Le Havre
Le Havre
Lé Hâvre (Norman) | |
---|---|
Subprefecture and commune | |
Coat of arms | |
Coordinates: 49°29′N 0°06′E / 49.49°N 0.10°E | |
Country | France |
Region | Normandy |
Department | Seine-Maritime |
Arrondissement | Le Havre |
Canton | Le Havre-1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 |
Intercommunality | Le Havre Seine Métropole |
Government | |
• Mayor (2020–2026) | Édouard Philippe[1][2] (Horizons) |
Area 1 | 46.95 km2 (18.13 sq mi) |
• Urban (2018) | 194.9 km2 (75.3 sq mi) |
• Metro (2018) | 995.8 km2 (384.5 sq mi) |
Population (2021)[3] | 166,058 |
• Rank | 15th in France |
• Density | 3,500/km2 (9,200/sq mi) |
• Urban (2018[4]) | 234,945 |
• Urban density | 1,200/km2 (3,100/sq mi) |
• Metro (2018[4]) | 337,086 |
• Metro density | 340/km2 (880/sq mi) |
Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
• Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
INSEE/Postal code | 76351 /76600, 76610, 76620 |
Website | www.lehavre.fr |
Official name | Le Havre, the City Rebuilt by Auguste Perret |
Criteria | Cultural: ii, iv |
Reference | 1181 |
Inscription | 2005 (29th Session) |
Area | 133 ha |
Buffer zone | 114 ha |
1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. |
Le Havre (
The city and port were founded by King Francis I in 1517. Economic development in the early modern period was hampered by religious wars, conflicts with the English, epidemics, and storms. It was from the end of the 18th century that Le Havre started growing and the port took off first with the slave trade then other international trade. After the 1944 bombings the firm of Auguste Perret began to rebuild the city in concrete. The oil, chemical, and automotive industries were dynamic during the Trente Glorieuses (postwar boom) but the 1970s marked the end of the golden age of ocean liners and the beginning of the economic crisis: the population declined, unemployment increased and remains at a high level today.
Changes in years 1990–2000 were numerous. The right won the municipal elections and committed the city to the path of reconversion, seeking to develop the service sector and new industries (aeronautics, wind turbines). The Port 2000 project increased the container capacity to compete with ports of northern Europe, transformed the southern districts of the city, and ocean liners returned. Modern Le Havre remains deeply influenced by its employment and maritime traditions. Its port is the second largest in France, after that of Marseille, for total traffic, and the largest French container port.
In 2005,
Geography
Location
Le Havre is located 50 kilometres (31 miles) west of Rouen on the shore of the English Channel and at the mouth of the Seine. Numerous roads link to Le Havre with the main access roads being the A29 autoroute from Amiens and the A13 autoroute from Paris linking to the A131 autoroute.
Administratively, Le Havre is a commune in the Normandy region in the west of the department of Seine-Maritime. The urban area of Le Havre corresponds roughly to the territory of the Agglomeration community of Le Havre (CODAH)[11] which includes 17 communes and 250,000 people.[12] It occupies the south-western tip of the natural region of Pays de Caux where it is the largest city. Le Havre is sandwiched between the coast of the Channel from south-west to north-west and the estuary of the Seine to the south.
Geology and terrain
Le Havre belongs to the
The upper town to the north, is part of the
Climate
Due to its location on the coast of the Channel, the climate of Le Havre is
Precipitation is distributed throughout the year, with a maximum in autumn and winter. The months of June and July are marked by some thunderstorms on average 2 days per month.[20] One of the characteristics of the region is the high variability of the temperature, even during the day.[21] The prevailing winds are from the southwest sector for strong winds and north-north-east for breezes,[22] snowstorms occur in winter, especially in January and February.[20]
The absolute speed record for wind at Le Havre – Cap de la Heve was recorded on 16 October 1987 at 180 kilometres per hour (112 miles per hour).[20]
The main natural hazards are floods, storms, and storm surges. The lower town is subject to a rising water table.[23] The lack of watercourses within the commune prevents flooding from overflows. Le Havre's beach may rarely experience flooding known as "flooding from storms". These are caused by the combination of strong winds, high waves, and a large tidal range.
Town | Sunshine (hours/yr) |
Rain (mm/yr) |
Snow (days/yr) |
Storm (days/yr) |
Fog (days/yr) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
National average | 1,973 | 770 | 14 | 22 | 40 |
Le Havre[20] | 1,786 | 709 | 11 | 13 | 53 |
Paris | 1,661 | 637 | 12 | 18 | 10 |
Nice | 2,724 | 767 | 1 | 29 | 1 |
Strasbourg | 1,693 | 665 | 29 | 29 | 56 |
Brest | 1,605 | 1,211 | 7 | 12 | 75 |
Climate data for Le Havre (located in Cap de la Heve, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1913–present) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 15.0 (59.0) |
20.0 (68.0) |
24.5 (76.1) |
26.5 (79.7) |
30.0 (86.0) |
34.7 (94.5) |
38.1 (100.6) |
36.3 (97.3) |
33.6 (92.5) |
28.5 (83.3) |
20.0 (68.0) |
16.4 (61.5) |
38.1 (100.6) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 7.6 (45.7) |
8.0 (46.4) |
10.5 (50.9) |
13.3 (55.9) |
16.2 (61.2) |
19.0 (66.2) |
20.9 (69.6) |
21.2 (70.2) |
19.1 (66.4) |
15.5 (59.9) |
11.3 (52.3) |
8.4 (47.1) |
14.3 (57.7) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 5.7 (42.3) |
6.0 (42.8) |
8.1 (46.6) |
10.4 (50.7) |
13.3 (55.9) |
16.0 (60.8) |
18.0 (64.4) |
18.4 (65.1) |
16.4 (61.5) |
13.1 (55.6) |
9.3 (48.7) |
6.5 (43.7) |
11.8 (53.2) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 3.9 (39.0) |
3.9 (39.0) |
5.6 (42.1) |
7.5 (45.5) |
10.3 (50.5) |
13.1 (55.6) |
15.1 (59.2) |
15.6 (60.1) |
13.7 (56.7) |
10.8 (51.4) |
7.4 (45.3) |
4.7 (40.5) |
9.3 (48.7) |
Record low °C (°F) | −13.8 (7.2) |
−12.5 (9.5) |
−7.8 (18.0) |
−1.0 (30.2) |
1.2 (34.2) |
4.4 (39.9) |
8.0 (46.4) |
8.4 (47.1) |
3.3 (37.9) |
−0.2 (31.6) |
−8.5 (16.7) |
−8.6 (16.5) |
−13.8 (7.2) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 67.5 (2.66) |
53.7 (2.11) |
52.5 (2.07) |
52.3 (2.06) |
56.5 (2.22) |
58.0 (2.28) |
48.7 (1.92) |
66.0 (2.60) |
65.4 (2.57) |
86.2 (3.39) |
87.5 (3.44) |
95.5 (3.76) |
789.8 (31.09) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 12.4 | 11.2 | 10.1 | 9.6 | 9.0 | 8.6 | 7.8 | 9.2 | 9.1 | 12.4 | 13.5 | 14.7 | 127.7 |
Average snowy days | 2.3 | 3.0 | 2.1 | 1.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 1.5 | 11.0 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
87 | 85 | 84 | 81 | 81 | 83 | 83 | 82 | 82 | 85 | 86 | 87 | 83.8 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 62.9 | 87.7 | 136.2 | 179.5 | 214.6 | 224.4 | 237.8 | 218.5 | 168.3 | 124.5 | 74.7 | 56.7 | 1,785.8 |
Source 1: | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Infoclimat.fr (humidity, snowy days and sun, 1961–1990)[20] |
Environment
A study by Aphekom comparing ten large French cities showed that Le Havre is the least polluted urban commune of France.[27] Le Havre is also the third best city in France with more than 100,000 inhabitants for air quality.[28] A Carbon accounting showed in 2009 that the municipality ejected some 32,500 tonnes of CO2 per year.[29] In 2011 the average annual emissions of sulfur dioxide by industry was between three micrograms per cubic metre in the centre of Le Havre to twelve micrograms per cubic metre in the district of Caucriauville.[30]
The municipality has set a target to reduce emissions of CO2 by 3% per year.[29] To achieve this solar panels have been installed on several municipal buildings (city hall, hanging gardens).[31] Since 2008, Le Havre has been part of the network of Energy Cities and, in this context, it applies the steps of Agenda 21 and an Environmental Approach to Urban Planning. The city has received many awards of eco-labels several times (Energy of the Future label in 2009–2011, sustainable Earth label in 2009). Since 1998, Le Havre's beach has received the Blue Flag yearly thanks to its range of facilities, which extend over 30,000 m2.[32]
Le Havre has kept extensive green areas (750 hectares or 41 m2 per inhabitant[31]), the two largest areas are the Montgeon Forest and Rouelles Park which are both located in the upper town. The gardens of the Priory of Graville and the hanging gardens offer views of the lower city. In the city centre, Saint-Roch Square and the City Hall Gardens provide the people with urban recreation areas. Various ecosystems are represented in the Beach Gardens and the Hauser Park (caves). Finally, the Plateau of Dollemard was classified as a "Sensitive Natural Area" of the department in 2001 to protect its landscape and ecosystems on the cliff.[31] The streets are lined with 13,000 trees of 150 different varieties.[33]
Transport
For a long time Le Havre has exploited the strengths of its coastal location but also suffered from its relative isolation. This is why the accessibility of the city has been improved with the harbour highway A131 (E05) which links Le Havre to the A13 autoroute over Tancarville Bridge. The city is one hour from Rouen and one and a half-hour from Île-de-France.[34] More recently the A29 autoroute (E44) has connected Le Havre to the north of France and passes over the Normandy Bridge which makes Amiens (in the north-east) two hours away and Caen (in the south-west) one hour.
