paternity
After Walpole's death, Lady Louisa Stuart, in the introduction to the letters of her grandmother, Lady Mary Wortley Montagu (1837), wrote of rumours that Horace's biological father was not Sir Robert Walpole but Carr, Lord Hervey (1691–1723), elder half-brother of the more famous John Hervey. T. H. White writes: "Catherine Shorter, Sir Robert Walpole's first wife, had five children. Four of them were born in a sequence after the marriage; the fifth, Horace, was born eleven years later, at a time when she was known to be on bad terms with Sir Robert, and known to be on romantic terms with Carr, Lord Hervey."[49] The lack of physical resemblance between Horace and Sir Robert,[50] and his close resemblance to members of the Hervey family, encouraged these rumours. Peter Cunningham, in his introduction to the letters of Horace Walpole (1857), vol. 1, p. x, wrote:
"[Lady Louisa Stuart] has related it in print in the Introductory Anecdotes to Lady Mary's Works ; and there is too much reason to believe that what she tells is true. Horace was born eleven years after the birth of any other child that Sir Robert had by his wife; in every respect he was unlike a Walpole, and in every respect, figure and formation of mind, very like a Hervey. Lady Mary Wortley divided mankind into men, women, and Herveys, and the division has been generally accepted. Walpole was certainly of the Hervey class. Lord Hervey's Memoirs and Horace Walpole's Memoires are most remarkably alike, yet Walpole never saw them. [Yet] we have no evidence whatever that a suspicion of spurious parentage ever crossed the mind of Horace Walpole. His writings, from youth to age, breathe the most affectionate love for his mother, and the most unbounded filial regard for Sir Robert Walpole."
Personal characteristics
The novelist Laetitia Matilda Hawkins, a younger contemporary of Walpole, wrote of him as follows:[51]
His entrance into a room was in that style of affected delicacy, which fashion had made almost natural,
Madame du Deffand; the dog and favourite squirrel partook of his breakfast. He generally dined at four ... His dinner when at home was of chicken, pheasant, or any light food, of which he ate sparingly. Pastry he disliked, as difficult of digestion, though he would taste a morsel of venison pie. Iced water, then a London dislike, was his favourite drink. The scent of dinner was removed by a censer or pot of frankincense. The wine that was drunk during dinner. After his coffee he would take pinch of snuff, and nothing more that night.
In his old age, according to G. G. Cunningham, he "was afflicted with fits of an hereditary gout which a rigid temperance failed to remove".[52]
Writings
Strawberry Hill had its own printing press, the Strawberry Hill Press, which supported Horace Walpole's intensive literary activity.[37]
In 1764, not using his own press, he anonymously published his
From 1762 on, Walpole published his Anecdotes of Painting in England, based on George Vertue's manuscript notes. His memoirs of the Georgian social and political scene, though heavily biased, are a useful primary source for historians.
Smith, noting that Walpole never did any work for his well-paid government sinecures, turns to the letters and argues that:
Walpole served his country, not by drudgery in the Exchequer and Customs, which paid him, but by transmitting to posterity an incomparable vision of England as it was in his day – London and Westminster with all their festivities and riots, the machinations of politicians and the turmoil of elections.[55]
Walpole's numerous letters are often used as a historical resource. In one, dating from 28 January 1754, he coined the word serendipity which he said was derived from a "silly fairy tale" he had read, The Three Princes of Serendip.[56] The oft-quoted epigram, "This world is a comedy to those that think, a tragedy to those that feel", is from a letter of Walpole's to Anne, Countess of Upper Ossory, on 16 August 1776. The original, fuller version appeared in a letter to Sir Horace Mann on 31 December 1769: "I have often said, and oftener think, that this world is a comedy to those that think, a tragedy to those that feel – a solution of why Democritus laughed and Heraclitus wept."
In Historic Doubts on the Life and Reign of King Richard III (1768), Walpole defended
Walpole Society
The Walpole Society was formed in 1911 to promote the study of the history of British art. Its headquarters is located in the Department of Prints and Drawings at The British Museum and its director is Simon Swynfen Jervis.
Works
Non-fiction
- A Letter from Xo Ho, a Chinese Philosopher at London, to his Friend Lien Chi at Peking (2nd ed.). London: Printed for J. Graham, Strand. 1757.
