3rd Division (Australia)
3rd Division | |
---|---|
Active | 1916–1919 1921–1946 1948–1991 |
Country | Australia |
Branch | Australian Army |
Type | Infantry |
Size | ~13,000 to 18,000 personnel |
Part of | II ANZAC Corps (1916–1917) Australian Corps (1917–1919) I Corps (1942–1944) II Corps (1944–1945) |
Engagements | World War I
World War II
|
Commanders | |
Notable commanders |
The 3rd Division was an
After the war the division was demobilised in 1919 before being re-raised in 1921 as part of the
During World War II, the division was mobilised for war in December 1941 and initially undertook defensive duties in Australia before being deployed to
Following the end of hostilities the division was disbanded in December 1945 as part of the demobilisation process, but was it later re-raised in 1948 as part of the Citizens Military Force. It subsequently served through the Cold War as a reserve formation until 1991 when the division was disbanded for a final time as the Australian Army was restructured and the focus of Australian field force operations shifted from the divisional-level to brigades.
History
World War I
Formation and training
In early 1916, following the unsuccessful
Upon formation, the division drew its personnel from all Australian states and consisted of three four-
Under the command of
Early engagements, 1917
By January 1917 the 3rd Division's artillery had been reorganised so that it consisted of two field artillery brigades, each of which consisted of three six-gun 18-pounder batteries and twelve 4.5 inch howitzers. These brigades were the 7th (consisting of the 25th, 26th, 27th and 107th Batteries) and the 8th (29th, 30th, 31st and 108th Batteries).[13] In April 1917 the division was moved to the Messines–Wytschaete Ridge section of the line in Belgium, taking up a position on the extreme right of II ANZAC Corps, with the New Zealand Division to its left.[14] It was here, in early June 1917, that the division undertook its first major engagement of the war when it was committed to the fighting during the Battle of Messines.[15] Monash tasked the 9th and 10th Brigades to provide the assault force for the 3rd Division's part of the operation, while the 11th Brigade was to act as the divisional reserve.[16]
As the division's assault units began their approach march towards the
Following this, the division's next major engagement came on 4 October 1917 when it took part in the
They held the line for a further three days before being withdrawn for rest and reorganisation.[22] On 10 October 1917 the division returned to the front and began to make preparations to assault Passchendaele Ridge, an advance of over 3,000 yards (2,700 m). Heavy rain, however, had turned the battlefield into a thick, muddy morass and as a result transportation and resupply efforts were hampered as were attempts to reposition the supporting artillery and as a consequence when the attack went in at 5:25 am on 12 October the 9th and 10th Brigades had only limited fire support.[22][23] With only a fraction of the guns required and limited ammunition, the artillery that was supposed to provide a creeping barrage behind which the infantry were to advance could only provide a thin bombardment. Nevertheless, the mud was so thick that the infantry were unable to keep up with the barrage and, unable to maintain the required rate of advance, they eventually they fell behind the barrage and lost any cover that it might otherwise have provided.[24]
Upon reaching the Bellevue Spur, the assaulting infantry, caught in the open upon the barbed wire in front of the German positions,
The fighting around Passchendaele proved to be the division's last offensive actions for 1917 and they spent the winter months in the rear training, or undertaking defensive duties in reasonably quiet sectors of the line as they were reformed and brought back up to strength.[28] Around this time also, the five Australian divisions on the Western Front were reorganised into a unified command structure under the Australian Corps.[28]
German Spring Offensive, 1918
In March 1918 the Germans launched their Spring Offensive near Saint-Quentin and as the Allied line collapsed, the German forces advanced swiftly into the Somme valley. Believing that another attack would be directed against the forces in the Flanders sector, in an effort to reinforce the British forces there, the Allied commanders recalled the 3rd Division was recalled from its quiet sector around Armentières and sent it to Ypres.[31] The attack came, however, at the Somme and so on 24 March the division was transferred south to help stem the advance and defend the approaches towards the important railhead at Amiens. Temporarily placed under the command of the British VII Corps, the division took up position to the east of Amiens in between the Ancre and Somme Rivers.[31]
