Yasin al-Hashimi

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Yasin al-Hashimi
ياسين الهاشمي
Jamil al-Midfai
Succeeded byHikmat Sulayman
Personal details
Born1884
Ottoman Army

Arab Army

Yasin al-Hashimi, born Yasin Hilmi Salman (

Abd al-Muhsin as-Sa'dun. Over the next ten years he filled a variety of governmental positions finally returning to the office of prime minister in March 1935. On 30 October 1936, Hashimi became the first Iraqi prime minister to be deposed in a coup, which was led by General Bakr Sidqi and a coalition of ethnic minorities. Unlike al-Askari, who was then his minister of defense, al-Hashimi survived the coup and made his way to Beirut, Lebanon, where he died three months later. His older brother and close ally, Taha al-Hashimi
, served as Prime Minister of Iraq in 1941.

Early life and family

Al-Hashimi was born as "Yasin Hilmi" in Baghdad in 1884, during

descent from the Islamic prophet Muhammad.[3] The family was middle class, Sunni Muslim and ethnically Arab,[2] although the family's claim of Arab descent has been disputed. According to historian Muhammad Y. Muslih, the family were descendants of the Turkish Karawiyya tribe that settled in Iraq in the 17th century.[3]

Military career

Ottoman service

He enrolled into the

Jamil al-Midfai.[5] Through al-Hashimi as a liaison, al-Ahd developed relations with al-Fatat, an underground Arab nationalist society based in Damascus, which al-Hashimi joined in 1915 during a trip to Syria following the outbreak of World War I.[4] Al-Fatat was allied with Emir Faisal, a leader of the Sharifian Army and a contender for establishing a monarchy over a united state consisting of the Ottomans' Arab territories.[6]

He was loyal to the Ottomans throughout World War I, during which the Ottomans were part of the

Russian offensive.[3][7] He was recognized for his successes against the Russians during that campaign,[7] including by German Emperor Wilhelm II,[3] and subsequently promoted to major general.[7]

In 1918 al-Hashimi was assigned as the commander of the Ottoman

al-Salt. He was wounded during these battles and sent to Damascus to recover. The British and their Arab allies in the Sharifian Army defeated the Ottomans and an armistice was concluded in October 1918. He attempted to resume his service in the Ottoman Army, but was refused because he did not apply for readmission within a year of the armistice.[7]

Chief of Staff of the Arab Army

Al-Hashimi in military uniform

Al-Hashimi's refusal to join Faisal's army came despite promises of support he gave to Faisal in 1915.[3] Of all the personalities Faisal met in his 1915 Damascus trip, it was al-Hashimi's assertion of support at the home of Nasib al-Bakri that convinced Faisal to launch the revolt. As the chief of staff of mostly Arab units in the Ottomans' Arab provinces, al-Hashimi's word carried weight and when Faisal offered to support al-Hashimi's units with Hejazi tribal fighters, al-Hashimi replied that he had "no need of them", but just wanted Faisal "to lead us and be in the vanguard".[8]

After Faisal's entry into Damascus in October 1918 and the setting up of a provisional Arab government under his leadership, Faisal appointed al-Hashimi as President of the Military Council.

Edmund Allenby managed to end al-Hashimi's efforts, which were disavowed by Faisal's government.[11]

Al-Hashimi soon re-launched efforts to recruit Arab soldiers, but at a more clandestine level,

Kamil al-Qassab's drive to create popular militias in Damascus and throughout the country.[12] Al-Hashimi's actions were driven by a desire to boost his nationalist credentials to compensate for his previous hesitance to join Faisal's army, and as a means to gain more power.[11] He became the clear leader of the ardent Arab nationalist camp and was accused by the British of coordinating with Turkish General Mustafa Kemal on ending European control in Syria in pursuit of personal power.[13]

Arrest by the British and return to Syria

In late November 1919, al-Hashimi was arrested by the British military for recruiting soldiers to resist the French in the

Yusuf al-'Azma replaced al-Hashimi following his arrest.[16]

The British authorities informed Faisal that they arrested al-Hashimi for attempting to create a republic and overthrow Faisal and his government; al-Hashimi had grown powerful and had wielded more influence over the army than Faisal. The

Ali Rida al-Rikabi for his apparent apathetic attitude to the arrest.[17] Al-Rikabi held a more conciliatory view toward the European powers and was ultimately pressured to resign on 10 December.[18]