The
No direct rail link connects Le Havre and Caen yet many projects – known as the "Southwest Line" – to link Le Havre to the left bank of the Seine downstream from Rouen, near the estuary of the river, were studied in the second half of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century but none have been realized. By public transport it is necessary to go to Rouen by train or bus (using No. 20 Green Bus). There is a Gray Coach to Étretat and Fécamp and there is VTNI for destinations in the Seine valley and Rouen who provide inter-urban services on behalf of the Department of Seine-Maritime. Finally, the company AirPlus provides a shuttle service to the railway stations and airports of Paris.
For air transport, there is
The main destination is the Transport hub of Lyon. Many holiday destinations are offered each year (Tunisia, Balearic Islands, Portugal, Greece, Bulgaria, etc.) through local travel agencies that charter aircraft. [verification needed] There is also the Flying club Jean Maridor at the airport.
The Channel maritime links with Portsmouth in southern England with P&O Ferries ended on 30 September 2005 to be taken over by LD Lines who had changed the configuration. Two services to Portsmouth are provided daily[34] from the Terminal de la Citadelle until ceasing operations in 2014, the route has since been taken over by Brittany Ferries. The link to Ireland was moved to the port of Cherbourg.
Crossing times to Portsmouth vary from five hours and thirty minutes to eight hours..
Urban transport
The city and the metropolitan area has a dense transport network. This solves the problem of a break between the lower town and the upper town and the two parts of the city are connected by long boulevards, winding roads, many stairs, a funicular, and finally the Jenner tunnel.
The CODAH transport network is called Lia[36] and is operated by the Ocean Port Transport company (CTPO), a subsidiary of Veolia Transport. The overhaul of the bus network in 2008 helped to ensure a better service for all the towns in the metropolitan area. The CTPO operates a bus network consisting of 19 regular urban routes and six evening routes called the "Midnight Bus".[36] The Le Havre urban area is served by 165 vehicles and 41 regular bus routes with an average of 100,000 passengers per day.[36] From January 2011 there has been a regular shuttle service specific to the Industrial Zone and Port of Le Havre, thus adding to the cross-estuary service of VTNI.[34] Since 1890 the funicular has provided a link between the upper town and the lower town in four minutes with a cable car.[37]
Le Havre had a tramway system from 1894 until it closed in 1957. More recently a new tramway system, with 23 stations and 13 km (8 mi) of route,[38] was built, and opened on 12 December 2012. The first part of the line connects the beach to the station climbing to the upper town through a new tunnel near the Jenner tunnel then it splits into two: one link going to Mont-Gaillard, the other to Caucriauville.
Finally, since 2001 Le Havre agglomeration has operated the LER, a TER line connecting the Le Havre station to Rolleville passing through five other SNCF railway stations of the urban area.
From 2005, development work for
Layout
Lower city
City rebuilt after 1945
Largely destroyed by the Allies during the
Another notable architectural work of the central city is that of the House of Culture built in 1982 by the Brazilian architect Oscar Niemeyer and nicknamed "the Volcano" because of the shape of the building.[41] From 2012, this place was refurbished both inside and outside with fairly significant changes approved by the architect including greater openness to the outside of the plaza.
The Notre Dame and Perrey neighbourhoods are mainly residential. Les Halles is one of the commercial hubs of the city. The Saint Francis neighborhood was also rebuilt beginning in 1950 [42] but in a radically different architectural style: the buildings are brick and have pitched slate roofs. This is the restaurant district and the fish market.
Neighbourhoods
To the east and north of the rebuilt central city are a stretch of old neighbourhoods (Danton, Saint-Vincent, Graville, Massillon, etc.) which were spared the bombings of World War II. The buildings, usually in brick, dated to the 19th and the first half of the 20th centuries. The shops are concentrated along several major roads in the Rond-Point neighbourhood. During the 1990s and 2000s, these neighborhoods have seen major redevelopments, particularly in the context of an OPAH: improvement of habitat by rehabilitation or reconstruction, creation of public facilities, and revitalization of business.[43]
At the end of the 20th century and beginning of the 21st century, the area around the railway station has undergone a major transformation. As the station is the gateway to the city with the main avenues intersecting here. New buildings have sprung up (
Southern districts
The southern districts of Le Havre are mainly used for industrial and port activities. There are buildings in brick from the 19th century, large developments (Chicago, Les Neiges), worker estates, SMEs, warehouses, dock and port facilities, and transport infrastructure. [citation needed]
The southern districts have for some years experienced profound change due to European funding. It is revitalizing areas neglected by industrial and port activities by developing tertiary activities. Thus, the docks have been completely transformed into sports and entertainment complexes (Dock Océane), a mall (Docks Vauban), and an exhibition hall (Docks Café). Les Bains Des Docks was designed by the architect Jean Nouvel. At the end of 2012 students from Sciences-Po Europe Asia and from INSA integrated new buildings next to the ISEL (Higher Institute of logistics studies) and the future ENSM (Ecole Nationale Supérieure Maritime).[45] The new medical axis around the new Clinic des Ormeaux was built in the neighbourhoods where many homes are planned with the aim of promoting social mix. The City of the Sea and of Sustainable Development (Odyssey 21) will be organized around a metal tower one hundred metres high designed by Jean Nouvel: the project was suspended in 2007 but the work should finally begin in 2013.[46] The municipality has to attract some 300,000 visitors per year.[47]
Upper town
The upper town is composed of three parts: the "coast", the suburban districts of the plateau, and large peripheral housing estates.
The neighbourhoods on the "coast" (the Dead Cliff) are residential – more prosperous in the western part (Les Ormeaux, Rue Felix Faure) and more modest to the east (St. Cecilia, Aplemont). The Jenner tunnel passes under the "coast" and connects the upper town to the lower town. It is also on the coast that there are two
To the north of the "coast" suburban districts such as Rouelles, Sainte-Cecile, la Mare au Clerc, Sanvic, Bleville, and Dollemard were developed during the first half of the 19th century.
The peripheral suburbs of the commune grew in the postwar period. These are large housing estates in Caucriauville, Bois de Bleville, Mont-Gaillard, and Mare-rouge where a disadvantaged population is concentrated. In October 2004 the National Agency for Urban Renewal (ANRU) signed with the municipality of Havre the first agreement to finance the rehabilitation of these areas. This finance agreement provides more than 340 million euros for the housing estates in the northern districts, where about 41,000 people reside. This development extends the budget for the Grand Projet de Ville (GPV). It allows the demolition and rebuilding of more than 1,700 homes.
History
When founded in 1517, the city was named Franciscopolis after Francis I of France. It was subsequently named Le Havre-de-Grâce ("Harbor of Grace"; hence Havre de Grace, Maryland). Its construction was ordered to replace the ancient harbours of Honfleur and Harfleur whose utility had decreased due to silting.
The history of the city is inextricably linked to its harbour. In the 18th century, as trade from the West Indies was added to that of France and Europe, Le Havre began to grow. On 19 November 1793, the city changed its name to Hâvre de Marat and later Hâvre-Marat in honor of the recently deceased Jean-Paul Marat, who was seen as a martyr of the French Revolution. By early 1795, however, Marat's memory had become somewhat tarnished, and on 13 January 1795, Hâvre-Marat changed its name once more to simply Le Havre, its modern name. During the 19th century, it became an industrial center.
