Bucharest
Bucharest
București | |
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Palace of Parliament | |
Otopeni Airport | |
Website | www |
Bucharest (UK: /ˌbuːkəˈrɛst/ BOO-kə-REST, US: /ˈbuːkərɛst/ -rest; Romanian: București [bukuˈreʃtʲ] ⓘ) is the capital and largest city of Romania. The metropolis stands on the River Dâmbovița in south-eastern Romania. Its population is officially estimated at 1.76 million residents within a greater metropolitan area of 2.3 million residents, which makes Bucharest the 8th most-populous city in the European Union. The city area measures 240 km2 and comprises 6 districts (Sectoare), while the metropolitan area covers 1,811 km2. Bucharest is a beta global city, a major cultural, political and economic hub, and the country's seat of government.
Bucharest was first mentioned in documents in 1459. The city became capital in 1862 and is the centre of Romanian media, culture, and art. Its architecture is a mix of historical (mostly
In 2016, the historical city centre was listed as 'endangered' by the
In January 2023, there were 1.74 million inhabitants living within the city limits,
Economically, Bucharest is the most prosperous city in Romania and the richest capital and city in the region, having surpassed Budapest since 2017.[18][19][20]
The city has a number of large convention facilities, educational institutes, cultural venues, traditional 'shopping arcades' and recreational areas.
The city proper is administratively known as the 'Municipality of Bucharest' (Romanian: Municipiul București), and has the same administrative level as that of a national county, being further subdivided into six sectors, each governed by a local mayor.
Etymology
The Romanian name București has an unverified origin. Tradition connects the founding of Bucharest with the name of Bucur, who was a prince, an outlaw, a fisherman, a shepherd or a hunter, according to different legends. In Romanian, the word stem bucurie means 'joy' ('happiness'),[21] hence the city Bucharest means 'city of joy'.[22]
Other etymologies are given by early scholars, including the one of an
History
Bucharest's history alternated periods of development and decline from the early settlements in antiquity until its consolidation as the national capital of Romania late in the 19th century. First mentioned as the 'Citadel of București' in 1459, it became the residence of the ruler of Wallachia, Voivode Vlad the Impaler.[24]: 23
The
Bucharest finally became the permanent location of the Wallachian court after 1698 (starting with the reign of Constantin Brâncoveanu). The city was partly destroyed by natural disasters and rebuilt several times during the following 200 years.
The Ottomans appointed Greek administrators (
In 1813–14 the city was hit by
In 1862, after
Between 6 December 1916 and November 1918, the city was occupied by
In January 1941, the city was the scene of the
After the establishment of
The
Since 2000, the city has been continuously modernised. Residential and commercial developments are underway, particularly in the northern districts; Bucharest's old historic centre has undergone restoration since the mid-2000s.[31]
In 2015, 64 people were killed in the Colectiv nightclub fire. Later the Romanian capital saw the 2017–2019 Romanian protests against the judicial reforms,[32] with a 2018 protest ending with 450 people injured.[33]
Treaties
The following treaties were signed in the city:
- Treaty of Bucharest (1812), between the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire ending the Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)
- Treaty of Bucharest (1886), between Serbia and Bulgaria ending the Serbian–Bulgarian War
- Treaty of Bucharest (1913), between Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia, Montenegro and Greece ending of the Second Balkan War
- Treaty of Bucharest (1916), a treaty of alliance between Romania and the Entente Powers
- Treaty of Bucharest (1918), between Romania and the Central Powers
Geography
General
The city is situated on the banks of the
Bucharest parks and gardens also include
Lake Văcărești is located in the southern part of the city. Over 190 hectares, including 90 hectares of water, host 97 species of birds, half of them protected by law, and at least seven species of mammals.[35] The lake is surrounded by buildings of flats and is an odd result of human intervention and nature taking its course. The area was a small village that Ceaușescu attempted to convert into a lake. After demolishing the houses and building the concrete basin, the plan was abandoned following the 1989 revolution.[36] For nearly two decades, the area shifted from being an abandoned green space where children could play and sunbathe, to being contested by previous owners of the land there, to being closed for redevelopment into a sports centre. The redevelopment deal failed,[37] and over the following years, the green space grew into a unique habitat. In May 2016, the lake was declared a national park, the Văcărești Nature Park.[38] Dubbed the 'Delta of Bucharest', the area is protected.[39]
Bucharest is situated in the center of the Romanian Plain, in an area once covered by the Vlăsiei Forest, which after it was cleared, gave way for a fertile flatland. As with many cities, Bucharest is traditionally considered to be built upon seven hills, similar to the seven hills of Rome. Bucharest's seven hills are: Mihai Vodă, Dealul Mitropoliei, Radu Vodă, Cotroceni, Dealul Spirii, Văcărești, and Sfântu Gheorghe Nou.