Lacking any reserves and possessing only limited artillery support, the division's engineers prepared the bridges over the rivers for detonation. From 27 March onwards minor actions were fought along the line as the German advance began to reach the Australians. On 30 March, during the
In June 1918, the 3rd Division's commander, Monash, was promoted to take over command of the Australian Corps and as a result Major General John Gellibrand took over as divisional commander.[38]
Battle of Amiens, 1918
On 8 August 1918, the Allies launched their Hundred Days Offensive around Amiens and the 3rd Division was tasked with leading the Australian Corps part in the attack.[39] By this stage, the divisional artillery consisted of three field brigades,[40] and under the cover of a heavy artillery bombardment provided by nine field brigades that were organised in three supporting sub-groups,[41] and supported by tanks and gas, the attack began at 4:20 am.[39] The weight of the Allied fire support was intense as over 2,000 artillery pieces opened up on the German defences.[42] The assaulting infantry battalions were each assigned a frontage of about 1,000 yards (910 m) which they assaulted with two companies forward and two in support. Thick smoke meant that the attackers found it difficult to maintain their spacing and some of the supporting armour was also delayed.[43] Nevertheless, the attack proved successful, as the Australians overwhelmed the German defenders and by the end of the day the division had achieved all of its objectives.[44]
Throughout the rest of August, they continued offensive operations, even launching daylight raids upon the German positions.[44] On 22 August they attacked once more, advancing through the village of Bray, capturing a number of German prisoners. After a brief lull in the fighting, they continued the advance again on 25 August capturing Clery at the end of the week before taking Allaines on 2 September. Throughout September the Germans began to withdraw back towards the Hindenburg Line and the 3rd Division took part in the operations undertaken to follow them up and harass the rearguard. Casualties during this phase had been high, however, and as a result the division's pioneers were used as infantry and even led the advance towards Buire on 6 September.[45]
As operations continued throughout the month, casualties amongst the Australian Corps became critical and the decision was made to disband some of the 3rd Division's battalions and use them to reinforce the remaining units.
On 2 October the majority of the 3rd Division was removed from the line for rest and reorganisation, although a number of its artillery batteries would continue to support the operations of the II American Corps until they were withdrawn.
Inter-war years
Following the end of the war, the AIF was disbanded and the focus of Australia's military forces was the units of the
At this time, the existing infantry battalions of the Citizens Force were redesignated to perpetuate the numerical designations of the AIF, and although an attempt was made to allocate these designations based on regional considerations, ultimately this was not always possible and ultimately when the 3rd Division was re-established, only two of its component battalions—the 37th and 39th Battalions—had previously been assigned to the division.[55]
With a peacetime establishment of about 16,000 personnel (18,400 upon mobilisation), the division was brought up to strength through the compulsory training scheme.[55] Initially the system worked well and a number of the division's subunits reported being above establishment, however, this did not last long. In 1922, the Washington Naval Treaty was signed and theoretically alleviated Australia's security concerns about Japanese expansion in the Pacific. As a result, the Army's budget was halved and as the scope of the compulsory training scheme was scaled back, the authorised strength of each infantry battalion was reduced to just 409 men of all ranks.[56][57] The division's artillery was also reduced, with one field battery in each artillery brigade being disbanded at this time.[58] As a result of the subsequent reorganisation, the 3rd Division's artillery consisted of three artillery brigades, the 2nd, 4th and 8th.[59]
In 1929 the compulsory training scheme was suspended following the election of the