- Anecdotes of Painting in England. London: Ward Lock & Co. 1879 [1762–71].
- A Catalogue of Engravers who have been born, or resided in England. London: Printed for J. Dodsley, Pall Mall. 1782 [1763].
- Essay on Modern Gardening. With a faithful translation into French by The Duke of Nivernois and an introduction by Alice Morse Earle (Facsimile reprint ed.). Canton, Pa.: Kirgate Press. 1904 [1780].
- A Description of the Villa of Mr. Horace Walpole. Strawberry Hill, Twickenham: Printed by Thomas Kirgate. 1784.
- Historic Doubts on the life and Reign of King Richard the Third (Second ed.). London: Printed by J. Dodsley in Pall Mall. 1768.
- Park, Thomas, ed. (1806) [1758]. A Catalogue of the Royal and Noble Authors of England, Scotland, and Ireland, enlarged and continued to the present time. London: Printed for John Scott, Strand. Vol. 1 • Vol. 2 • Vol. 3 • Vol. 4 • Vol. 5 • (1st edition: Vol. 1 • Vol. 2)
- Vassall-Fox, Henry, 3rd Baron Holland, ed. (1847) [1822]. Memoirs of the Last Ten Years of the Reign of King George the Second. (posthumously published.) (3 vols.: 2nd, revised ed.). London: Henry Colburn. Vol. 1 • Vol. 2 • Vol. 3 (reprint of 1st ed., 1846)
- Jarrett, Keith, ed. (2000) [1845]. Memoirs of the Reign of King
- Walpole, Horace (1903–1925). Toynbee, Helen Wrigley (ed.). Letters of Horace Walpole, Earl of Orford. (16 vols. 1903-5, Supplement, ed. Paget Toynbee, 3 vols., 1918–1925). Oxford: Clarendon Press. Vol. 1 • Vol. 2 • Vol. 3 • Vol. 4 (bound with Vol. 3) • Vol. 5 • Vol. 6 • Vol. 7 • Vol. 8 • Vol. 9 • Vol. 10 • Vol. 11 • Vol. 12 • Vol. 13 • Vol. 14 • Vol. 15 • Vol. 16 • Suppl. Vol. 1 • Suppl. Vol. 2 • Suppl. Vol. 3
- Toynbee, Helen Wrigley, ed. (1912). Lettres de la Marquise du Deffand à Horace Walpole (1766–1780). 3 vols. (Completed by her husband Paget Toynbee after her death in 1910) (in French). Methuen & Co. Vol. 1 • Vol. 2 • Vol. 3
- Selected Letters, edited and introduced by Stephen Clarke. New York: Everyman's Library, Alfred A. Knopf, 2017. Reviewed by Margaret Drabble
Fiction
- The Castle of Otranto (1764)
- The Mysterious Mother: A Tragedy (1768)
- Hieroglyphic Tales (1785)
References
Citations
- ^ a b c d e Langford 2011.
- ^ "The Castle of Otranto: The creepy tale that launched gothic fiction". BBC News. 13 December 2014. Retrieved 9 July 2017.
- ^ Smith 1983, pp. 17–28.
- ^ Selected Letters, edited and introduced by Stephen Clarke. New York: Everyman's Library, Alfred A. Knopf, 2017.
- ^ "Horace Walpole and Strawberry Hill – London Borough of Richmond upon Thames". Government of the United Kingdom. 3 August 2009. Archived from the original on 3 November 2013. Retrieved 28 January 2014.
- ^ "Walpole, Horace (WLPL734HH)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.
- ^ Ketton-Cremer 1964, p. 34.
- ^ Ketton-Cremer 1964, p. 35.
- ^ Ketton-Cremer 1964, pp. 48–49.
- ^ Ketton-Cremer 1964, p. 44.
- ^ Ketton-Cremer 1964, p. 47.
- ^ Norton 2003.
- ^ Haggerty 2006, pp. 543–561.
- ^ Ketton-Cremer 1964, pp. 49, 98.
- ^ Ketton-Cremer 1964, p. 98.
- ^ Ketton-Cremer 1964, p. 50.
- ^ Ketton-Cremer 1964, p. 51.