The city has an area of 226 km2 (87 sq mi). The altitude varies from 55.8 m (183.1 ft) at the Dâmbovița bridge in Cățelu, southeastern Bucharest and 91.5 m (300.2 ft) at the
Until recently, the regions surrounding Bucharest were largely rural, but after 1989, suburbs started to be built around Bucharest, in the surrounding Ilfov County. Further urban consolidation is expected to take place in the late 2010s, when the 'Bucharest Metropolitan Area' plan will become operational, incorporating additional communes and cities from the Ilfov and other neighbouring counties.[40]
Climate
Bucharest has a
Climate data for Bucharest Băneasa (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1929–present) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 20.9 (69.6) |
24.1 (75.4) |
29.0 (84.2) |
32.2 (90.0) |
36.9 (98.4) |
39.0 (102.2) |
42.6 (108.7) |
41.0 (105.8) |
38.5 (101.3) |
35.2 (95.4) |
25.1 (77.2) |
18.4 (65.1) |
42.6 (108.7) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 3.0 (37.4) |
6.3 (43.3) |
12.3 (54.1) |
18.5 (65.3) |
24.1 (75.4) |
28.1 (82.6) |
30.4 (86.7) |
30.6 (87.1) |
25.0 (77.0) |
18.0 (64.4) |
10.5 (50.9) |
4.2 (39.6) |
17.6 (63.7) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | −1.5 (29.3) |
0.6 (33.1) |
5.6 (42.1) |
11.4 (52.5) |
16.8 (62.2) |
21.1 (70.0) |
23.0 (73.4) |
22.4 (72.3) |
16.8 (62.2) |
10.7 (51.3) |
5.3 (41.5) |
0.0 (32.0) |
11.0 (51.8) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −5.0 (23.0) |
−3.5 (25.7) |
0.3 (32.5) |
4.9 (40.8) |
9.7 (49.5) |
13.9 (57.0) |
15.6 (60.1) |
15.2 (59.4) |
10.7 (51.3) |
5.7 (42.3) |
1.4 (34.5) |
−3.3 (26.1) |
5.5 (41.9) |
Record low °C (°F) | −32.2 (−26.0) |
−29.0 (−20.2) |
−21.7 (−7.1) |
−9.5 (14.9) |
−5.0 (23.0) |
4.5 (40.1) |
7.4 (45.3) |
5.2 (41.4) |
−3.1 (26.4) |
−8.0 (17.6) |
−19.4 (−2.9) |
−25.6 (−14.1) |
−32.2 (−26.0) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 40.1 (1.58) |
33.0 (1.30) |
42.4 (1.67) |
50.2 (1.98) |
70.4 (2.77) |
82.7 (3.26) |
68.6 (2.70) |
48.9 (1.93) |
60.5 (2.38) |
60.7 (2.39) |
43.6 (1.72) |
47.0 (1.85) |
648.1 (25.52) |
Average snowfall cm (inches) | 13.7 (5.4) |
11.0 (4.3) |
10.5 (4.1) |
1.5 (0.6) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
8.8 (3.5) |
10.5 (4.1) |
56.0 (22.0) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 6.1 | 5.4 | 6.3 | 6.2 | 8.4 | 8.3 | 7.1 | 5.2 | 4.9 | 5.6 | 5.4 | 6.7 | 75.6 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
86 | 82 | 71 | 63 | 62 | 61 | 58 | 57 | 61 | 73 | 84 | 87 | 70 |
Average dew point °C (°F) | −4.2 (24.4) |
−2.7 (27.1) |
0.9 (33.6) |
5.4 (41.7) |
10.2 (50.4) |
13.9 (57.0) |
15.3 (59.5) |
14.7 (58.5) |
11.6 (52.9) |
6.8 (44.2) |
2.5 (36.5) |
−1.3 (29.7) |
6.1 (43.0) |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 78.8 | 107.1 | 156.7 | 195.3 | 245.4 | 259.4 | 293.4 | 283.0 | 208.7 | 149.6 | 84.8 | 63.9 | 2,126.1 |
Average ultraviolet index | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 4 |
Source 1: NOAA (dew point and snowfall 1961–1990)[43][44] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Administrația Națională de Meteorologie (extremes),[45] Danish Meteorological Institute (humidity, 1931–1960)[46] and Weather Atlas[47] |
Government
Administration
Bucharest has a unique status in Romanian administration, since it is the only municipal area that is not part of a county. Its population, however, is larger than that of any other Romanian county, hence the power of the Bucharest General Municipality (Primăria Generală), which is the capital's local government body, is the same as any other Romanian county council.