Throughout the 1930s the number of active personnel remained low and out of necessity training opportunities were limited.[64] After 1936, however, the Army attempted to improve the conditions of service for its members and to reinvigorate the training program, while individual units began to undertake their own recruiting campaigns.[65] Nevertheless, it was not until 1938, as tensions grew in Europe and the prospect of war became more likely, that an attempt was made to expand the establishment of the Militia. At this time an effort was made to determine the readiness of the Militia to expand if mobilised. During the continuous training camps undertaken throughout 1938, each component unit was assessed with mixed results.[66] The following year, 1939, saw further expansion and by the end of April of that year, the division's posted strength had grown to 9,589 personnel.[67] As a part of this expansion, the divisional artillery was expanded by the re-raising of the batteries that had been disbanded in 1922.[68]
World War II
Home duties
On 3 September 1939, Australia found itself once again at war, after attempts at finding a diplomatic solution to the
Throughout 1940–41, the Militia were called up in cohorts for periods of continuous training, and the 3rd Division, still consisting of the 4th, 10th and 15th Brigades, undertook a series of training camps around Seymour, Victoria. In March 1941, the division's artillery was reorganised to bring it in line with the British organisational system with each artillery brigade being converted to a field regiment.[72] Numerical designations stayed the same, however, and by late 1941 the division had completed its transition.[73] This saw its infantry brigades once again reduced from four battalions to three, while various supporting elements were inserted at brigade-level, however, training at this time was still rudimentary and limited mainly to individual skills, and the division's establishment was recorded as being only half of its authorised wartime establishment. There was also a shortage of modern equipment.[74]
With Japan's entry into the war following the attacks on
The following month they were relocated once more, this time to
New Guinea, 1943–1944
In early 1943 the division was despatched to New Guinea, with the 15th Brigade being sent to
Initially operations were limited to the area immediately surrounding Bulolo, but as the division became established the headquarters was shifted to Tambu Bay and brigades were pushed out towards Mubo, and the Komiatum and Bobdui Ridges, while defensive patrols were undertaken through the Wampit Valley, around the Bulwa and Zenag airstrips and towards the Markham River.
In August 1944 the 3rd Division's brigades were withdrawn back to Australia for leave and reorganisation. After this, preparations began for the division's next campaign.[86] Around this time, the 3rd Division adopted the Jungle divisional establishment,[87] and was reorganised around three infantry brigades: the 7th, 15th and 29th Brigades.[88] It was also assigned to the Australian II Corps.[86]
Bougainville 1944–1945
In late 1944 it was decided that the Australians would take over responsibility from the Americans for operations against the Japanese on Bougainville. From November–December 1944, the 3rd Division, along with two independent brigades, the 11th and 23rd,[94] began to relieve the units of the US XIV Corps that were to be transferred elsewhere in the Pacific.[95][96] Allied intelligence of Japanese strengths on the island varied at the time, although it was believed that there were around 17,500 Japanese on Bougainville. Although this was later proved to be grossly incorrect, nevertheless the Allies believed that the Japanese formations in the area, despite being under strength, were still capable of carrying out effective combat operations. As a result, it was decided that II Corps would go on the offensive to clear the Japanese from the island[95][97] and a three pronged campaign was planned in the northern, central and southern sectors of the island.[98]
The division was supported by a number of artillery units including the 2nd and 4th Field Regiments and the
The 7th Brigade, supported by the 2nd Field Regiment,
Following the capture of Pearl Ridge by the 25th Battalion, the focus of the 3rd Division's operations on Bougainville was shifted on the northern and southern sectors. The 11th Brigade, independent of the 3rd Division, assumed control of the drive to the north, while the 3rd Division concentrated on the drive south towards Buin, where the main Japanese force was concentrated. Rotating his brigades, the division's commander, Major General William Bridgeford, advanced south from Torokina towards the Puriata river.[103] After crossing it, the Japanese launched a significant counterattack around Slater's Knoll, which was eventually beaten off in early April.[104]
