William Heneker

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Sir William Heneker
Légion d'Honneur
(France)
Other workAuthor of Bush Warfare (1907)

First World War. A notable military strategist and tactician, he became one of the most experienced and highly decorated Canadians in the British Empire, and one of only a handful of Canadians to reach the rank of full general.[1]

Education

William Heneker was born in Sherbrooke, Quebec on 22 August 1867, the son of Richard William Heneker (1823–1912) and Elizabeth, daughter of Captain Edward Tuson R.N. He received his early education at Bishop's College School in Lennoxville, Quebec, and then later entered military life when he enrolled at the Royal Military College of Canada in Kingston, Ontario on 1 September 1884. Assigned student #168, he graduated from RMC on 28 June 1888 with the rank of sergeant and first class grades.[2]

Military service

During the first several decades of RMC's existence it was common practice for the War Office in London to offer commissions in the British Army to the best Canadian graduates. Heneker accepted an Imperial commission with the 1st Battalion, Connaught Rangers as a second lieutenant on 5 September 1888.[3] At the time the unit was serving in India and Heneker joined the regiment there. He was promoted to lieutenant 12 February 1890, and later received his promotion to captain on 10 March 1897. Soon after he was seconded to the Niger Coast Protectorate, and began the period of his career that would define his legacy.

Between 1897 and 1906, Heneker served in the West African theatre, and participated in a variety of campaigns ranging from peacetime military engagement, to counterinsurgency, to major combat operations. He served in the 1899 Benin Territories Expedition

major on 31 July 1901, for services during operations in Esan and Ulia country,[7] and was appointed a Companion of the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) for services during the Anglo-Aro war.[8] The following year he served as second-in-command of the Southern Nigeria Regiment, in Southern Nigeria, and also served with the Royal West African Frontier Force. Heneker also waged a notable campaign against Chief Adukukaiku of Iggara, for which he again received a Mention in Despatches.[9] Heneker was promoted to brevet lieutenant colonel 21 August 1903, but received his substantive British Army rank of major on 16 February 1907. He was later awarded the Brevet of full colonel
on 24 October 1907.

Heneker was eventually posted to Southern Africa where he was Deputy Assistant Adjutant and Quarter-master-General, Orange River Colony District from 21 April 1906 to 20 April 1910.

King Edward VII on 18 December 1903 with the Distinguished Service Order
.

Military thought

In 1907 Heneker published a book examining tactical innovation in small wars titled Bush Warfare. The first serious analysis of the characteristics of small wars since the 1896 publication of British Army Lieutenant Colonel Callwell's Small Wars, Heneker's own study became required reading and a resource for all commanders until new doctrinal publications appeared in the 1930s.[10] In 2007, Canadian military historian Andrew Godefroy edited a new edition of Bush Warfare in honour of the centenary of its original publication.[11]

First World War

Temporary Brigadier General William Heneker was assigned to active duty in Europe at the outbreak of the First World War. He commanded the 54th Infantry Brigade, British Expeditionary Force from 13 March to 14 December 1915.[3] During this period, he was severely wounded, but managed to recover well enough from his injuries to return to front line service. Heneker received his substantive promotion to colonel on 10 April 1916, though he retained his temporary appointment as brigadier. Anxious to return to command, he was appointed to lead the 190th Infantry Brigade, Royal Naval Division, in France from 29 October to 8 December 1916.[3]

Heneker's next appointment was to the command of the 8th Infantry Division, which he led from 9 December 1916 until the end of the war.[3] He was promoted to substantive major general on 3 June 1917, commensurate with his new responsibilities.

Despite a tenacious defence during the 1918

Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath
in 1919.

Post-war

Formal group photograph of British and French officers and commissioners outside the house of the Commander-in-Chief Allied Armies of Occupation, Marienberg, 1919 or 1920. Major General Heneker is stood in the second row on the extreme left, behind Lieutenant General Thomas Morland.

Following the armistice on 11 November 1918, Heneker remained in service with the British Army during the occupation of the Rhineland. His division held a portion of the bridgehead east of Cologne, Germany from March to October 1919, after which he took command of a new formation, the Independent Division, Rhine Army, which he commanded from October 1919 to February 1920.[3] Heneker commanded the Rhine Garrison at Cologne beginning in March 1920.[3]

In 1921, Heneker served as commander of the Inter-Allied Commission of Management in

3rd Division at Salisbury Plain until 1926.[3] In 1928 he returned to India, where he was appointed Commander-in-Chief, Southern Command in India.[3] He vacated his appointment as GOC-in-C on 22 March 1932,[13] and was placed on half-pay from the following day before retiring from the Army on 16 April 1932.[14][15]

Family

He married Clara Marion, daughter of E Jones, of

Prisoner of War on Singapore
.

Footnotes

  1. ^ Major Andrew Godefroy (editor). Bush Warfare: The Early Writings of General Sir William C.G. Heneker, KCB, KCMG, DSO. (Kingston, Ontario: Army Publishing Office for the Canadian Army Directorate of Land Concepts and Designs, 2008)
  2. ^ General William Heneker RMC Club
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives
  4. ^ London Gazette, 14 September 1900
  5. ^ "No. 27426". The London Gazette. 18 April 1902. p. 2587.
  6. ^ "No. 27473". The London Gazette. 12 September 1902. pp. 5879–5886.
  7. ^ "No. 27428". The London Gazette. 25 April 1902. p. 2760.
  8. ^ "No. 27473". The London Gazette. 12 September 1902. p. 5887.
  9. ^ London Gazette, 28 October 1904
  10. ^ a b William Heneker Archived 2 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine Anglo-Boer War
  11. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). www.army.forces.gc.ca. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 June 2011. Retrieved 12 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  12. ^ Glasgow, Sir Thomas William (1876–1955) Australian Dictionary of Biography
  13. ^ "No. 33829". The London Gazette. 27 May 1932. p. 3418.
  14. ^ "No. 33810". The London Gazette. 22 March 1932. p. 1959.
  15. ^ "No. 33817". The London Gazette. 15 April 1932. p. 2477.
  16. ^ Obituary: David Heneker[dead link] The Independent, 8 March 2001

References

  • Andrew Godefroy (editor). Bush Warfare: The Early Writings of General Sir William C.G. Heneker KCB KCMG DSO. (Kingston, Ontario: Army Publishing Office for the Canadian Army Directorate of Land Concepts and Designs, 2008).
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See also

Military offices
Preceded by GOC 8th Division
1916–1919 		Succeeded by
Division disbanded
Preceded by GOC 3rd Division
1922–1926 		Succeeded by
Preceded by
Sir Harold Walker
 GOC-in-C, Southern Command, India
1928–1932 		Succeeded by
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