The Municipality of Bucharest, along with the surrounding Ilfov County, is part of the București – Ilfov development region project, which is equivalent to
The city government is headed by a
The six sectors are numbered from one to six and are disposed radially so that each one has under its administration a certain area of the city centre. They are numbered clockwise and are further divided into sectoral quarters (cartiere) which are not part of the official administrative division:
- , Pajura, Domenii, Chibrit
- Sector 2 (population 357,338): Pantelimon, Colentina, Iancului, Tei, Floreasca, Moșilor, Obor, Vatra Luminoasă, Fundeni, Plumbuita, Ștefan cel Mare, Baicului
- Sector 3 (population 399,231): Vitan, Dudești, Titan, Centrul Civic, Dristor, Lipscani, Muncii, Unirii
- Sector 4 (population 300,331): Berceni, Olteniței, Giurgiului, Progresul, Văcărești, Timpuri Noi, Tineretului
- Sector 5 (population 288,690): Rahova, Ferentari, Giurgiului, Cotroceni, 13 Septembrie, Dealul Spirii
- Sector 6 (population 371,060): Giulești, Crângași, Drumul Taberei, Militari, Grozăvești (also known as Regie), Ghencea
Each sector is governed by a local mayor, as follows: Sector 1 – Clotilde Armand (USR, since 2020), Sector 2 – Radu Mihaiu (USR, since 2020), Sector 3 – Robert Negoiță (PRO B, since 2012), Sector 4 – Daniel Băluță (PSD, since 2016), Sector 5 – Cristian Popescu Piedone (PPU SL, since 2020),[48] Sector 6 – Ciprian Ciucu (PNL, since 2020).
Like all other local councils in Romania, the Bucharest sectoral councils, the capital's general council, and the mayors are elected every four years by the population. Additionally, Bucharest has a prefect, who is appointed by Romania's national government. The prefect is not allowed to be a member of a political party and his role is to represent the national government at the municipal level. The prefect is acting as a liaison official facilitating the implementation of national development plans and governing programs at local level. The prefect of Bucharest (as of 2021) is Alexandra Văcaru.[49]
City general council
The city's general council has the following political composition, based on the results of the 2020 local elections:
Party | Seats | Current Council | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Social Democratic Party (PSD) | 21 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Save Romania Union (USR) | 17 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
National Liberal Party (PNL) | 12 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
People's Movement Party (PMP) | 5 |
Justice system
Bucharest's judicial system is similar to that of the Romanian counties. Each of the six sectors has its own local first-instance court (judecătorie), while more serious cases are directed to the Bucharest Tribunal (Tribunalul Bucureşti), the city's municipal court. The Bucharest Court of Appeal (Curtea de Apel Bucureşti) judges appeals against decisions taken by first-instance courts and tribunals in Bucharest and in five surrounding counties (Teleorman, Ialomița, Giurgiu, Călărași, and Ilfov). Bucharest is also home to Romania's supreme court, the High Court of Cassation and Justice, as well as to the Constitutional Court of Romania.
Bucharest has a municipal police force, the Bucharest Police (Poliția București), which is responsible for policing crime within the whole city, and operates a number of divisions. The Bucharest Police are headquartered on Ștefan cel Mare Blvd. in the city centre, and at precincts throughout the city. From 2004 onwards, each sector city hall also has under its administration a community police force (
Crime
Bucharest's crime rate is rather low in comparison to other European capital cities, with the number of total offences declining by 51% between 2000 and 2004,[50] and by 7% between 2012 and 2013.[51] The violent crime rate in Bucharest remains very low, with 11 murders and 983 other violent offences taking place in 2007.[52] Although violent crimes fell by 13% in 2013 compared to 2012, 19 murders (18 of which the suspects were arrested) were recorded.[51]
Although in the 2000s, a number of police crackdowns on
Although the presence of street children was a problem in Bucharest in the 1990s, their numbers have declined in recent years, now lying at or below the average of major European capital cities.[53]
Quality of life
As stated by the Mercer international surveys for quality of life in cities around the world, Bucharest occupied the 94th place in 2001[54] and slipped lower, to the 108th place in 2009 and the 107th place in 2010. Compared to it, Vienna occupied number one worldwide in 2011 and 2009.[55] Warsaw ranked 84th, Istanbul 112th, and neighbours Sofia 114th and Belgrade 136th (in the 2010 rankings).[56]
