William Horman
William Horman (c. 1440 – April 1535) was a headmaster at
Life
Horman was born in Salisbury, Wiltshire, England around 1440.[1] He was admitted as a pupil at Wykeham's college at Winchester in 1468.[4] According to some accounts, he studied at the University of Cambridge.[5] However, in 1477 he was elected a fellow of New College, Oxford, in the same year that William Caxton printed his first book in England.[6] He took a Masters of Arts degree, and in 1485 became the headmaster of Eton.[1] He left Eton in 1494, and became headmaster of Winchester from 1495 to 1501.[7] At that time, the Winchester post was more prestigious and paid better.[8] Later, Horman returned to Eton as a fellow and vice-provost, where there is evidence that both Greek and Latin were taught.[9][10][11] He continued there until his death.[5]
When he was almost eighty years old, in 1519 Horman published the Vulgaria, a Latin textbook. He says in the introduction that he composed the book when a schoolmaster, "many years before".[7] In a contract dated 28 June 1519, he ordered Richard Pynson to produce 800 whole and perfect copies of these Latin texts, in 35 chapters.[12][13] The contract is notable as one of the earliest surviving agreements of this nature.[1]
Horman became an antagonist in the
Horman died in April 1535, when in his nineties, an extreme old age for the time.[17]
Work
The Vulgaria is the more important of Horman's surviving works, a Latin textbook based on humanist principles published in 1519.
The Vulgaria draws from a variety of sources, for example including the saying "It does no good for all truth to be told nor all wrong imputed" derived from the Old English Durham Proverbs.[20] Another example of a proverb to be translated is "Somtyme of a myshappe cometh a good turne".[21] The proverb "necessity is the mother of invention" appears, perhaps for the first time in English, translated as "Mater artium necessitas".[22] Other sayings included the advice not to "offereth a candell to the deuyll", to remember that "many a ragged colt proued to a good horse", "it is better a chylde unborne than untaught", "manners maketh man" and "one scabbed shepe marreth a hole flocke".[23] "That the whiche muste be wyll be" reflects the Spanish "Que Sera, Sera".[24] The book gives practical advice. "At a soden shyfte leere [empty] barellis, tyed together, with boardis above, make passage over a streme".[25] He says that alleys in gardens, covered with vines, "do great pleasure with the shadow in parchynge heat, and clusters of grapis maketh a pleasant walkynge alley".[26]
The Vulgaria is interesting in the light that it throws on the times. For example, the book is the first to mention "ceruse", a mixture of white lead and vinegar used by wealthy women to whiten their skin.[27] The book defines blotting paper: "Blottynge papyr serveth to drye weete wryttynge, lest there be made blottis or blurris".[28] Children's rattles are first mentioned in the book.[29] [page needed] He describes the use of wooden swords, or "wasters", used for training: "Let us pley at buckeler and at waster in feyre game".[30] The sentence "We wyll playe with a ball full of wynde" (which Horman translates as "lusui erit nobis follis pugillari spritu tumens") is one of the earliest references to the game of football being played at public schools.[31] He praised the value of sports in letting children find an outlet for their energy as a break from their studies: "There muste be a measure in gyuynge of remedies or sportynge to chyldren, leste they be wery of goynge to theyr boke if they haue none, or waxe slacke if they haue to many".[32] [page needed]
Horman's Antibossicon G. Hormani ad G. Lilium published in 1521 is a riposte to criticism of the Vulgaria. It takes the form of a series of letters to Horman, and from him to
Bibliography
- Horman, William (1519). Vulgaria Uiri Doctissimi Guil. Hormani Caesariburgensis. BiblioLife. ISBN 978-1-171-33962-5.
References
- ^ a b c d e Nugent 1956, pp. 123.
- ^ Griffiths 2006, pp. 81ff.
- ^ Leach 1915a, pp. 645.
- ^ Burgess & Heale 2008, pp. 239.
- ^ a b Maxwell-Lyte 1875, pp. 108–109.
- ^ Murray 1900, pp. 21.
- ^ a b Journal of education. Vol. 26. Oxford University Press. 1904. p. 438.
- ^ Collins 1865, pp. 212.
- ^ Leach 1915b, pp. 511.
- ^ Fenlon 1981, pp. 99.
- ^ Barnes 1906, pp. 383.
- ^ Wheatley 1883, pp. 99.
- ^ Furnivall 1867, pp. 364.
- ^ a b Carlson 1991, pp. 417.
- ^ a b Clogan 2004, pp. 2–3.
- ^ Mantello & Rigg 1996, pp. 336.
- ^ Davies 1716, pp. 24–25.
- ^ a b à Wood & Bliss 1813, pp. 78–79.