At the end of World War I Le Havre played a major role as the transit port used to wind up affairs after the war.[51]
The city was devastated during the
Toponymy
The name of the town was attested in 1489, even before it was founded by
New research however focuses on the fact that the term was attested very early (12th century) and in Norman texts in the forms Hable, hafne, havene, havne, and haule makes a Dutch origin unlikely. By contrast, a Scandinavian etymology is relevant given the old Scandinavian höfn (genitive hafnar) or hafn meaning "natural harbour" or "haven" and the phonetic evolution of the term étrave which is assuredly of Scandinavian origin is also attested in similar forms such as estable and probably dates back to the ancient Scandinavian stafn.[54]
Heraldry
Current arms of Le Havre. The Belgian government in exile in Le Havre during the First World War ).
|
Gules, a salamander argent crowned or enflamed the same in chief azure three fleurs de lis or cantoned sable with a lion or armed and langued gules. | |
Arms of Le Havre under the First French Empire | Gules, a salamander argent crowned in Or enflamed the same, in chief azure with 3 mullets of Or quartered azure with a letter N surmounted by a mullet of Or. |
Politics and administration
Le Havre is one of two sub-prefectures of Seine-Maritime and the second largest subprefecture in France after Reims. It is the capital of the Arrondissement of Le Havre which includes 149 communes.[55] It is also the largest member of the Le Havre Seine Métropole.
Since 2015, the city of Le Havre is divided over six Cantons, some of which also cover neighbouring communes.[56] For the parliamentary elections, Le Havre spans two constituencies: the seventh (former cantons I, V, VI, and VII) and the eighth (former cantons II, III, IV, VIII, IX).[57]
Political trends and results
Several politicians have spent part of their lives in the city: Jules Lecesne (1818–1878),
Since 23 October 2010 the
Municipal administration
The number of inhabitants in Le Havre is between 150,000 and 199,999 so the number of councillors is 59 members. The
Le Havre has experienced many territorial extensions by annexing neighbouring communes:
- 1852: Ingouville and parts of Graville-l'Eure and Sanvic
- 1919: all of Graville-Sainte-Honorine
- 1953: Bleville
- 1955: all of Sanvic
- 1971: part of Harfleur (a district of Caucriauville)
- 1973: Rouelles (with the status of associated commune, 3,184 inhabitants in 2006)
Mayors
From | To | Mayor | Party | Position |
---|---|---|---|---|
1790 | 1790 | Pierre Duval | ||
1790 | 1791 | Jean-Jacques Christinat | ||
1791 | 1791 | Frédéric Heroult | ||
1791 | 1793 | Jacques-Ambroise Rialle | ||
1793 | 1794 | Jean-Marc Belot | ||
1794 | 1794 | François Bayle | ||
1794 | 1795 | Louis Lemesle | ||
1795 | 1797 | Jean-Martin Gregoire | ||
1797 | 1797 | Jacques Ambroise Rialle | ||
1797 | 1797 | Marie Glier | ||
1797 | 1799 | Alexandre Lacorne | ||
1799 | 1800 | Marie Glier | ||
1800 | 1800 | Pierre Fortin | ||
1800 | 1821 | Guillaume-Antoine Sery | ||
1821 | 1830 | André Begouen-Demeaux | ||
1830 | 1830 | Lahoussaye | ||
1830 | 1831 | Michel Delaroche | ||
1831 | 1848 | Adrien Lemaistre | ||
1848 | 1849 | Jules Ancel | ||
1849 | 1849 | Alexandre Bertin | ||
1849 | 1849 | Frédéric Perquer | ||
1849 | 1853 | Adrien Lemaistre | ||
1853 | 1853 | Isidore Maire | ||
1853 | 1855 | Jules Ancel | ||
1855 | 1858 | Edouard Larue | ||
1858 | 1864 | Just Viel | ||
1864 | 1870 | Edouard Larue | ||
1870 | 1874 | Ulysee Guillemard | ||
1874 | 1874 | Emmanuel Bigot de la Robillardiere | ||
1874 | 1878 | Jules Masurier | ||
1878 | 1878 | Ulysee Guillemard | ||
1878 | 1886 | Jules Siegfried | ||
1886 | 1890 | Paul Marion | ||
1890 | 1896 | Louis Brindeau | ||
1896 | 1904 | Théodule Marais | ||
1904 | 1908 | Théodore Maillart | ||
1908 | 1914 | Henry Genestal | ||
1914 | 1919 | Pierre-François Morgand | ||
1919 | 1940 | Léon Meyer |
From | To | Mayor | Party | Position |
---|---|---|---|---|
1940 | 1941 | Jean Risson | ||
1941 | 1941 | Georges Patrimonio | ||
1941 | 1944 | Pierre Courant | ||
1944 | 1947 | Pierre Voisin | PCF | |
1947 | 1947 | Albert le Clainche | ||
1947 | 1947 | Pierre Adolphe Jean Voisin | ||
1947 | 1954 | Pierre Courant | ||
1954 | 1954 | Eugène Gas | ||
1954 | 1956 | Léopold Abadie | ||
1956 | 1959 | René Cance | PCF | |
1959 | 1965 | Robert Monguillon | SFIO | |
1965 | 1971 | René Cance | PCF | |
1971 | 1994 | André Duromea | PCF | |
1994 | 1995 | Daniel Colliard | PCF | |
1995 | 2010 | Antoine Rufenacht | RPR, UMP | |
2010 | 2017 | Edouard Philippe | LR |
|
2017 | 2019 | Luc Lemonnier | LR |
|
2019 | 2020 | Jean-Baptiste Gastinne | LR |
|
2020 | Edouard Philippe | LR |
Public institutions and services
The Le Havre Palace of Justice is located on the Boulevard de Strasbourg. With its annex, it includes a high court, a juvenile court, and a commercial court. The city also has a Labour Court and District Court. Among the legal services offered there are legal aid services and the application of penalties. Le Havre depends on the
The Hospital Group of Havre is a public health facility managed by a supervisory board chaired by the Mayor of Le Havre. Its main structures are Flaubert Hospital (the oldest, located downtown), the Monod Hospital (in Montivilliers), the Pierre Janet Hospital (psychiatry), the house for adolescents, day hospitals, and seniors' residences. It is the largest employer in the CODAH. Built in 1987, the Jacques Monod Hospital offers a full range of care in medicine, surgery, gynecology, obstetrics, pediatrics, geriatrics, mental health follow-up care, rehabilitation, reintegration, and public health.
Finally, there are several private clinics that offer complete care: the private clinic of the Estuary groups together the old clinics of Petit Colmoulins and François I. The private clinic of Ormeaux is located in the neighbourhood of Eure.
During the first half of the 20th century, the 129th regiment of infantry of the line was stationed at Le Havre and left an important mark on the city so a street was named after them. The 74th Infantry Regiment of commandos was present from 1963 to 1976. Finally, Le Havre is the godmother city for BPC Mistral. The ceremony was held at the City Hall on 15 November 2009, during a stopover at the Building.[65]
National politics
For elections to the National Assembly, Le Havre is divided between Seine-Maritime's 7th and 8th constituency. They are currently represented by Agnès Firmin-Le Bodo and Jean-Paul Lecoq.
Twin towns and sister cities
Le Havre is
- Dalian, China
- Magdeburg, Germany
- Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Southampton, England, United Kingdom
- Tampa, United States
Demographics
Le Havre experienced a population boom in the second half of the 19th century. Subsequently, the population drain of the
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Source: EHESS[67] and INSEE[68] |
Between 2012 and 2017, the birth rate was 14.3 per thousand and the mortality rate was 10.4 per thousand: even though the Rate of natural increase is positive it does not compensate for the clearly negative net migration rate (-0.7%).[69] In 2017 19% of Le Havre's population was under 15 years old and 39% were under 30 years old,[69] which was above the average for metropolitan France.[70] 24% of men and 26% of women were over 60 years old.[69] The most populous quarters are the city centre, Sanvic, Caucriauville, Anatole France/Danton and Côte Ouest/Ormeaux.[49] In 2009 the foreign population was estimated at 8,525 persons or 4.8% of the population.[71] 12,148 immigrants lived in Havre, or 6.8% of the urban population.[72] Most had North African (5060) or African (3114) origins.[73]
With the economic changes that have affected the city, the Professions and Socio-professional categories (PCS) have changed dramatically since the 1980s: between 1982 and 1999, the number of workers has declined by about a third (−10,593), their share of the active
Education
Schools
Le Havre is located in the
Public junior high schools (collèges)
- Collège Claude Bernard
- Collège des Acacias
- Collège Descartes
- Collège Eugène Varlin
- Collège Gérard Philipe
- Collège Guy Moquet
- Collège Henri Wallon
- Collège Irène Joliot-Curie
- Collège Jacques Monod
- Collège Jean Moulin
- Collège Jules Vallès
- Collège Léo Lagrange
- Collège Raoul Dufy
- Collège Romain Rolland
- Collège Théophile Gautier
- Collège Marcel Pagnol
Private junior high schools
- Collège du Sacré Cœur
- Collège Saint-Joseph
- Collège Les Ormeaux
- Collège Montesquieu
Public sixth-form colleges/senior high schools
- Lycée Claude Monet[78][79]
- Lycée général et technologique Porte-Océane[80]
- Lycée François I
- Lycée général et technologique Robert Schuman[81]
- Lycée Jules Siegfried[82]
Private sixth-form colleges/senior high schools
Public vocational high schools
- Lycée technique et professionnel Françoise de Grâce[83]
- Lycée professionnel Jules Lecesne (Hotel trades and services)[84]
- Lycée professionnel Jules Siegfried (Electronic and Mechanical trades)[82]
- Lycée professionnel Antoine Laurent de Lavoisier (Transport and Logistics – Metallic structures – automobiles)[85]
- Lycée professionnel Auguste Perret (Housing trades)[86]
- Lycée professionnel Claude Monet (Accounting – Secretarial)[87]
- Lycée professionnel Porte Océane (Accounting – Secretarial)[80]
- Lycée professionnel Robert Schuman (Industry)[81]
Private vocational high schools
- Lycée professionnel Germaine Coty
- Lycée professionnel Saint Vincent de Paul
- Lycée professionnel Jeanne d'Arc
Special schools and higher education
In 2011 there were approximately 12,000 students in all disciplines in Le Havre.