Mercer Human Resource Consulting issues yearly a global ranking of the world's most livable cities based on 39 key quality-of-life issues. Among them: political stability, currency-exchange regulations, political and media censorship, school quality, housing, the environment, and public safety. Mercer collects data worldwide, in 215 cities. The difficult situation of the quality of life in Bucharest is confirmed also by a vast urbanism study, done by the
In 2016, Bucharest's urban situation was described as 'critical' by a Romanian Order of Architects (OAR) report that criticised the city's weak, incoherent and arbitrary public management policies, its elected officials' lack of transparency and public engagement, as well as its inadequate and unsustainable use of essential urban resources.[58] Bucharest's historical city centre is listed as 'endangered' by the
Although many neighbourhoods, particularly in the southern part of the city, lack sufficient green space, being formed of cramped, high-density blocks of flats, Bucharest also has many parks.[59]
In 2024, Bucharest was ranked by the digital publication Freaking Nomads as the 9th best city in the world for digital nomads, due to its elaborate and diverse architecture, an arts scene featuring some of the world’s best galleries, museums, and theatres, and its tranquil parks.[60][61]
Demographics
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1595 | 10,000 | — |
1650 | 20,000 | +100.0% |
1789 | 30,030 | +50.2% |
1831 | 60,587 | +101.8% |
1851 | 60,000 | −1.0% |
1859 | 121,734 | +102.9% |
1877 | 177,646 | +45.9% |
1900 | 282,071 | +58.8% |
1912 | 341,321 | +21.0% |
1930 | 639,040 | +87.2% |
1941 | 992,536 | +55.3% |
1948 | 1,041,807 | +5.0% |
1956 | 1,177,661 | +13.0% |
1966 | 1,366,684 | +16.1% |
1972 | 1,511,239 | +10.6% |
1977 | 1,807,239 | +19.6% |
1982 | 1,898,323 | +5.0% |
1987 | 1,985,393 | +4.6% |
1992 | 2,064,474 | +4.0% |
2002 | 1,926,334 | −6.7% |
2011 | 1,883,425 | −2.2% |
2021 | 1,716,961 | −8.8% |
1851 data: Chambers's Encyclopaedia,[62] 1900: Encyclopædia Britannica,[63] 1941, 1948,[64] other data:[65][66][67] Population size may be affected by changes in administrative divisions. |
As per the
The city's population, according to the 2002 census, was 1,926,334 inhabitants,[69] or 8.9% of the total population of Romania. A significant number of people commute to the city every day, mostly from the surrounding Ilfov County, but official statistics regarding their numbers do not exist.[70]
Bucharest's population experienced two phases of rapid growth, the first beginning in the late 19th century when the city was consolidated as the national capital and lasting until the Second World War, and the second during the Ceaușescu years (1965–1989), when a massive urbanization campaign was launched and many people migrated from rural areas to the capital. At this time, due to Ceaușescu's decision to ban abortion and contraception,
Bucharest is a city of high population density: 8,260/km2 (21,400/sq mi),[71] owing to the fact that most of the population lives in high-density communist era apartment blocks (blocuri). However, this also depends on the part of the city: the southern boroughs have a higher density than the northern ones. Of the European Union country capital-cities, only Paris and Athens have a higher population density (see List of European Union cities proper by population density). In addition to blocks of flats built during the communist era, there are also older interwar ones, as well as newer ones built in the 1990s and in the 21st century. Although apartment buildings are strongly associated with the communist era, such housing schemes were first introduced in Bucharest in the 1920s.[72]
About 97.3% of the population of Bucharest for whom data are available is Romanian.[73] Other significant ethnic groups are Romani, Hungarians, Turks, Jews, Germans (mostly Regat Germans), Chinese, Russians, Ukrainians, and Italians. A relatively small number of Bucharesters are also Greeks, Armenians, Kurds, Bulgarians, Albanians, Poles, French, Arabs, Africans (including the Afro-Romanians), Iranians, Vietnamese, Filipinos, Nepalis, Afghans, Sri Lankans, Bangladeshis, Pakistanis, and Indians.[74][75][76][77][78][79][80] 226,943 people did not declare their ethnicity.[81][82]
In terms of religious affiliation, 96.1% of the population for whom data are available is
Economy
Bucharest is the centre of the Romanian economy and industry, accounting for around 24% (2017) of the country's GDP and about one-quarter of its industrial production, while being inhabited by 9% of the country's population.[85] Almost one-third of national taxes is paid by Bucharest's citizens and companies.[citation needed] The living standard in the Bucharest–Ilfov region was 145% of the EU average in 2017, according to GDP per capita at the purchasing power parity standard (adjusted to the national price level).
