Women and children first
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Wreck_of_the_Birkenhead.jpg/250px-Wreck_of_the_Birkenhead.jpg)
"Women and children first", known to a lesser extent as the Birkenhead drill,
In the 19th and early 20th century, "women and children first" was seen as a
Notable invocations of the concept include during the 1852 evacuation of the Royal Navy troopship HMS Birkenhead,[4] the 1857 sinking of the ship SS Central America,[5] and most famously during the 1912 sinking of the Titanic. Despite its prominence in the popular imagination, the doctrine was unevenly applied.[3][6] The use of "women and children first" during the Birkenhead evacuation was a "celebrated exception", used to establish a tradition of English chivalry during the second half of the 19th century.[3]
According to one expert, in modern-day evacuations people will usually help the most vulnerable – typically those injured, elderly or very young – to escape first.[4]
History
19th century
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/WilliamDouglasOConnor_byRitz_and_Hastings.jpg/170px-WilliamDouglasOConnor_byRitz_and_Hastings.jpg)
The first documented application of "women and children first" was in May 1840 when, after a lightning strike, fire broke out aboard the American packet Poland en route from New York to Le Havre. According to a passenger, J.H. Buckingham of Boston:
... the captain said that he had little doubt that the ship was on fire, and that we must endeavor to get at it. On a suggestion that we might be obliged to take to the boats, it was immediately remarked by one of our French passengers, and responded to by others – "Let us take care of the women and children first."[7]
This led to a precautionary evacuation of women, children and a few male passengers into the longboat, while the other male passengers and crew remained aboard to fight the blaze.[8] As Buckingham was a journalist, his vivid account of the incident was published first in the Boston Courier, picked up by other papers including The Times (London) and also reprinted in a book published in the same year,[7] thus gaining wide currency.
The phrase appeared prominently in the 1860 novel Harrington: A Story of True Love, by
"Back from the boats," [Captain Harrington] shouts, catchin' up the
hand-spike. "The first man that touches a boat I'll brain. Women and children first, men."..."Timbs," says he, "give my love to my wife and boy, if I never see 'em again. God bless ye, men."...
[Captain Eldad] paused, wiping away with his sleeve the salt tears which the simple epic of a brave man's death brought to his eyes. "That was the story, and them was the last words Timbs brought home to your mother ... An' that's the way he died. Women and children saved. That's a comfort...But he died...
"It was a manly way to leave the world," [John Harrington] said. "Life is sweet to me with the memory of such a father."
— William Douglas O'Connor
During the 19th and early 20th centuries, ships typically did not carry enough lifeboats to save all the passengers and crew in the event of disaster. In 1870, answering a question at the
In the opinion of the Board of Trade, it will not be possible to compel the passenger steamers running between England and France to have boats sufficient for the very numerous passengers they often carry. They would encumber the decks, and rather add to the danger than detract from it.
The practice of prioritising women and children gained widespread currency following the actions of soldiers during the sinking of the
20th century
By the turn of the 20th century, larger ships meant more people could travel, but regulations were generally still insufficient to provide for all passengers: for example British legislation concerning the number of lifeboats was based on the tonnage of a vessel and only encompassed vessels of "10,000 gross register tons and over." The result was that a sinking usually involved a moral dilemma for passengers and crew as to whose lives should be saved with the limited available lifeboats.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Titanic-lifeboat.gif/220px-Titanic-lifeboat.gif)
The phrase was popularised by its usage on RMS Titanic.[14] Second Officer Charles Lightoller suggested to Captain Smith, "Hadn't we better get the women and children into the boats, sir?", to which the captain responded: "Put the women and children in and lower away."[15] The first and second officers (William McMaster Murdoch and Lightoller) interpreted the evacuation order differently; Murdoch took it to mean women and children first, while Lightoller took it to mean women and children only. Second Officer Lightoller lowered lifeboats with empty seats if there were no women and children waiting to board, while First Officer Murdoch allowed a limited number of men to board if all the nearby women and children had embarked.[16] As a consequence, 74% of the women and 52% of the children on board were saved, but only 20% of the men.[17] Some officers on the Titanic misinterpreted the order from Captain Smith, and tried to prevent men from boarding the lifeboats.[18][19] It was intended that women and children would board first, with any remaining free spaces for men. Because not all women and children were saved on the Titanic, the few men who survived, like White Star official J. Bruce Ismay, were initially branded as cowards.[20]
21st century
There is no legal basis for the protocol of women and children first in international
In the
In February 2020, a mural of the sinking of HMS Birkenhead, bearing the slogan, was painted on the side of Gallaghers Traditional Pub in Birkenhead.[24][25]
See also
- William Lewis Herndon, captain of the sinking SS Central America
- Ida Straus – a passenger aboard the Titanic
- Male expendability
- SS Arctic disaster, a contrary case
Footnotes
- ISBN 1-4179-0750-9.