In addition there is a large number of specialized higher education institutions covering a wide range of different areas. Founded in 1871,
In the arts, the Conservatory of Departmental Radiance Arthur Honegger is attended by 1,680 students (music, dance and drama).[97] The Graduate School of Art of Le Havre (ESAH) offers several degrees and preparation for competition. Finally 800 people study in paramedical and social schools mostly in the IFSI (Institute of Training in Nursing) which has approximately 600 students.[90][98]
Sports
The city of Le Havre has some of the oldest sports clubs in France: the Le Havre Rowing Society (1838),[99] the Regatta Society of Le Havre (1838), and Le Havre Athletic Club (1872), doyen of French football and rugby clubs.[100][101][102]
The city also hosted the sailing events for the 1900 and 1924 Summer Olympics, respectively.
Le Havre is dominated by three professional sports teams: the first is the
The maritime side of the city is found in many sports: for example, the tradition of sailing is old. On 29 July 1840 the first French pleasure boat
Several major local sportsmen began their career at Le Havre: the swimmer
Facilities
The city has 99 sports facilities including 46 gymnasiums, 23 sports fields, and 5 swimming pools.
Events
Le Havre has been and is still the venue of major sports events: the Tour de France has passed a dozen times by the Ocean Gate, the last stage took place here in 2015. Sailing events are often held and the Transat Jacques Vabre transatlantic race has been held every two years since 1993 linking Le Havre to Latin America. The course of the Solitaire du Figaro was partly in Le Havre in 2010. Since 2006, weekends of freestyle board sports have been popular (skateboarding, rollerblading, funboard, kiteboarding, skydiving etc.). Every summer roller blade events are organized in the city on Friday evening every fortnight and have great success. The first International Triathlon was held in 2012.[110] Finally, there are several opportunities for runners with ten kilometres (6.2 miles) in Le Havre or the strides of Montgeon.
Media
Five newspapers cover the Le Havre agglomeration: the dailies Le Havre libre, Le Havre Presse, Paris Normandie in its Le Havre edition in collaboration with Le Havre Presse and Liberté-Dimanche (communal Sunday edition of the previous three) are part of the Hersant group which is currently in serious financial trouble and looking for a buyer. A free weekly of information, Le Havre Infos (PubliHebdo group[111]) has been published since 2010 every Wednesday and is available in many places in the city.[112][113]
Several magazines provide local information: LH Océanes (Municipal magazine) and Terres d'Agglo (Agglomeration Area magazine) to which must be added several free magazines: Aux Arts (cultural information more focused on the
A local televised edition on France 3, France 3 Baie de Seine, is broadcast every evening then again on France 3 Haute Normandie. Radio Albatros is a local station installed in the Sanvic du Havre district transmitting on FM frequency 88.2.[114] Radio Vallée de la Lézarde, based in Épouville, RESONANCE on 98.9, and RCF Le Havre are other radio stations. It was in Le Havre radio stations that the journalist and television host Laurent Ruquier, who was born in Le Havre in 1963, began his career. Several national and regional radio stations are relays for Le Havre: local information on France Bleu Haute Normandie, local relay from 12 noon to 4pm on Virgin radio Normandie 101.8 FM, local relay for Information from 6am to 9am and from 4pm to 8pm on NRJ Le Havre 92.5 FM. Associations like LHnouslanuit and Only-Hit have tried to develop alternative and cultural local radio by featuring local community associations (Papa's Production, Ben Salad Prod, Asso6Sons, Agend'Havre, Pied Nu, I Love LH).[115]
Religion
At the request of Monsigneur André Mulch,
The Protestant Church of Le Havre was built in the city centre in 1862. Bombed in 1941, it lost its pediment, its bell tower, and roof. Rebuilt in 1953 by the architects Jacques Lamy and Gérard Dupasquier,[117] who worked in the Auguste Perret office, is the only building in Le Havre uniting the original architecture of the 19th century with the architecture of the Perret school. Le Havre also has seven evangelical Protestant churches: Salvation Army, Seventh Day Adventist, Apostolic Church, Assembly of God, Baptist Church, Good News Church, et Church of Le Havre as well as several Protestant churches of African origin.
The city also has seven Muslim places of worship: the socio-cultural association of Muslims in Upper Normandy, En-Nour Mosque on Rue Paul Claudel, El Fath Mosque on rue Victor Hugo, Bellevue mosque on rue Gustavus Brindeau, and three prayer rooms located on rue Audran, Boulevard Jules Durant, and rue Lodi. The synagogue, located in the rebuilt central city, was visited by President Jacques Chirac in April 2002.[118] It is the seat of the association consistoriale israélite du Havre whose president is Victor Elgressy.
Economy
General
Although well developed and diversified, the local economy relies heavily on industrial sites, international groups, and subcontracted
Name | Commune | Sector |
---|---|---|
Renault Sandouville | Sandouville | Automobile |
Centre Hospitalier Général | Le Havre | Health |
Le Havre Commune | Le Havre | Administration publique |
TotalEnergies | Gonfreville | Raffinage |
Port Authority of Le Havre | Le Havre | Port Services |
Aircelle | Gonfreville | Aeronautical Construction |
Total Petrochemicals | Gonfreville | Petrochemicals |
SNCF | Le Havre | Transport |
Dresser-Rand | Le Havre | Mechanical Equipment |
Chevron | Gonfreville | Petrochemicals |
Port
With 68.6 million tons of cargo in 2011, the port of Le Havre is the second largest French seaport in trade volume behind that of Marseille and 50th largest port in the world.[119] It represents 60% of total French container traffic with nearly 2.2 million Twenty-foot equivalent unit|EVP]s in 2011.[120][121] At the European level, it is eighth largest for container traffic and sixth largest for total traffic. The Port receives a large number of oil tankers that transported 27.5 million tonnes of crude oil and 11.7 million tonnes of refined product in 2011.[120] Finally, 340,500 vehicles passed through the Roll-on/roll-off terminal in 2010.[121] 75 regular shipping lines serve 500 ports around the world.[121] The largest trading partner of the port of Le Havre is the Asian continent which alone accounts for 58% of imports by container and 39.6% of exports.[120] The rest of the traffic is distributed mainly to Europe and America.
Le Havre occupies the north bank of the estuary of the
The port provides 16,000 direct jobs[121] to the Le Havre region, to which must be added indirect jobs in industry and transport. With approximately 3,000 employees in 2006, the activities of distribution and warehousing provide more jobs,[123] followed by road transport (2,420 jobs) and handling (2,319 jobs).[123]
In 2011, 715,279 passengers passed through the port of Le Havre
Industry
Most industries are located in the industrial-port area north of the estuary and east of the city of Le Havre. The largest industrial employer (2,400 employees
There are several firms in the aerospace industry: SAFRAN Nacelles, a supplier to
Other industries are dispersed throughout the Le Havre agglomeration: the Brûlerie du Havre, which belongs to Legal-Legoût, located in the district of Dollemard that roasts coffee, Sidel located both in the industrial area of Port of Le Havre and Octeville-sur-Mer designs and manufactures blow moulding machines and complete filling line machines for plastic bottles.
Services sector
The two largest employers in the service sector are the Groupe Hospitalier du Havre with 4,384 staff[132] and the City of Le Havre with 3,467 permanent employees.[133] The city has long been home to many service companies whose activity is related to port operations: primarily the ship-owning companies and also the marine insurance companies. The headquarters of Delmas (transport and communications, 1,200 employees) and SPB (Provident Society Banking, insurance, 500 employees) have settled recently at the entrance to the city. The head office of Groupama Transport (300 employees) is also present.