The Bucharest area surpassed, on comparable terms, European metropolitan areas such as Budapest (139%), Madrid (125%), Berlin (118%), Rome (110%), Lisbon (102%), and Sofia (79%), and more than twice the Romanian average.[86][clarification needed] After relative stagnation in the 1990s, the city's strong economic growth has revitalised infrastructure and led to the development of shopping malls, residential estates, and high-rise office buildings. In January 2013, Bucharest had an unemployment rate of 2.1%, significantly lower than the national unemployment rate of 5.8%.[87][88]
Bucharest's economy is centred on industry and
Malls and large shopping centres have been built since the late 1990s, such as
The corporations
-
IBM Bucharest
-
Floreasca City Center (including SkyTower and Oracle headquarters)
-
Petrom City
Transport
Bucharest is crossed by two major international routes: Pan-European transport corridor IV and IX.
Public transport
Bucharest's public transport system is the largest in Romania and one of the largest in Europe. It is made up of the
Railways
It is the hub of Romania's national railway network, run by , etc.
The city has five other railway stations run by CFR, of which the most important are Basarab (adjacent to North Station), Obor, Băneasa, and Progresul. These are in the process of being integrated into a commuter railway serving Bucharest and the surrounding Ilfov County. Seven main lines radiate out of Bucharest.
The oldest station in Bucharest is Filaret. It was inaugurated in 1869, and in 1960, the communist government turned it in a bus terminal.[96]
Air
- Aurel Vlaicu International Airport (IATA: BBU, ICAO: LRBS) is Bucharest's business and VIP airport. It is situated only 8 km (5.0 mi) north of the Bucharest city centre, within city limits.
Roads
Bucharest is a major intersection of
A series of high-capacity boulevards, which generally radiate out from the city centre to the outskirts, provides a framework for the municipal road system. The main axes, which run north–south, east–west and northwest–southeast, as well as one internal and one external ring road, support the bulk of the traffic.
The city's roads are usually very crowded during rush hours, due to an increase in car ownership in recent years. In 2013, the number of cars registered in Bucharest amounted to 1,125,591.[98] This results in wear and potholes appearing on busy roads, particularly secondary roads, this being identified as one of Bucharest's main infrastructural problems. A comprehensive effort on behalf of the City Hall to boost road infrastructure was made, and according to the general development plan, 2,000 roads have been repaired by 2008.[99] The huge number of cars registered in the city forced the Romanian Auto Registry to switch to 3-digit numbers on registration plates in 2010.
On 17 June 2011, the
-
A tram in 2016
-
Buzești Street
Water
Although it is situated on the banks of a river, Bucharest has never functioned as a port city. Other Romanian cities such as
Culture
Bucharest has a growing cultural scene, in fields including the visual arts, performing arts, and nightlife. Unlike other parts of Romania, such as the Black Sea coast or Transylvania, Bucharest's cultural scene has no defined style, and instead incorporates elements of Romanian and international culture.
Landmarks
Bucharest has landmark buildings and monuments. Perhaps the most prominent of these is the
Another landmark in Bucharest is
The Romanian Athenaeum building is considered a symbol of Romanian culture and since 2007 has been on the list of the Label of European Heritage sites. It was built between 1886 and 1888 by the architect Paul Louis Albert Galeron, through public funding.[104][105]
Other cultural venues include the
-
The Triumphal Arch was inaugurated in 1936.
-
Downtown Bucharest fountains in the Unirii Square
-
Interior of theCărturești Carusel Bookstore
-
Therme Bucharest spa is Europe's biggest urban beach.[109]
Visual arts
In terms of visual arts, the city has museums featuring both classical and contemporary Romanian art, as well as selected international works. The National Museum of Art of Romania is perhaps the best-known of Bucharest museums. It is located in the royal palace and features collections of medieval and modern Romanian art, including works by sculptor Constantin Brâncuși, as well as an international collection assembled by the Romanian royal family.
Other, smaller, museums contain specialised collections. The Zambaccian Museum, which is situated in the former home of art collector Krikor H. Zambaccian, contains works by well-known Romanian artists and international artists such as Paul Cézanne, Eugène Delacroix, Henri Matisse, Camille Pissarro, and Pablo Picasso.
The Gheorghe Tattarescu Museum contains portraits of Romanian revolutionaries in exile such as Gheorghe Magheru, ștefan Golescu, and Nicolae Bălcescu, and allegorical compositions with revolutionary (Romania's rebirth, 1849) and patriotic (The Principalities' Unification, 1857) themes. Another impressive art collection gathering important Romanian painters, can be found at the Ligia and Pompiliu Macovei residence, which is open to visitors as it is now part of the Bucharest Museum patrimony.