Al-Hashimi was allowed to return to Syria via Egypt in early May 1920.[13] By then, a French offensive to capture Damascus was impending. Al-Hashimi was tasked by Faisal, who declared himself King of the Arab Kingdom of Syria in March 1920, with inspecting the state of the Arab Army under al-'Azma's command. Upon inspecting the Arab troops, al-Hashimi concluded that they were not prepared to confront an invasion by the militarily superior French forces. Al-Hashimi particularly noted the lack of arms and that the Arab Army's soldiers only possessed enough ammunition to fight for two hours. He refused an assignment by Faisal to command the Arab Army's post at Majdal Anjar in the Beqaa Valley and also turned down a request to resume his position as chief-of-staff due to the precarious position of the army. In response to Faisal's inquiry about the cause of the lack of arms and ammunition, al-Hashimi responded that the French were in control of Syria's ports, the British controlled Palestine, the Transjordan region, and Iraq, and the Turks were occupied by their war in Anatolia, and thus Syria was effectively blocked from importing weaponry. In a meeting of the army's General Staff, al-'Azma rejected al-Hashimi's assessment and accused him of bitterness as a result of his secondary role in the army.[19] Ultimately, however, al-'Azma and the General Staff officers understood the weak state of the army.[20]

French forces launched their offensive in mid-July, and al-'Azma decided to rally whatever troops and local volunteers he could assemble to confront the French. Al-Hashimi, firmly believing that the Arab Army could not hold out against the French, remained in Damascus, while al-'Azma's forces encountered the French in what became known as the Battle of Maysalun. The Arabs were decisively defeated, al-'Azma was killed and the French entered Damascus on 25 July.[21]

Political career in Iraq

Governor of Muntafiq

In March 1922, al-Hashimi arrived in Baghdad, where Faisal had been relocated and assumed power as

Anglo-Iraqi Treaty, the offer was withdrawn. Al-Hashimi ultimately agreed to recognize the treaty and was appointed to the cabinet in November.[23]

First premiership

During the 25 January 1924 constituent assembly election, al-Hashimi won a seat in the assembly.[25] Opposition to the Anglo-Iraqi Treaty became evident in the constituent assembly and protests by Iraqi lawyers were held opposing the treaty. According to Gertrude Bell, al-Hashimi, who chaired a special committee to examine and publish an opinion about the treaty, instigated the protests. According to historian Ali al-Allawi, al-Hashimi used his position on the committee "to undermine al-'Askari's cabinet and show it up as a feeble and incompetent government, unable to shepherd the country through trying times."[26]

The constituent assembly was dissolved on 24 August 1924, following the completion of its main mission, the negotiation and passing of the Anglo-Iraqi Treaty.

Nuri as-Said as deputy commander of the military.[27]

Another of Faisal's motivations in appointing al-Hashimi was his view that al-Hashimi's ardent nationalist position made him well-suited to handle the Turkish-Iraqi territorial dispute over the former

Abd al-Muhsin as-Sa'dun in June.[29] Al-Hashimi opposed as-Sa'dun's government and in November 1925 founded the People's Party (hizb ash-sha'b) to garner opposition to the administration.[30] The People's Party opposed British Mandatory rule and pressed for independence and reform.[31][32]

Formation of National Brotherhood Party

In 1930, the Iraqi and British governments began the

renegotiation of the Anglo-Iraqi treaty and as a result, the political climate in Iraq became highly charged between the faction calling for gradual independence and cooperation with Britain and those who favored swift independence from Britain.[30] Al-Hashimi was among the principal leaders of the latter camp, while Prime Minister as-Said led the former.[31][32] As-Said formed the Covenant Party (hizb al-ahd), a symbolic nod to the al-Ahd society, to rally support for his policies.[30] Al-Hashimi, meanwhile, sought to muster opposition against as-Said and British rule, establishing the National Brotherhood Party (hizb al-ikha' al-watani) after uniting his People's Party with Ja'far Abu Timman's National Party (hizb al-watani). According to historian Charles Tripp, the party was formed as an "alliance between two disparate personalities [al-Hashimi and Abu Timman] and linked two parties which drew on different sections of Iraqi society for their support"; the People's Party was largely composed of Sunni Muslim Arabs who had work experience in the Ottoman and Iraqi states, while the National Party mostly consisted of educated, urban Shia Muslim Arab laymen with links to the rural Shia tribal sheikhs.[33]

Subsequent to Iraq's accession to the League of Nations, King Faisal, in pursuit of domestic reform and consolidation, tried to give opposition groups greater voice in the parliament and cabinet. Thus, the National Brotherhood Party was allowed into power. However, its forfeiture of demands concerning the Ango-Iraqi Treaty and callous management of the

Diwaniya against al-Aiyubi's successor, al-Midfai.[35] Al-Hashimi instructed his brother and the army chief of staff, Taha, to not suppress the revolts.[35]