In April 1945 the 15th Brigade took over from the 7th Brigade and resumed the advance on the Hongorai and Mivo rivers. In early July, the 29th Brigade relieved the 15th and continued the advance and as they attempted to cross the Mivo, the Japanese launched a ferocious counter-attack upon the 15th Battalion which was turned back by desperate defence.[105] Following this the advance came to a halt as torrential rain turned the axis of advance into "a sea of mud"[106] and many of the bridges upon which the Australian supply system was dependent were washed away. As the situation became worse, briefly even patrolling operations had to be stopped. These patrols were resumed, however, in late July and into August, as isolated pockets of Japanese began to attack the 3rd Division's supply lines and support units.[107] As preparations were made to resume the advance, the dropping of two atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki and Japan's subsequent unconditional surrender brought the fighting on Bougainville to an end and a cease fire came into effect.[108]
Following the end of hostilities, the
Cold War
In 1948, with demobilisation of Australia's wartime army complete, the decision was made to re-raise the part-time forces of the Militia, albeit with the new name of the Citizens Military Force (CMF), and on a reduced establishment of two infantry divisions, an armoured brigade and various corps-level support units.[114][115] During this time the 3rd Division was re-raised and based around a nucleus of three infantry brigades—the 4th, 6th and 9th Brigades—it was once again based in central Victoria, although subunits were also based in South Australia and Tasmania.[116] Once again the division's component units bore little resemblance to those that had fought with it during the two World Wars.[116] Service in the post war CMF was initially on a voluntary basis and recruitment remained poor until 1951 when conscription was introduced once again in an effort to improve the readiness of the Australian military during the Korean War.[117] The 3rd Division was not deployed during this time, however, and although national service was instituted, service in Korea was undertaken on a voluntary basis, and conscription was used only as a means to expand the CMF and provide a base upon which mobilisation could be achieved if it proved necessary.[117]
Nevertheless, the resulting influx of manpower revitalised the CMF to the point that during the 1950s the division experienced a remarkable level of manning and resources that saw many units achieve full strength, with full equipment allocations.[117] On 23 March 1958 a divisional parade was conducted at Puckapunyal, bringing together all of the division's Victorian-based units in a concentration of force not seen in the division since 1916.[118] The following year the division conducted a live-fire exercise at Puckapunyal based upon the 4th Brigade and involving over 3,500 men, tanks, artillery, aircraft, and various supporting arms. Despite the success demonstrated by the exercise, it would be the last time that the division mounted something similar the national service scheme was modified to limit the size of each yearly intake of trainees and the size of the CMF was reduced by over 30,000 men in an effort to free up Regular personnel to raise the 1st Brigade.[119] The 1957 reforms, however, did not achieve the efficiencies required to free up Regular personnel to meet the strategic requirements to maintain a regular field force that was ready to respond to the exigencies of the Cold War.[120] As a result, in 1959 the decision was made to suspend national service as it was realised that further changes were required to expand the size of the Regular army.[121] Further changes came with the introduction of the Pentropic divisional establishment into the Australian Army. This saw the reduction of the Army to just two divisions, the 1st and 3rd Divisions,[122] and as a part of this the division was reorganised into five battalion-plus sized battle groups,[123] and resulted in the removal of brigade-level formations and the disbandment and amalgamation of a number of smaller regionally based infantry battalions, into larger units that were part of State-based regiments.[124]
With an authorised peacetime establishment of 13,621 personnel,[125] the 3rd Division included formations in five different military command districts including Queensland, New South Wales and Western Australia as well as those in South Australia, Tasmania and Victoria. The main infantry components at this time were: 2nd Battalion, Royal Queensland Regiment (RQR); 1st Battalion, Royal Victoria Regiment (RVR); 2nd Battalion, RVR; 1st Battalion, Royal South Australia Regiment (RSAR); and 1st Battalion, Royal Western Australia Regiment.[126]