The Theodor Pallady Museum is situated in one of the oldest surviving merchant houses in Bucharest and includes works by Romanian painter Theodor Pallady, as well as European and oriental furniture pieces. The Museum of Art Collections contains the collections of Romanian art aficionados, including Krikor Zambaccian and Theodor Pallady.
Despite the classical art galleries and museums in the city, a contemporary arts scene also exists. The National Museum of Contemporary Art (MNAC), situated in a wing of the Palace of the Parliament, was opened in 2004 and contains Romanian and international contemporary art. The MNAC also manages the Kalinderu MediaLab, which caters to multimedia and experimental art. Private art galleries are scattered throughout the city centre.
The palace of the
Performing arts
Performing arts are some of the strongest cultural elements of Bucharest. The most famous symphony orchestra is National Radio Orchestra of Romania. One of the most prominent buildings is the neoclassical Romanian Athenaeum, which was founded in 1852, and hosts classical music concerts, the George Enescu Festival, and is home to the George Enescu Philharmonic Orchestra.
Bucharest is home to the
Music and nightlife
Bucharest is home to Romania's largest recording labels, and is often the residence of Romanian musicians. Romanian rock bands of the 1970s and 1980s, such as
The pop-rock band
With no central nightlife strip, entertainment venues are dispersed throughout the city, with clusters in Lipscani and Regie.
Cultural events and festivals
A number of cultural festivals are held in Bucharest throughout the year, but most festivals take place in June, July, and August. The National Opera organises the International Opera Festival every year in May and June, which includes ensembles and orchestras from all over the world.
The Romanian Athaeneum Society hosts the George Enescu Festival at locations throughout the city in September every two years (odd years). The Museum of the Romanian Peasant and the Village Museum organise events throughout the year, showcasing Romanian folk arts and crafts.
In the 2000s, due to the growing prominence of the Chinese community in Bucharest, Chinese cultural events took place. The first officially organised Chinese festival was the Chinese New Year's Eve Festival of February 2005, which took place in Nichita Stănescu Park and was organised by the Bucharest City Hall.[110]
In 2005, Bucharest was the first city in Southeastern Europe to host the international CowParade, which resulted in dozens of decorated cow sculptures being placed across the city.
In 2004, Bucharest imposed in the circle of important festivals in Eastern Europe with the Bucharest International Film Festival, an event widely acknowledged in Europe, having as guests of honour famous names from the world cinema: Andrei Konchalovsky, Danis Tanović, Nikita Mikhalkov, Rutger Hauer, Jerzy Skolimowski, Jan Harlan, Radu Mihăileanu, and many others.[111]
Since 2005, Bucharest has its own contemporary art biennale, the Bucharest Biennale.
Traditional culture
Traditional Romanian culture continues to have a major influence in arts such as theatre, film, and music. Bucharest has two internationally renowned
The Museum of the Romanian Peasant was declared the European Museum of the Year in 1996. Patronised by the Ministry of Culture, the museum preserves and exhibits numerous collections of objects and monuments of material and spiritual culture. The Museum of the Romanian Peasant holds one of the richest collections of peasant objects in Romania, its heritage being nearly 90,000 pieces, those being divided into several collections: ceramics, costumes, textiles, wooden objects, religious objects, customs, etc.[113]
The
Religion
Bucharest is the seat of the Patriarch of the
The city is a centre for other Christian organizations in Romania, including the
Bucharest also hosts six synagogues, including the Choral Temple of Bucharest, the Great Synagogue of Bucharest and the Holy Union Temple. The latter was converted into the Museum of the History of the Romanian Jewish Community, while the Great Synagogue and the Choral Temple are both active and hold regular services.[114]
A mosque with a capacity for 2,000 people[115] was in the planning stages at 22–30 Expoziției Boulevard. The project was later abandoned.[116] However, there are several smaller Sunni and Shia mosques active in Bucharest.[117]
Architecture
The city centre is a mixture of medieval, neoclassical, Art Deco, and Art Nouveau buildings, as well as 'neo-Romanian' buildings dating from the beginning of the 20th century and a collection of modern buildings from the 1920s and 1930s. [citation needed] The mostly utilitarian Communist-era architecture dominates most southern boroughs. Recently built contemporary structures such as skyscrapers and office buildings complete the landscape.