- ^ Ketton-Cremer 1964, pp. 53 ff..
- ^ Ketton-Cremer 1964, pp. 60 ff..
- ^ Ketton-Cremer 1964, p. 61.
- ^ Ketton-Cremer 1964, p. 62.
- ^ Ketton-Cremer 1964, pp. 68 ff..
- ^ Ketton-Cremer 1964, pp. 72–73.
- ^ Ketton-Cremer 1964, p. 77.
- ISBN 9780521340724.
- ^ "Vere, Thomas (c.1681–1766), of Thorpe Hall, Norf". History of Parliament. Retrieved 9 August 2016.
- ^ Walpole, H. (1884). Horace Walpole and his World. SEELEY, JACKSON, AND HALLIDAY, 54, FLEET STREET. Retrieved 3 June 2023.
In 1735, young Horace proceeded from Eton to King's College, Cambridge, where he resided, though with long intervals of absence, until after he came of age.
- ^ Walpole, H. "A Description of Houghton Hall, continued: The Embroidered Bed-chamber, the Cabinet (partial) Author Horace Walpole, 4th Earl of Orford, 1743". © 2000–2023 The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 3 June 2023.
- ^ "Literary Norfolk". ©Cameron Self 2007–2014 (Supported by Norfolk Tourism). Retrieved 3 June 2023.
Walpole's son, the prolific letter writer Sir Horace Walpole (1717–97), lived at Houghton Hall but was not over enamoured with Norfolk.
- ^ Ketton-Cremer 1964, p. 80.
- ^ Ketton-Cremer 1964, p. 82.
- ^ Allen 2017.
- ^ Ketton-Cremer 1964, p. 84.
- ^ Ketton-Cremer 1964, p. 97.
- ^ Ketton-Cremer 1964, pp. 100–101.
- ^ Ketton-Cremer 1964, p. 102.
- ^ a b Verberckmoes 2007, p. 77.
- ^ Walpole, Horace (1891). Cunningham, P. (ed.). The Letters of Horace Walpole, Earl of Orford. The Letters of Horace Walpole, Earl of Orford. Vol. 8. Richard Bentley and Son, London. Retrieved 4 June 2023.
To The Countess of Ossory – July 15,1783...I have given one or two dinners to blue-stockings...
- ISBN 9780521026093. Retrieved 10 June 2023.
...of a new literary and personal identity for Anna Barbauld. Horace Walpole had been pleased, in 1774, to show Anna and [her husband] Rochemont around Strawberry Hill, and a few years later to praise her poetry in a letter to William Mason.
- ^ Ketton-Cremer 1964, pp. 126–127.
- ^ Ketton-Cremer 1964, p. 127.
- ^ Sabor 2013, p. 4.
- ^ Ketton-Cremer 1964, p. 200.
- ^ a b Ketton-Cremer 1964, p. 201.
- ^ Lock 2000, pp. 34–35.
- ^ Lock 2000, p. 159.
- ^ a b Legouis 1957, p. 906.
- ^ Historic England. "St Martin's Church (Grade I) (1077787)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 31 July 2022.
- ^ White 1950, pp. 84–89.
- ^ White 1950, p. 88: No beings in human shape could resemble each other less than the two passing for father and son." (Lady Louisa Stuart)
- ^ White 1950, pp. 89–90.
- ^ Cunningham 1834, pp. 207–213.
- ^ Watt 2004, p. 120.
- ^ Watt 2004, pp. 120–121.
- ^ Smith 1983, p. 25.
- ^ Merton & Barber 2011, p. 1.
- ^ Sabor 2013, p. 223.
- ^ Pollard 1991, p. 216.
Sources
- Allen, Brooke (9 September 2017). "The Word from Strawberry Hill". The Wall Street Journal.
- Carson, Penelope (2012). The East India Company and Religion, 1698–1858. Boydell & Brewer. pp. 18–33. )
- Cunningham, G. G. (1834), "Horace Walpole", Memoirs of Illustrious Englishmen (1834-37), vol. 6, archived from the original on 23 October 2021, retrieved 24 October 2019
- Haggerty, George E. (2006). "Queering Horace Walpole". SEL: Studies in English Literature 1500–1900. 46 (3): 543–561. S2CID 154410341.