Second premiership

With Taha's withholding of action against the tribal rebels, al-Midfai became convinced that Taha and al-Hashimi had conspired against the government and he consequently resigned.[35] With the uprisings in full swing, King Ghazi appointed al-Hashimi, who was seen as the only person who could stabilize the country, as prime minister in March 1935.[35] The uprisings largely dissipated a week into al-Hashimi's appointment.[35] In April, the National Brotherhood Party dissolved itself.[30] In order to coopt the tribal sheikhs who participated in the uprising, al-Hashimi maneuvered to guarantee many of the sheikhs entry into parliament in the August 1935 elections.[36] Thereafter, the sheikhs became key supporters of al-Hashimi as he became their political patron.[36] Tensions between the government and the tribes remained regarding the issue of conscription, which the latter opposed and the former strongly advocated.[36]

When al-Hashimi had the conscription law passed, a

Jabal Sinjar against the measure in October.[37] Al-Hashimi declared martial law in Jabal Sinjar and had the revolt suppressed, resulting in the deaths or imprisonment of hundreds of Yazidis and the destruction of several villages.[37] Despite the revolt's suppression, the Yazidi population continued to evade conscription orders.[37] Prior to the Yazidi revolt, armed disturbances in the Kurdish-dominated north of the country in August related to intra-tribal divisions and opposition to conscription was ordered to be quelled by al-Hashimi.[37] The Kurdish rising would come to an end in March 1936.[37] A similar uprising by Shia tribes in the lower Euphrates region was also quelled at roughly the same time. According to Tripp, under the leadership of al-Hashimi and General Sidqi, the Iraqi army "crush[ed] the rebellions with a now characteristic ruthlessness".[37]

Al-Hashimi's Arab nationalist credentials during his second premiership were strong enough that he became known as the "Bismark of the Arabs" in Arab nationalist circles.[4] Al-Hashimi's tenure as prime minister, particularly in 1936, led to growing dissent and resentment among the ruling elite, including King Ghazi and his former ally Hikmat Sulayman.[38] During the course of 1936, al-Hashimi largely ruled by decree, expanded the police forces and intelligence agencies, and repressed any public disapproval of his government.[38] To the latter end, he shut down the Al-Ahali newspaper for publishing criticism of his premiership and prevented demonstrations against his government in Baghdad.[38] He also believed that tribal revolts in some of the country's provinces were being coordinated with his political opponents, and used General Sidqi to harshly put them down.[38] Al-Hashimi's actions and method of rule fueled disaffection within the army's ranks.[39] By late 1936, General Sidqi, frustrated at not being promoted, also grew resentful of al-Hashimi and attributed his lack of hierarchical elevation to al-Hashimi's brother, Chief of Staff Taha.[38]

Sidqi and Sulaymani conspired to topple al-Hashimi.[38] They made their move when Taha left for a visit to Turkey and appointed Sidqi as acting chief of staff.[38] Using his interim position, Sidqi had his army units enter Baghdad in a show of force under the banner of the "National Reform Force", while having leaflets dropped over the city informing residents that the Iraqi Army had instructed King Ghazi to dismiss al-Hashimi and replace him with Sulayman.[38] King Ghazi had likely been informed of the impending coup d'état against al-Hashimi and lent his quiet support by forbidding any resistance against the army.[38] He did not dismiss al-Hashimi until the latter submitted his resignation following air force bombardment in the vicinity of his office.[38] Sulayman was then appointed by King Ghazi as prime minister.[38]

Death

Qur'an that reads "Think not of those who are slain in Allah’s way as dead. Nay, they live, finding their sustenance in the presence of their Lord"[40]

Al-Hashimi was exiled from Iraq following the 1936 Bakr Sidqi coup and moved to

American University in Beirut (AUB) embalmed al-Hashimi's body and the Syrian authorities prepared a burial plot for the body adjacent to the Mausoleum of Saladin.[41]

Funeral

On the morning of 22 January, the first leg of al-Hashimi's funeral procession began, with his Arab flag-draped coffin being carried by students of the AUB from his home in Ras Beirut toward the Omari Mosque in the city.[42] The procession in Lebanon was led by the Muslim Boy Scouts and the Lebanese police force and included Lebanese dignitaries, Taha al-Hashimi, the consuls of Iraq and Saudi Arabia, and a Damascene delegation led by parliament member Fakhri al-Barudi. A prayer was then held at the Omari Mosque and an AUB student read a poem dedicated to al-Hashimi.[42] Non-Muslim Lebanese dignitaries also attended the prayer, including former Prime Minister Beshara al-Khoury.[42] From the Omari Mosque, al-Hashimi's body was transported to Damascus.[42] Prior to its arrival to the city, the funeral cortege made a symbolic stop in Maysalun, at the tomb of Yusuf al-Azma, to commemorate the fallen Arab soldiers and volunteers who died in the battle against the French.[43]

Al-Hashimi's cortege was greeted by thousands of spectators once it arrived in Damascus, with reports from the local Al-Qabas newspaper reporting that the number of participants in the city was unprecedented.