Historical architecture
Of the city's medieval architecture, most of what survived into modern times was destroyed by communist systematization, fire, and military incursions. Some medieval and renaissance edifices remain, the most notable are in the Lipscani area. This precinct contains notable buildings such as Manuc's Inn (Hanul lui Manuc) and the ruins of the Old Court (Curtea Veche); during the late Middle Ages, this area was the heart of commerce in Bucharest. From the 1970s onwards, the area went through urban decline, and many historical buildings fell into disrepair. In 2005, the Lipscani area was restored.[118]
To execute a massive redevelopment project during the rule of Nicolae Ceaușescu, the government conducted extensive demolition of churches and many other historic structures in Romania. According to Alexandru Budișteanu, former chief architect of Bucharest, "The sight of a church bothered Ceaușescu. It didn't matter if they demolished or moved it, as long as it was no longer in sight". Nevertheless, a project organised by Romanian engineer Eugeniu Iordăchescu was able to move many historic structures to less-prominent sites and save them.[119]
The city centre has retained architecture from the late 19th and early 20th centuries, particularly the
In Romania, the tendencies of innovation in the architectural language met the need of valorisation and affirmation of the national cultural identity. The Art Nouveau movement found expression through new architectural style initiated by Ion Mincu and taken over by other prestigious architects who capitalised important references of Romanian laic and medieval ecclesiastical architecture (for example the Mogoșoaia Palace, the Stavropoleos Church or the disappeared church of Văcărești Monastery) and Romanian folk motifs.[120] The Romanian Revival architecture, which was born as the result of the attempts of finding a specific Romanian architectural style, is exemplified though buildings such as Nicolae Minovici Folk Art Museum and the Romanian Peasant Museum.
Another style of the 1930s is the Moorish-Florentine or Mediterranean Picturesque, which eclectically uses Romanesque, Gothic and Renaissance elements in civic architecture, with a Mediterranean vibe, giving rise to Mediterranean Revival architecture.
Some buildings from the interwar era have a modernist brutalist look, such as the Tehnoimport Building, which was built in 1935,[121] and may be mistaken as communist architecture. Modernist styles during the interwar period include Art Deco, Stripped Classicism, Bauhaus and Rationalism.
Two buildings from this time are the
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Romanian Revival architecture (C.N. Câmpeanu/Alfred E. Gheorghiu House on Bulevardul Dacia)
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Window design on George Enescu street no. 14, an example of Mediterranean Revival architecture
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The Telephones Company Building, an example of the Art Deco style
Communist era architecture
A major part of Bucharest's architecture is made up of buildings constructed during the
Communist architecture broadly includes three stages: architecture that was built in the early years of communism, in the late 1940s and 1950s, which followed the Soviet Stalinist trend of
The Communist regime installed after World War II took control over all aspects of life, including architecture, dictating a uniform bureaucratic vision of urbanism and architectural design. Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej, who was premier of the Socialist Republic of Romania from 1947 until 1965, began the country's policies of industrialization, with infrastructure development for heavy industry, and construction for mass resettlement to new industrial and agricultural centers away from Bucharest and other principal cities. The architecture from this period is more or less easy to spot, by its use of Neoclassical elements and proportions, but in a simplified way. There are also some small 3-4 floors "Russian blocks" from this era, some of them built of red bricks.
Communist-era architecture from the 1960s and 1970s can be found especially in Bucharest's residential districts, mainly in blocuri, which are high-density apartment blocks that house the majority of the city's population. Initially, these apartment blocks started to be constructed in the 1960s, on relatively empty areas and fields (good examples include Pajura, Drumul Taberei, Berceni and Titan), however with the 1970s, they mostly targeted peripheral neighbourhoods such as Colentina, Pantelimon, Militari and Rahova. Construction of these apartment blocks were also often randomised, for instance some small streets were demolished and later widened with the blocks being built next to them, but other neighbouring streets were left intact (like in the example of Calea Moșilor from 1978 to 1982), or built in various patterns such as the Piața Iancului-Lizeanu apartment buildings from 1962 to 1963.
The last years of communism were marked by major urban redevelopment schemes which changed dramatically the face of many cities, including Bucharest. One of the most singular examples of late stage communist architecture of the 1980s is Centrul Civic, a development that replaced a major part of Bucharest's historic city centre with giant utilitarian buildings, mainly with marble or travertine façades, inspired by North Korean architecture. The mass demolitions that occurred in the 1980s, under which an overall area of eight square kilometres of the historic centre of Bucharest were levelled, including monasteries, churches, synagogues, a hospital, and a noted Art Deco sports stadium, changed drastically the appearance of the city.
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The Palace of the Parliament (Romanian: Palatul Parlamentului, formerly and alternatively still known as Casa Poporului) is one of the largest buildings in the world
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Romanian Academy's building
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Centrul Civic
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Nicolae Ceaușescu's residence is available to visitors.
