William L. Langer

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For the North Dakota politician, see William Langer. For the Wisconsin politician, see William Langer (Wisconsin politician).

William L. Langer
PhD
)
Occupation(s)academic historian, intelligence analyst, policy advisor
Spouses
Children2
Parents
  • Karl Rudolf Langer
  • Johanna Rockenbach
Relatives
Military career
Allegiance United States
Service/branchUnited States Army
RankSergeant
Unit
Battles/wars
Notes

William Leonard Langer (March 16, 1896 – December 26, 1977) was an American historian, intelligence analyst and policy advisor. He served as chairman of the history department at

European history
, a large-scale reference book, and a university textbook.

Early life and education

Born in

psychoanalyst.[4][7]

When William was only three, his father died unexpectedly, leaving the family in difficult circumstances. Nevertheless, his mother, who supported the family by working as a dressmaker, made education a priority for her children. After studying at the Boston Latin School, Langer attended Harvard University.

Career

Langer was fluent in German, and taught German at Worcester Academy while furthering his own education with courses on international relations at Clark University.

His job and education were interrupted by military service

Ph.D. in 1923. In 1921 he married Susanne Katherina Langer
(née Knauth) who became a noted philosopher. They had two sons together before divorcing in 1942.

He taught modern European history at

Archibald Coolidge
chair.

Langer was remembered at Harvard especially for his History 132 course on modern European history, History 157 on the Ottoman Empire, and the graduate seminars held at his home.[8][9] He also taught at the Harvard Extension School.[10]

With the help of other scholars during the 1930s, Langer completely revised the

Peter N. Stearns
and thirty other prominent historians edited the sixth edition, published in 2001. Stearns paid tribute to Langer's great achievement in the introduction to the new edition.

In 1932 as an associate professor Langer was chosen by Harpers as editor for their series on modern Europe.[12] He wrote the volume covering 1832-1852, "Liberalism, Nationalism and Socialism." Originally in hardcover, the series was republished in the 1960s in paperback as "The Rise of Modern Europe."

Later career

In 1957, Langer urged historians to expand their insights with techniques from modern psychology.[13]

War service

Langer was an enlisted man in the United States Army Chemical Service in World War I, and saw combat in a chemical weapons unit on the Western Front in France. He described the experience in a book he wrote with another man in his company.[6]

During World War II, Langer served in the new

office of National Estimates in the newly established Central Intelligence Agency.[15][non-primary source needed
]

After war

After the war, Langer returned to academia, but from 1961 to 1977 he served on the President's

Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board
.

The US government asked to Langer to justify this policy initially very favourable to Vichy France: this book was entitled Our Vichy Gamble (1947) and it almost totally whitewashed the policy.[16] Langer’s book was then used as new evidence to request a review of the trial of Pétain by his lawyer in 1950 (the case was eventually dismissed).[17] According to one reviewer, this book should have been called Our Vichy Fumble.[18]

Honors

William Langer was awarded the

LL.D. degrees as did the University of Hamburg in 1955. Among his many involvements, Langer served as president of the American Historical Association for 1957. Langer received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement in 1965.[19]

Selected bibliography
  • Conyers Read, 1881–1959: Scholar, Teacher, Public Servant (M. and V. Dean, 1963)
  • Political and Social Upheaval, 1832–1852 (1969) online
  • In and out of the ivory tower (1977), autobiography online

References

  1. ^ "William Leonard Langer". Dictionary of American Biography (fee, via Fairfax County Public Library). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 1995. Gale Document Number: GALE|BT2310009409. Retrieved February 3, 2014. Biography in Context. (subscription required)
  2. ^ Greer, William R. (July 19, 1985). "Susanne K. Langer, Philosopher, is Dead at 89". New York Times. Retrieved February 3, 2014.
  3. ^ Vetter, Herbert, ed. (2007). Notable American Unitarians 1936–1961. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard Square library. pp. iii, 134.
    ISBN 978-0-615-14784-0
    . Retrieved February 3, 2014.
  4. ^ a b "William L. Langer: Historian of Diplomacy". Notable American Unitarians. Archived from the original on December 30, 2013. Retrieved February 3, 2014.
  5. ^ "CIA's Directorate of Intelligence Marks its 50th Anniversary". Central Intelligence Agency. November 4, 2002. Archived from the original on June 13, 2007. Retrieved February 3, 2014. William Langer Award for outstanding analytic contributions to the DI. Langer - a distinguished scholar and pioneer OSS analyst - was the first chairman of CIA's Office of National Estimates and later served on the President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board (PFIAB). During his career, Langer demonstrated the feasibility of performing intelligence analysis by combining information from multiple intelligence collection disciplines, including imagery, signals intercepts, and human intelligence.
  6. ^ a b "Gas and Flame in World War I: The New Weapons of Terror". George Washington University. Retrieved February 3, 2014. Langer served as an engineer in Company E of the 1st Gas Regiment, Chemical Warfare Service, of the U.S. Army.
  7. ^ Waggoner, Walter H. (July 10, 1981). "Walter Langer is Dead at 82; Wrote Secret Study of Hitler". New York Times. Walter Langer was born in Boston on Feb. 9, 1899, the son of Charles Rudolph and Johanna Rockenbach Langer. He was a practicing psychoanalyst from the late 1930s until about 1960, and he was the brother of William L. Langer, the Harvard historian, and Rudolph Ernest Langer, chairman of the mathematics department at the University of Wisconsin.
  8. Harvard Crimson
    . Retrieved February 4, 2014.
  9. ^ Ostro, Ernest A. (May 25, 1951). "Emeritus Professors Continue Work, Return from Retirement to Teach: Fay Came Out of Retirement On Two-Day's [sic] Warning to Give History 132 for Langer". Harvard Crimson. Retrieved February 5, 2014.
  10. ISBN 978-0674051355
  11. ^ "Preface to the First Edition. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History". Archived from the original on September 6, 2008. Retrieved February 4, 2014.
  12. ^ The Rise of Modern Europe (Harper and Row).
  13. ISBN 978-0-19-503586-5
    .)
  14. LCCN 95-34966
    . Retrieved February 3, 2014.
  15. ^ "Minutes of Meeting held in Director's Conference Room ... at 1100 hours" (PDF). December 26, 1950. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 3, 2016. Retrieved February 3, 2014. William L. Langer, Asst. Dir. for National Estimates
  16. ISBN 9780241450253
    .
  17. ISBN 9780241450253
    .
  18. doi:10.1086/237178
    .
  19. American Academy of Achievement
    .

Sources
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