- ^ Heinlein 1978, p. 169.
- ^ S2CID 153392118.
- ^ a b c de Castella, Tom (16 January 2012). "Costa Concordia: The Rules of Evacuating a Ship". BBC News.
- ^ Naval History and Heritage Command. "William Lewis Herndon". NHHC. Naval History and Heritage Command. Retrieved 2 July 2023.
Her boats were lowered and filled first with the women and children, who all arrived alongside the brig and were safely taken on board.
- ^ Elinder & Erixson 2012.
- ^ a b Howland, Southworth Allen (1840). Steamboat Disasters and Railroad Accidents in the United States (2nd ed.). Worcester: Worcester, W. Lazell. pp. 341.
- ^ The Times (London) 27 June 1840, p. 6; reprinting a report dated 29 May 1840, first appearing in the Boston Courier.
- ^ "Women and Children First". The Phrase Finder. Retrieved 16 April 2010.
- ^ William Douglas O'Connor (1860). Harrington: A Story of True Love. pp. 187–188.
- ^ The Parliamentary debates (Authorized edition), Volume 200, 21 March 1870, pp. 323–324 H. M. Stationery Office, 1870
- ^ Kingston, William Henry Giles (1899). Our Soldiers: Gallant Deeds of the British Army during Victoria's Reign. London: Nick Hodson.
- ^ "The Wreck of HM Steamer "Birkenhead" – 26 Feb 1852". Capeinfo. Retrieved 12 May 2013.
- ^ Marshall 1912, p. 80.
- ^ Lord 1997, p. 43.
- ^ Barczewski 2006, p. 21.
- ^ Anesi, Chuck. "Titanic Casualty Figures".
- ^ Lord 1997, p. 63.
- ^ Ballard 1987, p. 87.
- ^ Benedict & Gardner 2000, p. 204.
- ^ Polly Curtis (16 January 2012). "Costa Concordia: are women still prioritised over men in evacuation procedures?". The Guardian.
- ^ "Amid 'One Oath, One Law' changes, the Sea Scout promise is here to stay - Bryan on Scouting". Bryan on Scouting. 27 January 2014. Retrieved 15 October 2018.
- ^ Commodore, National (19 August 2020). "Sea Promise Updated". Sea Scouts BSA. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
- ^ "Liver Birds artist paints 'masterpiece' on Merseyside pub wall". 25 February 2020.
- ^ "Artist behind controversial Oxton Village mural produces masterpiece on Birkenhead pub wall". 26 February 2020.
References
- Ballard, Robert D. (1987). The Discovery of the Titanic. Toronto: Madison. ISBN 978-0-446-67174-3.
- Barczewski, Stephanie (2006). Titanic: A Night Remembered. London: Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-85285-500-0.
- Benedict, Michael Les; Gardner, Ray (2000). "When That Great Ship Went Down". In the Face of Disaster: True Stories of Canadian Heroes From the Archives of Maclean's. New York, NY: Viking. ISBN 0-670-88883-4.
- Delap, Lucy (20 January 2012). "Shipwrecked: women and children first?". University of Cambridge.
- Elinder, Mikael; Erixson, Oscar (14 August 2012). "Gender, social norms, and survival in maritime disasters". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 109 (33). Uppsala Universitet: 13220–13224. PMID 22847426.
- George, Alison (30 July 2012). "Sinking the Titanic 'women and children first' myth". NewScientist. Retrieved 31 July 2012.
- Heinlein, Robert Anson (1978). Double Star. Gregg Press. p. 169. ISBN 0-8398-2446-7.
- Lord, Walter (1997). A Night to Remember. New York, NY: Bantam. ISBN 978-0-553-27827-9.
- ISBN 9780598991171. Retrieved 27 February 2008.
- Meagher, Sharon M. (2004). Women and Children First: Feminism, Rhetoric, and Public Policy. Suny Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-8285-8.
- ISBN 1-4068-2123-3.
- Smith, Wes (29 December 1996). "Sensitive Guys Are Looking More Closely At Their Maleness". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on 15 May 2013.