The transport sector is the largest economic sector in Le Havre with 15.5% of employment. Logistics occupies a large part of the population and the
There are many growth factors in the tourist industry: blue flag rating, World Heritage status from UNESCO, the label French Towns and Lands of Art and History, cruise ship development, a policy of value-creation from heritage, and the City of the Sea project. In January 2020 the city had 26 hotels with a total of 1,428 rooms.[69]
Le Havre is the seat of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Le Havre. It manages the
Culture
Events and festivals
Le Havre's festival calendar is punctuated by a wide range of events.
In spring a Children's Book Festival was recently created. In May there is the Fest Yves, a Breton festival in the Saint-François district. On the beach of Le Havre and Sainte-Adresse there is a
In the first weekend of September the marine element is highlighted in the Festival of the Sea. This is a race between Le Havre and Bahia in Brazil. Also every November there is a fair held in the Docks Café. The Autumn Festival in Normandy, organized by the departments of Seine-Maritime and Eure, and the Region of Normandy, runs from September to November and offers numerous concerts throughout the region as well as theatre performances and dance. In late October, since 2009, there is rock music festival which has been at the fort of Tourneville since the moving of the Papa's Production association site there. The West Park Festival, after its inauguration in 2004, has been held in the park of the town hall of Harfleur.
Since 1 June 2006 a Biennale of contemporary Art has been organized by the group Partouche.[135]
Cultural heritage and architecture
Many buildings in the city are classified as "historical monuments", but the 2000s marked the real recognition of Le Havre's architectural heritage. The city received the label "City of Art and History" in 2001, then in 2005 UNESCO inscribed the city of Le Havre as a World Heritage Site.[9]
The oldest building still standing in Le Havre is the Graville Abbey. The other medieval building in the city is the Chapel of Saint-Michel of Ingouville. Because of the bombing in 1944, heritage from the modern era is rare: Le Havre Cathedral, the Church of Saint Francis, the Museum of the Hotel Dubocage of Bleville, the House of the ship-owner and the old palace of justice (now the Natural History Museum) are concentrated in the Notre-Dame and Saint-François areas. The buildings of the 19th century testify to the maritime and military vocations of the city: the Hanging Gardens, the Fort of Tourneville, Vauban docks, and the Maritime Villa. The heritage of the 1950s and 1960s which were the work of the Auguste Perret workshop forms the most coherent architecture: the Church of Saint Francis and the Town Hall are the centrepieces. The all curved architecture of the "Volcano", designed by Oscar Niemeyer, contrasts with that of the rebuilt centre. Finally, the reconstruction of many districts is a showcase for the architecture of the 21st century. Among the achievements by renowned architects are the Chamber of Commerce and Industry (René and Phine Weeke Dottelond), Les Bains Des Docks (Jean Nouvel).[9] °
Churches
- Le Havre Cathedral: the first stone of the building was laid in 1536. It is the seat of the Bishop of Le Havre.
- Church of Saint Joseph, one of the most recognized symbols of the city. The belltower is one of the tallest in France, rising to a height of 107 metres. It was designed by Auguste Perret.
- Church of Saint Michel[136]
- Church of Saint Vincent[137]
- Church of Saint François[138]
- Church of St. Anne[139]
- Church of Saint Marie[140]
- Chapel of Saint Michel d'Ingouville (15th century)[141]
- Graville Abbey, a monastery dedicated to Sainte Honorine, set in grounds on the northern bank of the Seine River.[142]
- Presbyterian Reform Church (Église Réformée), 47 rue Anatole France, built in 1857, bombed in 1941, the roof and ceiling were rebuilt in 1953 by two architects from the famous Auguste Perret office: Jacques Lamy and Gérard Dupasquier, The only building in town offering both ancient and the new Perret school of architecture in the same building. Holy Office each Sunday morning at 10.30.
Museums
Five Museums in Le Havre have the distinction of being classified as Musées de France (Museums of France)[143] an official label granted only to museums of a high status. The five museums are:
Museum of modern art André Malraux – MuMa
The most important of the five,
Musée du Vieux Havre (Museum of old Le Havre)
A Museum dedicated to the history of Le Havre with many objects from the
Musée d'histoire naturelle (Museum of Natural History)
Founded in 1881 but heavily damaged during World War II, the Museum of Natural History is housed in Le Havre's former law courts, built in the mid-18th century; the façade and monumental staircase are listed as historical monuments. The museum houses mineralogy, zoology, ornithology, palaeontology and prehistory departments as well as 8,000 early 19th-century paintings from the collection of local naturalist and traveller
The Shipowner's house
From the 18th century; like the Museum of Old Havre it is dedicated to the History of Le Havre and contains many relics from the
Museum of the Priory of Graville
The Museum at the Priory of Graville displays many items of religious art including statues, madonnas, and other religious objects many of which are classified by the Ministry of Culture. It also houses the Gosselin collection of 206 model houses created by Jules Gosselin in the 19th century.[148]
Others
Other less important museums reflect the history of Le Havre and its maritime vocation. The apartment-control (Apartement-Temoine) was a standard apartment designed by in 1947–1950 and shows a place of daily life in the 1950s. The maritime museum displays objects related to the sea and the port. Finally, there are numerous exhibitions in the city such as the SPOT, a centre for contemporary art,[149] art galleries, and Le Portique – a contemporary art space opened in 2008; the municipal library of Le Havre regularly organizes exhibitions.
Other attractions include:
- The former tribunal (18th century)
- The Town Hall: the modern belfry which now contains offices
- The "Volcan" cultural centre built by Oscar Niemeyer
- Square St. Roch
- Japanese Garden
Theatres, auditoriums and concerts
There are two main cultural axes in Le Havre: the central city and the Eure district. The Espace Oscar Niemeyer consists of a part of the "Great Volcano", a national theatre seating 1,093[150] (which houses the National Choreographic Centre of Le Havre Haute-Normandie directed by Hervé Robbe) and secondly the "Little Volcano" with a 250-seat multi-purpose hall[150] for live performances. The whole Espace Oscar Niemeyer has been worked on since 2011: the little volcano will be transformed into a multimedia library. As for the performances at the Great Volcano, they are now taking place in the old ferry terminal until the end of construction. Other cultural institutions of the city centre are being transformed: the cinema of art and a trial of Le Sirius facing the university will reopen in 2013. Le Tetris at the fort of Tourneville will, in 2013, be a place devoted to contemporary music. Other cultural venues are scattered in the city centre: the cinema Le Studio, the theatre of the City Hall (700 seats),[151] the Little Theatre (450 seats),[152] the Théâtre des Bains Douches (94 seats), Akté theatre (60 seats), and the Poulailler (Henhouse)) (associative theatre with 50 seats) host numerous shows each year. The National Choreographic Centre of Le Havre Haute-Normandie specialises in the creation and production of dance shows. Other shows and performances are given in other places and at the Conservatory Arthur Honegger.
The second cultural centre of the city is in the Eure district near the Basin Vauban. Docks Océane is a multi-purpose hall (concerts, shows, and sporting events) which can accommodate up to 4,700 spectators in 1,800 square metres (19,000 sq ft).[153] The largest cinema in Le Havre is located on the Docks Vauban (2,430 seats).[154] The Docks Café is an exhibition centre of 17,500 square metres (188,000 sq ft) used for shows, fairs, and exhibitions. The Magic Mirrors offers many concerts managed by the city and leased to private organizers.
Following the closure of Cabaret Electric which was located in the Espace Oscar Niemeyer in 2011 a new auditorium, Le Tetris, is under construction at the Fort of Tourneville. It was scheduled to open in September 2013 with a large festival free-of-charge.[citation needed] It will consist of two halls with 800 and 200 seats, exhibition space, housing for artists in residence, a restaurant etc. Le Tetris will be a venue for contemporary music as well as theatre, dance, and visual arts. An "expectation" outside the walls was held on the site of the fort during 2012 and early 2013. [citation needed]
Libraries and archives
The main library is located in the city centre, named after the writer Armand Salacrou. It has branches in all districts. A new multimedia library at the "Volcano" is being refurbished for 2014. Thousands of references are available in specialized libraries in the Higher School of Art, the Museum of André Malraux, and the Natural History Museum. Medieval manuscripts and Incunables are conserved at the public library. The archives of the city, at the Fort of Tourneville, possesses documents from the 16th to the 20th centuries.[155]
Representations in visual arts
The Port of Le Havre and the light on the estuary of the Seine inspired many painters:
Then came the school of Fauvism in which many artists did their training at Le Havre: Othon Friesz (1879–1949), Henri de Saint-Delis (1876–1958), Raoul Dufy (1877–1953), Georges Braque (1882–1963), Raymond Lecourt (1882–1946), Albert Copieux (1885–1956), who followed the course of the School of Fine Arts of Le Havre in the time of Charles Lhuillier. They left a number of paintings on the theme of the city and the port. In 1899, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec (1864–1901) painted La serveuse anglaise du Star (The English waitress of Star) (Museum Toulouse-Lautrec, Albi) of a girl he met in a bar in the city.