The Australian Army's experiment with the Pentropic establishment did not last long, however, as it created a number of planning issues including lack of interoperability with other Western allies, none of whom used it. As a result, it was abandoned in late 1964 and into early 1965 and the 3rd Division was once again reorganised. The resulting changes saw the establishment of brigade-level formations, briefly known as "task forces", however, due to other planning considerations only one was raised for the 3rd Division at this time: the 4th Task Force, consisting of four infantry battalions: 1, 2, 5 and 6 RVR.[127]
At the same time, the Australian government announced that the national service scheme would be implemented once again, however, instead of focusing upon expanding the CMF, the scheme was set up so that national servicemen would serve limited terms of service in Australian Regular Army (ARA) units with a view to service overseas in
When the national service scheme was ended following the election of the Whitlam government in late 1972,[130] the 3rd Division lost a large number of personnel. At this time, the division's artillery assets included two artillery field regiments, a medium regiment, and a divisional locating battery,[131] and although on paper the division was a large, combined arms formation, in reality many of its units were hollow and inadequately equipped, and in the decades following this the division, and indeed the CMF in general, underwent a period of uncertainty as the government attempted to solve the issues that the organisation faced, the most pressing of which was the question of its role and strategic relevance, as well as those concerning conditions of service, centralisation of training and access to equipment.[132]
In 1976 the division's combat strength had dropped to the extent that it was really only a brigade-group formation, possessing only two infantry battalions: 1 and 2 RVR, as well as two field artillery regiments, a medium regiment and a locating battery.[133] As a result, in February the division's headquarters were merged with the 4th Task Force's headquarters as the 3rd Division was redesignated as the "3rd Division Field Force Group". At the same time, the position of formation commander was downgraded to the rank of brigadier rather than major general. This remained the case until April 1984 when the divisional headquarters was re-established.[134]
In the late 1980s the division was given the task of vital asset protection under the
Commanding officers
The following is a list of the 3rd Division's commanding officers:[138]
From |
To |
Rank |
Name |
---|---|---|---|
1916 | 1918 | Major General |
John Monash |
1918 | 1922 | Major General | John Gellibrand |
1922 | 1927 | Major General | George Johnston |
1927 | 1931 | Major General | Harold Elliott |
1931 | 1937 | Major General | Thomas Blamey |
1937 | 1942 | Major General | Edmund Drake-Brockman |
1942 | 1944 | Major General | Stanley Savige |
1944 | 1947 | Major General | William Bridgeford |
1947 | 1950 | Major General | George Wootten |
1950 | 1953 | Major General | Selwyn Porter |
1953 | 1956 | Major General | Robert Risson |
1956 | 1959 | Major General | Heathcote Hammer
|
1959 | 1960 | Major General | Noel Simpson |
1960 | 1963 | Major General | R.R. Gordon |
1963 | 1966 | Major General | N.A. Vickery |
1966 | 1970 | Major General | S.M. McDonald |
1970 | 1973 | Major General | K.D. Green |
1973 | 1976 | Major General | J.M. McNeill |
1976 | 1977 | Brigadier | W.H. Grant |
1977 | 1980 | Brigadier | J.E. Barry |
1980 | 1981 | Brigadier | N.E. Bavington |
1981 | 1985 | Major General | K.G. Cooke |
1985 | 1987 | Major General | Jim Barry |
1987 | 1990 | Major General | B.N. Nunn |
1990 | 1991 | Major General | W.E. Glenny |
See also
- Military history of Australia during World War I
- Military history of Australia during World War II
- 1916 Pioneer Exhibition Game
Notes
- Footnotes
- Citations
- ^ a b c Palazzo 2002, p. 1
- ^ Grey 2008, p. 99
- ^ Grey 2008, pp. 99–100
- ^ Bean 1941a, pp. 41–42
- ^ a b Palazzo 2002, p. 21
- ^ Bean 1941a, p. 176
- ^ Horner 1995, p. 117
- ^ Bean 1941a, p. 867
- ^ Bean 1941a, p. 950
- ^ Palazzo 2002, p. 18
- ^ Palazzo 2002, p. 24
- ^ Palazzo 2002, pp. 24–25
- ^ Horner 1995, p. 138
- ^ Palazzo 2002, p. 31
- ^ Palazzo 2002, p. 32
- ^ a b c Palazzo 2002, p. 33
- ^ Palazzo 2002, pp. 32–33
- ^ Palazzo 2002, p. 35
- ^ Palazzo 2002, p. 36
- ^ a b Palazzo 2002, p. 37
- ^ Bean 1941b, p. 850
- ^ a b Palazzo 2002, p. 38
- ^ Horner 1995, p. 160
- ^ Palazzo 2002, p. 39
- ^ Neillands 2004, p. 400
- ^ Palazzo 2002, pp. 39–40
- ^ Palazzo 2002, p. 40
- ^ a b c Palazzo 2002, p. 41
- ^ a b c d e Kuring 2004, p. 91
- ^ McNicol 1979, p. 97
- ^ a b Palazzo 2002, p. 42
- ^ Palazzo 2002, pp. 44–45
- ^ Bean 1941c, p. 234
- ^ Coulthard-Clark 1998, pp. 139–141
- ^ Palazzo 2002, p. 44
- ^ a b Palazzo 2002, p. 45
- ^ Carlyon 2006, p. 635.