- ^ a b Simon 1979, pp. 90.
- ^ Whiting & Whiting 1968, pp. 533.
- ^ Abate 2005, pp. 95.
- ^ Martin 1996.
- ^ Fox 2000, pp. 116.
- ^ Shapiro 2006, pp. 617.
- ^ Singer 1850, pp. 292.
- ^ Bailey 1963.
- ^ Leed 2010.
- ^ Rickards & Twyman 2000, pp. 55.
- ^ Orme 1995.
- ^ Clements 1999.
- ^ Magoun 1938, pp. 20.
- ^ Bailey 1995.
- ^ Griffiths 2000, pp. 319ff.
Sources
- Abate, Michelle Ann (1 January 2005). "Oversight as Insight: Reading The Second Shepherd's Play". Early Theatre. 8 (1): 95–108. ISSN 2293-7609.
- Bailey, L. H. (1963). "Pergola". Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture. MacMillan Co.
- Bailey, Steven (May 1995). "Living Sports History: Football at Winchester, Eton and Harrow". Sports Historian. 15: 23–33. .
- Barnes, Stapleton A. (1906). Wiseman, Nicholas Patrick (ed.). "Winchester Mother of Schools". The Dublin Review. 139. W. Spooner: 383–399.
- Burgess, Clive; Heale, Martin (2008). The late medieval English college and its context. Boydell & Brewer. ISBN 978-1-903153-22-2.
- Carlson, David R. (August 1991). "Skelton's Garland of Laurel and Robert Whittinton's 'Lauri Apud Palladem expostulatio'". The Review of English Studies. New Series. 42 (167): 417–424. JSTOR 518351.
- Clements, John (1999). "Get Thee a Waster!". The Association for Renaissance Martial Arts. Retrieved 5 December 2010.
- Clogan, Paul Maurice (2004). Humanist educational theory, Gregory the Great, and culinary comedy. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-7425-3416-2.
- Collins, William Lucas (February 1865). "Etonia, Ancient and Modern. – Part I". Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine. 97.
- Davies, Myles (1716). Athenae Britannicae, or, A critical history of the Oxford and Cambridge writers and writings, . pp. 24–25.
- ISBN 978-0-521-23328-6.
- Fox, Adam (2000). Oral and literate culture in England, 1500–1700. Oxford studies in social history. Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-820512-8.
- .
- ISBN 978-90-5867-212-4.
- ISBN 978-0-19-927360-7.
- ISBN 978-1-4400-6149-3.
- ISBN 978-1-4400-6150-9.
- Leed, Drea (2010). "Elizabethan Make-up 101". Elizabethan Costume Page. Retrieved 5 December 2010.
- Magoun, Francis Peabody (1938). History of football from the beginnings to 1871. H. Pöppinghaus.
- Mantello, Frank Anthony Carl; ISBN 978-0-8132-0842-8.
- Martin, Gary (1996). "Necessity is the mother of invention". The Phrase Finder. Retrieved 5 December 2010.
- Maxwell-Lyte, Sir Henry Churchill (1875). A history of Eton college. 1440–1875. Macmillan and co.
- Murray, James A.H. (1900). The Evolution of English Lexicography. University of Oxford Clarendon Press. p. 21.
- Nugent, Elizabeth M., ed. (1956). "William Horman (c. 1440–1535)". The Thought and Culture of the English Renaissance: an Anthology of. Tudor Prose 1481–1555. Cambridge University Press.
- ISSN 0031-2746.
- Rickards, Maurice; Twyman, Michael (2000). "Blotting Paper". The encyclopedia of ephemera: a guide to the fragmentary documents of everyday life for the collector, curator, and historian. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-92648-5.
- Shapiro, Fred R. (2006). The Yale book of quotes. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-10798-2.
- ISBN 978-0-521-29679-3.
- Singer, Samuel Weller (9 March 1850). "WHAT IS THE MEANING OF "LAERIG?"". Notes & Queries (19): 292. Retrieved 5 December 2010.
- Wheatley, Henry Benjamin, ed. (1883). "Pynson's contract with Horman". The Bibliographer; a journal of book-lore. Vol. 4. Elliot Stock.
- Whiting, Bartlett Jere; Whiting, Helen Wescott (1968). Proverbs, sentences, and proverbial phrases: from English writings mainly before 1500. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
- à Wood, Anthony; Bliss, Philip (1813). "William Horman". Athenae Oxonienses: An exact history of all the writers and bishops who have had their education in the University of Oxford. To which are added the Fasti, or Annals of the said University. Vol. 1 (3rd ed.). London: Rivington.
Further reading
- .
- Leach, Arthur Francis (1899). A history of Winchester College. C. Scribner's Sons. pp. 110, 208, 227–231.