Other painters who painted Le Havre and/or its surroundings such as Sainte-Adresse can be cited in particular: Frédéric Bazille, John Gendall, Thomas Couture, Ambroise Louis Garneray, Pablo Picasso (Souvenir du Havre). Jean Dubuffet studied at the School of Art in Le Havre.
Cinema
With nearly 70 films, Le Havre is one of the provincial cities most represented in the cinema.[157] Several directors have chosen the port facilities as part of their movie:
- L'Atalante by Jean Vigo (1934)
- Le Quai des brumes by Marcel Carné (1938)
- Un homme marche dans la ville by Marcello Pagliero took place in the port and the Saint-François district after the Second World War.[157]
- Ce qu'ils imaginent by Anne Théron (2004)
The city has also hosted the filming of several comedies such as:
- Le Cerveau by Gérard Oury(1968)
- La Beuze (2002)
- Disco (2008)
- La Fée, also presented at the Directors' Fortnight in 2011.
The film by Sophie Marceau, La Disparue de Deauville, made in 2007, contains many scenes around the port of Le Havre, in the Coty shopping centre of Coty and in the streets of the central city.
The film Le Havre by Aki Kaurismäki received two prizes at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival and also the Louis Delluc Prize.[158] It was nominated three times for the 37th César Awards.
Literature
Le Havre appears in several literary works as a point of departure to America: in the 18th century,
In the 19th century, Le Havre was the setting for several French novels:
In the 20th century,
Diana Gabaldon set the second novel in her Outlander series, Dragonfly in Amber (1992), partly in Le Havre.
Two
Le Havre also appears in comic books: for example, in
Music
Le Havre is the birthplace of many musicians and composers such as Henri Woollett (1864–1936), André Caplet (1878–1925)[159] and Arthur Honegger (1892–1955).[160] There was also Victor Mustel (1815–1890) who was famous for having perfected the harmonium.[161]
Le Havre has long been regarded as one of the cradles of French rock and
Currently, the musical tradition continues in the Symphony Orchestra of the city of Le Havre, the orchestra of Concerts André Caplet, the conservatory, and music schools such as the Centre for Vocal and Musical Expression (rock) or the JUPO (mainly jazz), associations or labels like Papa's Production (la Folie Ordinaire, Mob's et Travaux, Dominique Comont, Souinq, Your Happy End etc.). The organization by the association of West Park Festival since the 2000s in Harfleur and since 2004 at the Fort of Tourneville is a demonstration. Moreover, since 2008, the association I Love LH was started and promotes Le Havre culture and especially its music scene by organizing original cultural events as well as the free distribution of compilation music by local artists.
Board game
Main articles: Le Havre (board game)
Le Havre is a board game about the development of the town of Le Havre. It was inspired by the games Caylus and Agricola and was developed in December 2007.[citation needed]
Norman language
Main articles: Norman language and Cauchois dialect.
The legacy of the Norman language is present in the language used by the people of Le Havre, part of which is identified as speaking cauchois. Among the Norman words most used in Le Havre there are: boujou (hello, goodbye), clenche (door handle), morveux (veuse) (child), and bezot (te) (last born).
Notable people
Le Havre was the birthplace of:
- Georges de Scudéry (1601–1667), novelist, dramatist and poet.[162]
- Madeleine de Scudéry (1607–1701), writer.[163]
- Jacques-Henri Bernardin de Saint-Pierre (1737–1814), writer and botanist.[164]
- Charles Alexandre Lesueur (1778–1846), naturalist, artist and explorer
- Ivan Đaja (1884–1957), biologist, physiologist, author and philosopher
- Casimir Delavigne (1793–1843), poet and dramatist.[165]
- Jacques-François Ancelot (1794–1854), dramatist and litterateur.[166]
- Frédérick Lemaître (1800–1876), actor and playwright.[167]
- Léon Gautier (1832–1897), literary historian.[168]
- Gabriel Monod (1844–1912), historian.[169]
- Alfred-Louis Brunet-Debaines (1845–c. 1935), artist
- Juliette Heuzey (1865-1952), writer
- Louis Bachelier (1870–1946), mathematician
- Raoul Dufy (1877–1953), painter
- André Caplet (1878–1925), composer and conductor
- French president(1954–1959)
- Suzanne Balguerie (1888–1973), French soprano
- Arthur Honegger (1892–1955), composer, a member of Les Six
- Thomas Roberts(1893–1976), Roman Catholic archbishop
- Jean Dubuffet (1901–1985), artist
- Jean Mallon (1904–1982), palaeographer
- Raymond Queneau (1903–1976), poet and novelist
- Jacques Leguerney (1906–1997), composer
- Bénédicte Pesle (1927–2018), arts patron
- Jacqueline Danno (1931-2021). actress and singer.
- Tristan Murail (born 1947), composer
- Elvire Murail (born 1958), writer for children
- Laurent Ruquier (born 1963), journalist
- govy, (1981-2023), artist
Sport
- Paul Frère (1917–2008), Belgian racing driver
- Jérôme Le Banner (born 1972), kickboxer and K-1 fighter
- Vikash Dhorasoo, (born 1973), international footballer
- Olivier Davidas (born 1981), footballer
- Dimitri Dragin (born 1984), judoka
- Julien Faubert (born 1983), footballer
- Kevin Anin(born 1986), footballer
- Gueïda Fofana (born 1991), footballer
- Jaylen Hoard (born 1999), French-American basketball player for Hapoel Tel Aviv
Others, associated with the city
- Rex Cherryman (1896–1928), American actor, died here
- Jean-Paul Sartre (1905–1980), philosopher, taught at the Lycée François-Ier
- Patrick Demarchelier (1943–2022), fashion photographer, spent his childhood in Le Havre
- Christine Lagarde (born 1956), IMF managing director, grew up in Le Havre
- René Viénet (born 1944), sinologist
See also
- Pierre-Marie Poisson, Le Havre War Memorial
- Jean-Marie Baumel, sculpture of several bas-reliefs in Le Havre
References
- (in French) Michel de Boüard, History of Normandy, Toulouse, 2001, ISBN 2-7089-1707-2
- (in French) Pierre Gras, The Time of Ports, Decline and Recovery of Port Cities (1940–2010), Tallandier, 2010, 298 pages, ISBN 978-2-84734-675-6
- (in French) Claire Étienne-Steiner, Le Havre. City, Port, and Agglomeration, Connaissance du patrimoine de Haute-Normandie, Rouen, 1999, ISBN 2-910316-19-X
Footnotes
- ^ "Elections municipales 2020 : Edouard Philippe est officiellement réélu maire du Havre". Franceinfo. 5 July 2020.
- ^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires" (in French). data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises. 30 November 2023.
- ^ "Populations légales 2021". The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.
- ^ INSEE, consulted on 16 June 2022 (in French)
- ^ "Le Havre". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
- ^ "Le Havre". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 18 July 2022.
- ^ "Le Havre". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
- ^ "Le nom des habitants du 76 - Seine-Maritime". Habitants.
- ^ a b c d e f "Le Havre, the City Rebuilt by Auguste Perret". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
- ^ "Site officiel du Label Villes et Villages Fleuris". www.villes-et-villages-fleuris.com. Archived from the original on 10 December 2014.
- ^ Rezoning of Urban areas: seeking urban expansion Archived 16 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine, Assemblée des Communautés de France, consulted on 19 July 2012 (in French)
- ^ Editorial[permanent dead link], CODAH, consulted on 19 July 2012 (in French)
- ^ "Le Havre". Le Havre.
- ^ a b Claire Étienne-Steiner, Frédéric Saunier, Le Havre a port with new towns, Paris, éditions du patrimoine, 2005, p. 21 (in French)
- ^ C. Étienne-Steiner, Le Havre. City, Port, and agglomeration, Rouen, édition du patrimoine, 1999, p. 15 (in French)
- ^ Isabelle Letélié, Le Havre, unusual itineraries, Louviers, Ysec éditions, 2010, p. 14 (in French)
- ^ J. Ragot, M. Ragot, Guide to Nature in the Pays de Caux, 2005, p. 6 (in French)
- ^ P. Auger, G. Granier, The Guide to Pays de Caux, 1993, p. 33 (in French)
- ^ Information on Nature and scenery in the estuary of the Seine, Carmen, Haute-Normandie, consulted on 19 July 2012 (in French)
- ^ a b c d e f "Normes et records 1961–1990: Le Havre – Cap de la Hève (76) – altitude 100m" (in French). Infoclimat. Archived from the original on 15 March 2016. Retrieved 5 January 2016.