- ISBN 9787270010670.
- Langford, Paul (19 May 2011). "Walpole, Horatio, fourth earl of Orford (1717–1797)". doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/28596. (Subscription or UK public library membershiprequired.)
- Legouis, Emile (1957). A History of English Literature. Translated by Louis Cazamian. New York: Macmillan.
- Lock, F. P. (2000). "Rhetoric and representation in Burke's Reflections". In Whale, John (ed.). Edmund Burke's Reflections on the Revolution in France. New Interdisciplinary Essays. Manchester: University Press.
- Merton, Robert K.; Barber, Elinor (2011). The Travels and Adventures of Serendipity: A Study in Sociological Semantics and the Sociology of Science. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-4152-3.
- ISBN 978-0-7195-5619-7.
- Norton, Rictor, ed. (23 February 2003) [1999]. "A Sapphick Epistle, 1778". Homosexuality in Eighteenth-Century England: A Sourcebook. Archived from the original on 13 June 2007. Retrieved 16 August 2007.
- Pollard, A. J. (1991). Richard III and the Princes in the Tower. Stroud: Alan Sutton.
- Smith, W. H. (1983), "Horace Walpole's Correspondence", The Yale University Library Gazette, 58 (1/2): 17–28, JSTOR 40858823
- Sabor, Peter (2013). Horace Walpole: The Critical Heritage. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-136-17217-5.
- Watt, James (2004). "Gothic". In Keymer, Thomas; Mee, Jon (eds.). The Cambridge Companion to English Literature 1740–1830. Cambridge: University Press.
- Verberckmoes, Johan (2007). Geschiedenis van de Britse eilanden [The History of the British Isles] (in Dutch). Leuven: Uitgeverij Acco Leuven. ISBN 978-90-334-6549-9.
- White, T.H. (1950). The Age of Scandal. New York: Putnam.
Further reading
- Frank, Frederick, "Introduction" in The Castle of Otranto.
- Gwynn, Stephen (1932). The Life of Horace Walpole.
- Hiller, Bevis. findarticles.com Who's Horry now? The Spectator, 14 September 1996
- (in Italian) Carlo Stasi, Otranto e l'Inghilterra (episodi bellici in Puglia e nel Salento), in 'Note di Storia e Cultura Salentina', anno XV, pp. 127–159, (Argo, Lecce, 2003)
- (in Italian) Carlo Stasi, Otranto nel Mondo, in 'Note di Storia e Cultura Salentina', anno XVI, pp. 207–224, (Argo, Lecce, 2004)
- (in Italian) Carlo Stasi, Otranto nel Mondo, dal 'Castello' di Walpole al 'Barone' di Voltaire (Editrice Salentina, Galatina 2018) ISBN 9788831964067
External links
- Works by Horace Walpole in eBook form at Standard Ebooks
- Works by Horace Walpole at Project Gutenberg
- The Letters of Horace Walpole, Volume 1 (1735–1748)
- The Letters of Horace Walpole, Volume 2 (1749–1759)
- The Letters of Horace Walpole, Volume 3 (1759–1769)
- The Letters of Horace Walpole, Volume 4 (1770–1797)
- Letters of Horace Walpole, Volume I (1736–1764)
- Letters of Horace Walpole, Volume II (1764–1795)
- The Castle of Otranto
- Works by or about Horace Walpole at Internet Archive
- Works by Horace Walpole at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
- Horace Walpole at the Eighteenth-Century Poetry Archive (ECPA)
- The Literary Encyclopedia.
- Courtney, William Prideaux (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). pp. 288–290.
- The Friends of Strawberry Hill
- The Twickenham Museum – Horace Walpole[dead link]
- "The Walpole Cabinet". Furniture. Archived from the original on 1 July 2007. Retrieved 12 August 2007.
- Portraits of Horace Walpole at the National Portrait Gallery, London
- Lord Carr Hervey (1691–1723) as a Youth. (National Trust Collections).
- "The Walpole Society". Archived from the original on 16 July 2012. Retrieved 4 April 2013.
- "The View From Strawberry Hill: Horace Walpole and the American Revolution"
- Horace Walpole Correspondence | Lewis Walpole Library, Yale University
- "Archival material relating to Horace Walpole". UK National Archives.