- ^ Palazzo 2002, p. 46
- ^ a b Palazzo 2002, p. 47
- ^ Horner 1995, p. 173
- ^ Horner 1995, p. 187
- ^ Bean 1942, p. 529
- ^ Bean 1942, p. 530
- ^ a b Palazzo 2002, p. 49
- ^ a b Palazzo 2002, p. 50
- ^ Tucker 2005, p. 150
- ^ Palazzo 2002, pp. 50–51
- ^ Palazzo 2002, p. 53
- ^ a b c Palazzo 2002, p. 54
- ^ Horner 1995, p. 186
- ^ a b c d e f g h Palazzo 2002, p. 63
- ^ Kuring 2004, p. 94
- ^ Grey 2008, p. 125
- ^ "3rd Australian Infantry Division (ACMF)". Digger History. Retrieved 30 October 2010.
- ^ a b Palazzo 2002, p. 64
- ^ Palazzo 2002, pp. 65–67
- ^ Horner 1995, pp. 191–192
- ^ Horner 1995, p. 192
- ^ Horner 1995, p. 194
- ^ Grey 2008, p. 138
- ^ Palazzo 2001, p. 110
- ^ Keogh 1965, p. 44
- ^ a b Palazzo 2002, p. 69
- ^ Palazzo 2002, p. 76
- ^ Palazzo 2002, p. 82
- ^ Palazzo 2002, p. 72
- ^ Palazzo 2002, p. 86
- ^ Horner 1995, p. 208
- ^ Palazzo 2002, p. 91
- ^ a b Grey 2008, p. 146
- ^ a b Palazzo 2002, p. 103
- ^ Horner 1995, p. 238
- ^ Palazzo 2002, p. 99
- ^ Palazzo 2002, p. 101
- ^ "3 Australian Infantry Division". Orders of Battle.com. Retrieved 31 October 2010.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "I Australian Corps". Orders of Battle.com. Retrieved 31 October 2010.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Palazzo 2002, pp. 104–105
- ^ Palazzo 2002, p. 105
- ^ Palazzo 2002, p. 107
- ^ Palazzo 2002, p. 108
- ^ Palazzo 2002, p. 113
- ^ Palazzo 2002, p. 116
- ^ Palazzo 2002, pp. 117–118
- ^ Palazzo 2002, p. 118
- ^ Palazzo 2002, p. 139
- ^ a b Palazzo 2002, p. 142
- ^ Palazzo 2001, p. 183
- ^ a b c d Palazzo 2002, p. 144
- ^ McNicol 1982, pp. 215–216
- ^ a b Horner 1995, p. 400
- ^ Long 1963, p. 99
- ^ Kidd & Neal 1998, p. 373
- ^ a b Hopkins 1978, p. 145
- ^ Odgers 1988, p. 177
- ^ a b Maitland 1999, p. 108
- ^ Long 1963, pp. 92–94
- ^ Long 1963, p. 102
- ^ Johnston 2007, pp. 30–31
- ^ Horner 1995, pp. 402–404
- ^ McNicol 1982, p. 216
- ^ Horner 1995, p. 404
- ^ Palazzo 2002, p. 149
- ^ Long 1963, p. 141
- ^ "Slater's Knoll". Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 11 November 2009.
- ^ Palazzo 2002, p. 152
- ^ Long 1963, p. 222
- ^ Long 1963, p. 224
- ^ Long 1963, p. 226
- ^ Palazzo 2002, p. 153
- ^ "AWM52, Item 1/5/4 – 3 Australian Division General Staff Branch (3 Aust Div GS Branch), December 1945" (PDF). Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 31 October 2010.
- ^ Maitland 1999, p. 121
- ^ Chinn 2008, p. 5.