League of National Action, students from the Syrian University and Damascene secondary schools, police units, and large crowds of residents. Also in attendance was Prime Minister Jamil Mardam Bey, the British vice consul, the Saudi consul, representatives of the various Christian patriarchates, the leader of the Damascene Jewish community, Palestinian leaders Izzat Darwaza and Akram Zuaiter.[44]

Prior to the Damascus procession, the Iraqi government communicated its approval of interring al-Hashimi's body in Baghdad after mourning ceremonies in Beirut and Damascus, but forbade Taha's participation in the final funeral procession.[41] The al-Hashimi family accepted the Iraqi government's conditions.[41] However, following the funeral procession in Damascus, disagreements between the Iraqi and Syrian governments prevented al-Hashimi's body from being transported to its intended final resting place in Baghdad.[45] The Syrian government denied that there was a conflict with the Iraqi government and cited unsuitable road conditions due to heavy rainfall as the reason al-Hashimi's body could not be transported to Baghdad, but it is well known that the mutual antagonism between the two governments precluded the al-Hashimi family's initial wishes for al-Hashimi's burial.[45] Al-Hashimi was laid in state at the shrine of Husayn ibn Ali in the courtyard of the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus.[46] On 27 January, al-Hashimi's family agreed to have him buried at the Mausoleum of Saladin, adjacent to the Umayyad Mosque.[45]

References

  1. ISBN 978-1400841462
    .
  2. ^ a b Muslih 1988, p. 143.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h Muslih 1988, p. 144.
  4. ^ a b c Nafi 1998, pp. 483–484.
  5. ^ Tripp 2000, p. 28.
  6. ^ Allawi 2014, p. 52.
  7. ^ a b c d Tarbush 1988, pp. 116-117.
  8. ^ Allawi 2014, p. 56.
  9. ^ Allawi 2014, p. 161.
  10. ^ Allawi 2014, p. 247.
  11. ^ a b c Allawi 2014, p. 259.
  12. ^ Allawi 2014, p. 260.
  13. ^ a b c d Allawi 2014, p. 261.
  14. ^ Tauber 1995, p. 196.
  15. ^ Allawi 2014, pp. 255-256.
  16. ^ Tauber 1995, p. 24.
  17. ^ Tauber 1995, p. 198.
  18. ^ Allawi 2014, p. 285.
  19. ^ Tauber 1995, p. 216.
  20. ^ Allawi 2014, p. 287.
  21. ^ Tauber 1995, p. 218.
  22. ^ Sluglett 2007, p. 175.
  23. ^ a b Tarbush 1988, p. 117.
  24. ^ Allawi 2014, p. 402.
  25. ^ Allawi 2014, p. 435.
  26. ^ Allawi 2014, p. 439.
  27. ^ a b c d e Allawi 2014, p. 448.
  28. ^ a b c Tripp 200, p. 58.
  29. ^ Tripp 2000, p. 59.
  30. ^
    ISBN 9781136275852
    .
  31. ^ a b Khadduri 1960, pp. 29–30.
  32. ^ a b Marr 2004, p. 35.
  33. ^ Tripp 2000, p. 71.
  34. ^ a b Khadduri 1960, pp. 49–55.
  35. ^ a b c d e f g h i Tripp 2000, pp. 82–83.
  36. ^ a b c Tripp 2000, p. 86.
  37. ^ a b c d e f Tripp 2000, p. 87.
  38. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Tripp 2000, p. 88.
  39. ^ Marr 2004, p. 44.
  40. ^ Wien 2011, p. 273.
  41. ^ a b c d e f Wien 2011, p. 274.
  42. ^ a b c d Wien 2011, p. 278.
  43. ^ Wien 2011, pp. 278–279.
  44. ^ a b Wien 2011, p. 279.
  45. ^ a b c Wien 2011, p. 281.
  46. ^ Wien 2011, p. 280.

Bibliography

Political offices
Preceded by
Jafar al-Askari
 Prime Minister of Iraq
2 August 1924 – 22 June 1925 		Succeeded by
Abd al-Muhsin as-Sa'dun
Preceded by
Jamil al-Midfai
 Prime Minister of Iraq
17 March 1935 – 30 October 1936 		Succeeded by
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