- ^ P. Auger, G. Granier, The Guide to Pays de Caux, 1993, p. 42 (in French)
- ^ Currents, flows, and tides: The movements of water Archived 18 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Pierre Le Hir, Ricardo Silva Jacinto, Ifremer, 2001, consulted on 31 July 2012 (in French)
- ^ Nature and Scenic information the estuary of the Seine, Carmen, Haute-Normandie, consulted on 19 July 2012 (in French)
- ^ Paris, Nice, Strasbourg, Brest
- ^ "Cap-de-la-Heve (76)" (PDF). Fiche Climatologique: Statistiques 1991–2020 et records (in French). Meteo France. Retrieved 14 July 2022.
- ^ "Canicule : la France a connu hier une chaleur record au niveau national" (in French). Météo-France. Archived from the original on 31 July 2019. Retrieved 26 July 2019.
- ^ It is difficult to mobilise politician on air pollution problems, Gaëlle Dupont, consulted on 20 July 2012 (in French)
- ^ Laurence Perrin, The hour of reckoning for carbon, Océanes Le Havre, No. 152, December 2011 – January 2012, p. 31 (in French)
- ^ a b Fight against Changing Climate Archived 18 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Ville du Havre, consulted on 20 July 2012 (in French)
- ^ Results of Measurements in 2011 Archived 26 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Air Normand, consulted on 20 July 2012 (in French)
- ^ a b c d Annual Report on sustainable development for the city of Le Havre 2010–2011 Archived 18 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Ville du Havre, consulted on 20 July 2012 (in French)
- ^ The Beach at Le Havre has nothing new in being certified Pavillon bleu Archived 19 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine, consulted on 20 July 2012 (in French)
- ^ Preservation of biodiversity, ecosystems and natural environments Archived 2 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine, consulted on 12 March 2015 (in French)
- ^ a b c d e Communication Network Archived 7 August 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Le Havre Development, consulted on 20 July 2012 (in French)
- ^ Le Havre Portsmouth Timetables | Archived 4 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Cross Channel Ferry, LD Lines, consulted on 12 Match 2013
- ^ a b c Who are we?, CODAH, consulted on 27 July 2012 (in French)
- ^ a b Mobility Guide 2011 Archived 16 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine, Ville du Havre, consulted on 20 July 2012 (in French)
- ^ The Key Numbers (French), accessed on 20 July 2012
- ^ Océanes Le Havre, n°156, mai 2012, p.14
- ^ Isabelle Letélié, Le Havre, unusual itineraries, Louviers, Ysec éditions, 2010, p. 31 (in French)
- ^ Isabelle Letélié, Le Havre, unusual itineraries, Louviers, Ysec éditions, 2010, p. 32 (in French)
- ^ "The stages of the reconstruction". Le Havre. 3 November 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2022.
- ^ An old centre in course of renovation Archived 18 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Ville du Havre, consulted on 20 July 2012 (in French)
- ^ "Turgot Magellan - Paumier Architectes Associés". Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 26 September 2020.
- ^ Parks and Gardens of Le Havre Archived 18 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Sciences Po and INSA, consulted on 20 July 2012 (in French)
- ISBN 978-2-84734-675-6p. 238 (in French)
- ISBN 978-2-84734-675-6p. 239 (in French)
- ^ Tourneville Fort Archived 18 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Ville du Havre, consulted on 20 July 2012 (in French)
- ^ a b c Recensement de la population: Chiffres clés 2013 - Le Havre Archived 5 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine, AURH
- ^ The eco-district "Les Hauts de Bléville"[permanent dead link], Ville du Havre, consulted on 31 July 2012 (in French)
- ISBN 978-0-7524-4793-3. Pages 102-110.
- ^ OCLC 6403150, p. 92-93 (in French)
- ^ Lexicographic definitions and etymologies of Havre, TLFi, on the CNRTL website (in French)
- ^ Elisabeth Ridel, The Vikings and the words: The contribution of old Scandinavian to the French language, éditions errance, Paris, 2009, p. 203, 226, 227, 228. (in French)
- INSEE.
- ^ "Décret n° 2014-266 du 27 février 2014 portant délimitation des cantons dans le département de la Seine-Maritime". Legifrance.gouv.fr. Retrieved 3 October 2023.
- ^ Code électoral, Annexe tableau n° 1, version 1 August 2009, Légifrance (in French)
- ^ Édouard Philippe Archived 18 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Ville du Havre, consulted on 24 July 2012 (in French)
- ISBN 978-2-84734-675-6), p. 47 (in French)
- ^ a b Results of Legislative Elections for 2012 Seine-Maritime 7th electoral district, L'Express, consulted on 24 July 2012 (in French)
- ^ a b Results of Legislative Elections for 2012 Seine-Maritime 8th electoral district, L'Express, consulted on 24 July 2012 (in French)
- ^ a b The Municipal Council Archived 28 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Ville du Havre, consulted on 24 July 2012 (in French)
- ^ Weinland, Robert. "francegenweb.org - votre service benevole d'assistance genealogique". www.francegenweb.org.
- ^ Le Havre, Ministry of Justice, consulted on 24 July 2012 (in French)
- ^ Le Havre, Marine city of Mistral[permanent dead link], November 2009, Océanes Le Havre (in French)
- ^ "Rock challenge: la danse pour rapprocher les jeunes". lehavre.fr (in French). Le Havre. 10 February 2017. Retrieved 14 November 2019.
- ^ Des villages de Cassini aux communes d'aujourd'hui: Commune data sheet Le Havre, EHESS (in French).
- ^ Population en historique depuis 1968, INSEE
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Dossier complet: Commune du Havre (76351), INSEE, 2020, consulted on 14 August 2020 (in French)
- INSEE(in French)
- INSEE, 2009, consulted on 25 July 2012 (in French)
- INSEE, consulted on 26 July 2012 (in French)
- ^ Le Havre (76351 – Commune) – Immigration[permanent dead link], consulted on 26 July 2012 (in French)
- INSEE. Retrieved 11 September 2020.
- ^ a b c d e "Dossier complet − France entière | Insee". insee.fr.
- ^ The Schools Archived 19 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Ville du Havre, consulted on 26 July 2012 (in French)
- ^ Directory of public establishments (2009–2010), Academy of Rouen website, consulted on 5 July 2010 (in French)
- ^ Claude Monet School Archived 22 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine, Academy of Rouen website, consulted on 5 July 2010 (in French)
- ^ Twinned with Lincoln-Sudbury Regional High School in the state of Massachusetts in the United States.
- ^ a b Lycee Porte Océane, Academy of Rouen website, consulted on 5 July 2010 (in French)
- ^ a b Robert Schuman School Archived 10 March 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Academy of Rouen website, consulted on 5 July 2010 (in French)
- ^ a b Jules Siegfried School of Le Havre Archived 2 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Academy of Rouen website, consulted on 5 July 2010 (in French)
- ^ Françoise de Grâce School Archived 11 August 2010 at the Wayback Machine, Academy of Rouen, consulted on 5 July 2010 (in French)
- ^ Jules Lecesne Hotel Trades and Services School – Le Havre Archived 20 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine, Academy of Rouen, consulted on 5 July 2010 (in French)
- ^ Antoine Laurent de Lavoisier School – Le Havre Archived 1 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine, Academy of Rouen, consulted on 5 July 2010 (in French)
- ^ Auguste Perret School Archived 6 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Academy of Rouen website, consulted on 5 July 2010 (in French)
- ^ Teaching Unit of the Vocational School Archived 28 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine, Academy of Rouen website, consulted on 5 July 2010 (in French)
- ^ Océanes Le Havre, April 2011, No. 145, p. 25 (in French)
- ^ A hospitable university Archived 6 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine, University of Le Havre, consulted on 26 July 2012 (in French)
- ^ a b c d Regional Atlas: Number of students in 2010–2011, Ministry of Higher Education and Research, consulted on 26 July 2012 (in French)
- ^ International Archived 26 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine, University of Le Havre, consulted on 26 July 2012 (in French)
- ^ Vocation, École de management de Normandie, consulted on 2 April 2008 (in French)
- ^ [1] EM Normandie website, consulted on 7 June 2015 (in English)
- ^ Welcome Archived 2 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Sciences Po, consulted on 2 August 2012 (in French)
- ^ The ENSM (ex-Hydro) moves to Le Havre in 2015 Archived 19 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Ville du Havre, consulted on 26 July 2012 (in French)
- ^ Océanes Le Havre, April 2011, No. 145, p. 29 (in French)
- ^ Conservatory Arthur Honegger Archived 19 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Ville du Havre, consulted on 26 July 2012 (in French)
- ^ Océanes Le Havre, April 2011, No. 145, p. 27 (in French)
- ^ Since 1838, Société française de l'Aviron, consulted on 2 August 2012 (in French)
- ^ Yachting Booklet Archived 1 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine, havredeveloppement.com, consulted on 21 November 2010 (in French)
- ^ Municipal Archives of Le Havre Archived 8 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine, Ville du Havre, consulted on 26 July 2012 (in French)
- ^ Coll., 1872–1972, Le Havre Centenary Athletic Club, Le Havre, HAC, 1972, p. 19–23 (in French)
- ^ Presentation of the club, FFHG, consulted on 2 August 2012 (in French)
- ^ 200 Key Figures and Statistics Archived 7 August 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Le Havre Development, consulted 2 April 2008 (in French)
- ^ Océanes Le Havre, April 2011, No. 145, p. 30 (in French)
- ^ Presentation Archived 13 August 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Centre nautique Paul Vatine, consulted on 25 July 2012 (in French)
- ^ Gymnasiums, grounds, and other municipal facilities Archived 1 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Ville du Havre, consulted on 26 July 2012 (in French)
- ^ Océane Stadium, Ville du Havre, consulted on 26 July 2012 (in French)
- ^ Extract from the Swiss website TSR sport dated 19 May 2006 Opening at Le Havre of the largest free skatepark in France.
