William Ramsay Smith

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William Ramsay Smith

Edinburgh University's anthropological collection. He published a number of books and articles in scientific journals, and in 1930 published a work under his own name which was later found to be the work of Ngarrindjeri Elder David Unaipon
.

Early life

Smith was born in

Moray House Training College to train as a teacher for two years.[1]

Career

At 20 years of age Smith was appointed headmaster of

BSc
(natural sciences) in 1888.

In 1889 'Illustrations of Zoology' was published which he had prepared in collaboration with J. S. Norwell. He graduated

ChM in 1892. For two years Smith was demonstrator of anatomy at Edinburgh, and served as examiner at the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh. During this period he lived at 4 Grange Loan in the south of Edinburgh.[2]

Australia

In 1896 Smith travelled to Australia at the request of the

infectious diseases unit at the hospital, Adelaide City Coroner, Inspector of Anatomy and chairman of the Central Board of Health.[3]

In 1901 during the

Imperial Bushmen's Corps and officer in charge of plague administration at Cape Town.[1]

Smith was suspended from coronial duties in 1903 after 18 charges were laid against him of the misuse of human remains, specifically the removal of heads and the collection of skeletons for medical research,[3] including that of well-known and popular local identity, Tommy Walker.[4] A board of inquiry headed by James George Russell found that Smith's actions had been "indiscreet" and he was dismissed from his position as coroner.[5] He was reinstated as coroner and head of the health department and his research praised, but had to resign from his hospital and other duties.[1]

In 1904 Smith graduated

DSc from the University of Adelaide, and published A Manual for Coroners. In his spare time made a special study of Aboriginal Australians. Smith was the author of The Aborigines of Australia, which was printed in volume three of the Official Year Book of the Commonwealth of Australia (1910), in which he criticised misrepresentation of Aboriginal people, suggesting review of "our knowledge of [their] beliefs and actions" and referring to them as the "most interesting [race] at present on earth and the least deserving to be exterminated by us and the most wronged at our hands".[1]

In 1906 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were Sir William Turner, Daniel John Cunningham, Alexander Crum Brown and Cargill Gilston Knott.[6]

In 1913 he published Medical Jurisprudence from the Judicial Standpoint, for which he received the degree of MD from Edinburgh University.[1]

In 1915 was in charge of the Australian General Hospital, Australian Imperial Force,

Heliopolis, Egypt. There, he clashed with principal matron Bell over which of them should manage the nursing staff. An Inquiry resulted in both being recalled to Australia.[1]

On his return to Adelaide, Smith resumed his duties at the board of health and contributed to the Australian Encyclopaedia, including a large part of the "Aborigines" article. Following a trip to the South Seas Smith published In Southern Seas (1924), the second half of which is mostly about Aboriginal peoples.[1]

Smith retired in 1929 and published a book Myths & legends of the Australian Aboriginals (1930), a collection of narratives as told to Smith by

artefacts for profit.[10]

Anthropological collection

Smith was responsible for the bulk of

Edinburgh University
's physical anthropology collection, some 500 to 600 individuals.

From Smith's writings, it is clear that he was aware of Indigenous funerary customs.

"After death no reference is made to the deceased, nor is his name mentioned. Relations by the same name find a substitute. A mother would not give [me] a lock of her child’s hair because she has been taught that if the child dies, its spirit will find no rest if that lock of hair survives."

As desecration of human remains was illegal, he used his position as Adelaide's coroner to illicitly dissect and collect human remains, many being individuals of unusual pathologies or disease, most of which he presented to Edinburgh University. His writings indicate that he also robbed graves and it is believed he had once destroyed five graves to obtain one good specimen. Witnesses also record that he practiced his marksmanship with a

Sir William Turner, Daniel John Cunningham, Alexander Crum Brown and Cargill Gilston Knott)[11] and an Honorary Fellowship of the Royal Anthropological Institute. He was an honorary member of the Association of Military Surgeons of the United States
.

He was responsible for the collection of human remains of Indigenous Australians, including remains stolen from burial grounds at Hindmarsh Island, some of which were shipped to overseas institutions.[12] At his death in 1937, 182 skulls were found in his Adelaide home.[13]

In addition to numerous books, Smith also published pamphlets and contributed largely to scientific journals and

Chambers Encyclopaedia. He was interested in literature, philosophy and music, and earned a reputation as an authority on Aboriginal Australians.[1]

Death

Smith spent his final years quietly among his books at Belair, South Australia, where he died on 28 September 1937. Smith had married Margaret, daughter of James Mackenzie, on 1 June 1889, who predeceased him. Four daughters and a son survived him.[1]

Legacy

He is remembered mainly for his desecration of human remains,

Adelaide Lunatic Asylum.[14]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Ronald Elmslie, Susan Nance. "Smith, William Ramsay (1859–1937)".
    OCLC 70677943
    . Retrieved 4 August 2013.
  2. ^ Edinburgh Post Office Directory 1895
  3. ^
    S2CID 37705036. Also available via ResearchGate
  4. ^ How the death of Tommy Walker exposed a grave-robbing coroner — and a chilling trade in bodies ABC News, 20 October 2020. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
  5. OCLC 70677943
    . Retrieved 4 August 2013.
  6. ISBN 0-902-198-84-X
    .
  7. ^ a b "The Australian Bookman". The Daily News (Western Australian). Vol. LI, no. 17, 946. Western Australia. 17 September 1932. p. 14 (7 PM). Retrieved 12 December 2021 – via National Library of Australia.
  8. ^ Who is David Unaipon? Didj "u" Know at abc.net.au
  9. ISBN 978-0-522-85246-2 {{citation}}: |author2= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link
    )
  10. ^ On the shore of a strange land: David Unaipon, 7 March 2009 at abc.net.au
  11. ^ Waterston, Charles D; Macmillan Shearer, A (July 2006). Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783-2002: Biographical Index (PDF). Vol. II. Edinburgh:
    ISBN 978-0-902198-84-5
    . Retrieved 9 January 2012.
  12. ^ a b Marsh, Walter (27 April 2019). "Why returning 4600 Old People to Country is the duty of all of South Australia". Adelaide Review. Retrieved 6 May 2019. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  13. ^ The Return of the Bones Meanjin quarterly Volume 68, Number 4, 2009
  14. ^ Clark, Maddee (6–12 June 2020). "Yhonnie Scarce's art of glass". The Saturday Paper (304). Retrieved 15 June 2020.

Sources

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