- ^ a b c d Palazzo 2002, p. 163
- ^ Odgers 1988, p. 193
- ^ Grey 2008, p. 200
- ^ a b Palazzo 2002, pp. 162–163
- ^ a b c Palazzo 2002, p. 165
- ^ Palazzo 2002, p. 166
- ^ Palazzo 2002, pp. 167–168
- ^ Palazzo 2002, p. 169
- ^ Grey 2008, p. 207
- ^ Horner 1995, p. 455
- ^ Horner 1995, p. 456
- ^ Grey 2008, p. 228
- ^ Palazzo 2002, p. 171
- ^ Palazzo 2002, p. 172
- ^ Palazzo 2002, pp. 176–177
- ^ Palazzo 2002, p. 177
- ^ Palazzo 2002, pp. 179–182
- ^ Palazzo 2002, p. 182
- ^ Horner 1995, p. 495
- ^ Palazzo 2002, pp. 184–193
- ^ Horner 1995, p. 502
- ^ Palazzo 2002, pp. 190–191
- ^ Palazzo 2002, p. 193
- ^ Horner 1995, p. 516
- ^ Palazzo 2002, p. 194
- ^ Palazzo 2002, p. 202
References
- OCLC 220623454.
- Bean, Charles (1941b). The Australian Imperial Force in France, 1917. Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918, Volume IV (11th ed.). Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Australian War Memorial. OCLC 220901148.
- Bean, Charles (1941c). The Australian Imperial Force in France During the Main German Offensive, 1918. Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918, Volume V (8th ed.). Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Australian War Memorial. OCLC 671846587.
- Bean, Charles (1942). The Australian Imperial Force in France during the Allied Offensive, 1918. Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918, Volume VI (11th ed.). Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Australian War Memorial. OCLC 220900387.
- ISBN 978-1-4050-3799-0.
- Chinn, David (2008). "Raising a Regular Infantry Force". In Horner, David; Bou, Jean (eds.). Duty First: A History of the Royal Australian Regiment (2nd ed.). Crows Nest, New South Wales: Allen & Unwin. pp. 1–18. ISBN 978-1-74175-374-5.
- Coulthard-Clark, Chris (1998). Where Australians Fought: The Encyclopaedia of Australia's Battles (1st ed.). St Leonards, New South Wales: Allen and Unwin. ISBN 978-1-86448-611-7.
- ISBN 978-0-521-69791-0.
- ISBN 978-0-642-99414-1.
- ISBN 1-86373-917-3.
- ISBN 978-1-84603-123-6.
- OCLC 7185705.
- Kidd, Reginald; Neal, Raymond (1998). The 'Letter' Batteries: The History of the 'Letter' Batteries in World War II. Castlecrag, New South Wales: R.E. Neal. ISBN 0-646-35137-0.
- Kuring, Ian (2004). Redcoats to Cams: A History of Australian Infantry 1788–2001. Loftus, New South Wales: Australian Military History Publications. ISBN 1-876439-99-8.
- OCLC 1297619.
- Maitland, Gordon (1999). The Second World War and its Australian Army Battle Honours. East Roseville, New South Wales: Kangaroo Press. ISBN 0-86417-975-8.
- ISBN 978-0-9596871-2-5.
- McNicol, Ronald (1982). The Royal Australian Engineers 1919 to 1945: Teeth and Tail. History of the Royal Australian Engineers, Volume 3. Canberra: The Corps Committee of the Royal Australian Engineers. ISBN 978-0-9596871-3-2.
- Neillands, Robin (2004). The Great War Generals on the Western Front 1914–1918. London: Magpie Books. ISBN 1-84119-863-3.
- ISBN 0-86777-061-9.
- Palazzo, Albert (2001). The Australian Army: A History of its Organisation 1901–2001. South Melbourne, Victoria: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-551507-2.
- Palazzo, Albert (2002). Defenders of Australia: The 3rd Australian Division 1916–1991. Loftus, New South Wales: Australian Military Historical Publications. ISBN 1-876439-03-3.
- Tucker, Spencer (2005). World War I: Encyclopedia. Volume IV: S–Z. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-85109-420-2.
External links
- Cuttriss, G. P. (1918). Over the Top With the Third Australian Division. London: C. H. Kelly. OCLC 6076748. Retrieved 27 September 2013.
- Australian 3rd Division Vehicle Marking
- First AIF Order of Battle 1914–1918: Third Division
- 3rd Australian Division AASC