- ^ Océanes Le Havre, No. 157, Summer 2012, p. 17 (in French)
- ^ PubliHebdos, PubliHebdos, consulted on 8 June 2013 (in French)
- ^ Le Havre Info with listings for Rouen, PubliHebdos, consulted on 8 June 2013 (in French)
- ^ Paris-Normandy with Rouen listings, Hersant, consulted on 8 June 2013 (in French)
- ^ Radio Albatros, Radio Albatros, consulted on 2 August 2012 (in French)
- ^ Only-Hit Archived 25 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Only-Hit, consulted on 5 July 2012 (in French)
- ^ Le Havre-Sainte-Adresse, diocèse of Le Havre, consulted on 4 April 2008 (in French)
- ^ C. Étienne-Steiner, Le Havre. City, Port, and conurbation, Rouen, édition du patrimoine, 1999, p. 114 (in French)
- ^ Declaration of the President of the Republic at the synagogue of Le Havre[permanent dead link], Presidency of the Republic, consulted on 4 April 2008 (in French)
- ^ World Port ranking 2010, AAPA website, consulted on 27 July 2012
- ^ a b c d Definitive Statistics 2011[permanent dead link], Port du Havre, consulted on 27 December 2012 (in French)
- ^ a b c d The Port of Le Havre Archived 2 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Le Havre développement, consulted on 30 July 2012 (in French)
- ^ a b c The Port today Archived 29 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Grand Port Maritime du Havre, consulted on 28 July 2012 (in French)
- ^ a b Employment linked to the Maritime and Port activities in the Le Havre area (excluding industry) Archived 29 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Port du Havre, consulted on 29 July 2012 (in French)
- ^ Laurence Périn, The Cruises in vogue, in Océanes, No. 154, March 2012, p. 6 (in French)
- ^ The Leisure Boat Port[permanent dead link], Ville du Havre, consulted on 2 August 2012 (in French)
- ^ Renault/Sandouville Economy: non-working days, Le Figaro, consulted on 30 July 2012 (in French)
- ^ Petrochemical Chemistry Archived 7 August 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Le Havre développement, consulted on 30 July 2012 (in French)
- ^ Aeronautic Archived 7 August 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Le Havre développement, consulted on 30 July 2012 (in French)
- ^ Huge contract for Dresser-Rand Le Havre, L'usine nouvelle, 20 July 2007, consulted on 30 July 2012 (in French)
- ^ 2011 in brief, EDF, centrale du Havre, consulted on 30 July 2012 (in French)
- ^ Océanes Le Havre, No. 156, May 2012, p. 3 (in French)
- ^ Presentation and key data[permanent dead link], Groupe Hospitalier du Havre, consulted on 30 July 2012 (in French)
- ^ The City recruits Archived 1 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Ville du Havre, consulted on 30 July 2012 (in French)
- ^ University of Le Havre data Archived 11 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Université du Havre, consulted on 26 July 2012 (in French)
- ^ Cultural Events Archived 10 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Ville du Havre, consulted on 9 October 2012 (in French)
- ^ Church of Saint-Michel Archived 7 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Le Havre official website (in French)
- ^ Church of Saint-Vincent-de-Paul, Le Havre website (in French)
- ^ Church of Saint-François, Le Havre Official website (in French)
- ^ Church of Saint Anne Archived 4 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Le Havre official website (in French)
- ^ Church of Saint Marie picture Archived 24 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Le Havre Actif website (in French)
- ^ Chapel of Ingouville Archived 29 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Le Havre Official website (in French)
- ^ Alley of Graville Archived 7 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Le Havre official website (in French)
- ^ HAVRE MUSEOFILE Directory of French Museums, Ministry of Culture, consulted on 27 July 2012 (in French)
- ^ The MuMa Museum Archived 24 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine, MuMa, consulted on 18 July 2014 (in French)
- ^ Collections, MuMa, consulted on 18 July 2014 (in French)
- ^ Lesueur Collection Archived 2 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Ville du Havre, consulted on 2 August 2012 (in French)
- ^ "Les Collections Biologiques du Muséum avant le désastre du 5 Septembre 1944." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de Normandie et des Amis du Muséum du Havre. Tome 40. 1936–1950. Pages 12, 17, 22. (in French)
- ^ Collections of the Abbey of Graville, Le Havre Official website (in French)
- ^ Centre of contemporary art, EVENE, consulted on 2 August 2012 (in French)
- ^ a b The Gallery, Le Volcan, consulted on 27 July 2012 (in French)
- ^ Auditoriums [permanent dead link], Ville du Havre, consulted on 2 April 2008 (in French)
- ^ Auditoriums [permanent dead link], Ville du Havre, consulted on 2 April 2008 (in French)
- ^ Welcome to the Docks Archived 15 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Les Docks, consulted on 2 April 2008 (in French)
- ^ Gaumont Docks Vauban-Le Havre, Gaumont, consulted on 27 July 2012 (in French)
- ^ Educational services in the cultural establishments of the Academy of Rouen Archived 28 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Academy of Rouen, consulted on 2 April 2008 (in French)
- ^ Alfred Sensier, The Life and works of J.-F Millet, A. Quantin, 1881. (in French)
- ^ a b The making of films in Le Havre[permanent dead link], Ville du Havre, consulted on 1 April 2008 (in French)
- ^ Aki Kaurismäki wins the Louis-Delluc Prize for Le Havre, Le Monde, 16 December 2011, consulted on 19 December 2011 (in French)
- ^ "Caplet, André, Oxford University Press". global.oup.com. Retrieved 18 February 2024.
- ^ "Honegger, Arthur, Oxford University Press". global.oup.com. Retrieved 18 February 2024.
- ^ "Victor and Auguste Mustel | Harmonium | French". The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 18 February 2024.
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 487; see para 2.
Georges de Scudéry (1601–1667), the elder....
. - ^ Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 487; see para 3.
His sister Madeleine (1607–1701)....
. - ^ Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 41. .
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 946. .
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 945. .
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 68. .
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 536. .
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 730. .
Further reading
French
- Joseph Abram, Le Havre: Modern City, 2011
- Nathalie Castetz, Le Havre, Seine Estuary, Paris, Héliopoles, 2012, ISBN 978-2-919006-10-6
- Franck Godard and Olivier Bouteiller, Le Havre, Déclics, 2011, ISBN 978-2-84768-231-1
- Unusual Le Havre, Renée Grimaud, Les beaux jours, 2012, ISBN 978-2-35179-101-1
- Jean-François Massé, Le Havre, attached port, Acanthe, 2003, ISBN 2-84942-003-4
- Tristan Gaston-Breton, Le Havre 1802–2002: Two centuries of economic adventure, Le Cherche midi, 2002, ISBN 2-7491-0028-3
- E. Simon, A. Fiszlewicz, Le Havre: What an Estuary!, Petit à Petit, 2002, ISBN 2-914401-26-4
- Madeleine Brocard, Atlas of the Estuary of the Seine, Rouen, Presses de l'université de Rouen, 1996
- Emanuelle Real, The Industrial Landscape of Basse-Seine, Connaissance du patrimoine en Haute-Normandie, 2009, ISBN 2-910316-33-5, 264 pages
- Jacques Basile and Didier Guyot, Another Blue City, Editions Point de Vues, 2011, 120 pages, ISBN 978-2-915548-63-1
External links
- Le Havre Official website (in French)
- Official tourism website Archived 23 December 2018 at the Wayback Machine
- Le Havre Information website (Archive)
- Le Havre on Lion1906
- Slave streets of Le Havre; article on the slave trade here in 17th and 18th century
- Le Havre on Géoportail, National Geographic Institute(IGN) website (in French)
- Texts on Wikisource:
- "Havre, Le". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 11 (9th ed.). 1880. pp. 527–528.
- "Havre, Le". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 83–84.
- "The American Cyclopædia. 1879.
- "Havre". The New Student's Reference Work. 1914.
- "Havre". Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921.