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The House of the Free Press, formerly Casa Scînteii "I. V. Stalin". It was built in the 1950s and it is an example of Stalinist architecture from the early communist period.
Contemporary architecture
Since
Modern shopping malls such as the
The newest contribution to Bucharest's architecture took place after the fall of communism, particularly after 2000, when the city went through a period of urban renewal – and architectural revitalization – on the back of Romania's economic growth. Buildings from this time are mostly made of glass and steel, and often have more than 10 stories. Examples include shopping malls (particularly the Bucharest Mall, a conversion and extension of an abandoned building), office buildings, bank headquarters, etc. [citation needed]
During the 21st century, several high rise office buildings were built, particularly in the northern and eastern parts of the city. Additionally, a trend to add modern wings and façades to historic buildings has occurred, the most prominent example of which is the Bucharest Architects' Association Building, which is a modern glass-and-steel construction built inside a historic stone façade. In 2013, the Bucharest skyline enriched with a 137-m-high office building (SkyTower of
Aside from buildings used for business and institutions, residential developments have also been built, many of which consist of high-rise office buildings and suburban residential communities. An example of a new high rise residential complex is Asmita Gardens. These developments are increasingly prominent in northern Bucharest, which is less densely populated and is home to middle- and upper-class Bucharesters due to the process of gentrification.
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Pipera Sky Tower
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BRD Tower and Bucharest Tower Center in Victory Square
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The World Trade Center in Bucharest
Education
Overall, 159 faculties are in 34 universities. Sixteen public universities are in Bucharest, the largest of which are the
These are supplemented by nineteen private universities, such as the Romanian-American University.[124] Private universities, however, have a mixed reputation due to irregularities.[125][126]
In the 2020 QS World University Rankings, from Bucharest, only the University of Bucharest was included in the top universities of the world. The Politehnica University disappeared from the ranking.[127] Also, in recent years, the city has had increasing numbers of foreign students enrolling in its universities.[128]
The first modern educational institution was the Princely Academy from Bucharest, founded in 1694 and divided in 1864 to form the present-day University of Bucharest and the Saint Sava National College, both of which are among the most prestigious of their kind in Romania.[129][130]
Over 450 public primary and secondary schools are in the city, all of which are administered by the Bucharest Municipal Schooling Inspectorate. Each sector also has its own Schooling Inspectorate, subordinated to the municipal one.
Media
The city is well-served by a modern landline and mobile network. Offices of
Bucharest is the headquarters of most national television networks and national newspapers, radio stations and online news websites. The largest daily newspapers in Bucharest include , and Cancan are popular for commuters.
Several newspapers and media publications are based in
English-language newspapers became available in the early 1930s and reappeared in the 1990s. The two daily English-language newspapers are the
Observator Cultural covers the city's arts, and the free weekly magazines Șapte Seri ("Seven Evenings") and B24FUN, list entertainment events. The city is home to the intellectual journal Dilema veche and the satire magazine Academia Cațavencu.
Visit Bucharest Today is another online platform promoting Bucharest as a tourist destination. It serves as a comprehensive resource for local and international travelers seeking to learn about the capital city of Romania. The online platform showcases Bucharest's rich history, cultural landmarks, hidden gems, and exciting experiences.
Healthcare
One of the most modern hospitals in the capital is Colțea that has been re-equipped after a 90-million-euro investment in 2011. It specialises in oncological and cardiac disorders. It was built by Mihai Cantacuzino between 1701 and 1703, composed of many buildings, each with 12 to 30 beds, a church, three chapels, a school, and doctors' and teachers' houses.[131]
Another conventional hospital is Pantelimon, which was established in 1733 by Grigore II Ghica. The surface area of the hospital land property was 400,000 m2 (4,305,564 sq ft). The hospital had in its inventory a house for infectious diseases and a house for persons with disabilities.
Other hospitals or clinics are
Sports
Football is the most widely followed sport in Bucharest, with the city having numerous club teams, including, most notably, Steaua București, Dinamo București, Rapid București and FCSB.
Sport clubs have formed for
Bucharest hosted annual races along a temporary urban track surrounding the Palace of the Parliament, called
The capital also hosted the international tennis tournaments
Bucharest hosted the UEFA Euro 2020 championship at the Arena Națională or Bucharest National Arena.[137] The championship took place in 2021, being postponed due to the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Twin towns – sister cities
Bucharest is twinned with:[138]
In addition, Bucharest has a partnership with:
See also
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Works cited
- Celac, Mariana; Carabela, Octavian; Marcu-Lapadat, Marius (2017). Bucharest Architecture – an annotated guide. Order of Architects of Romania. ISBN 978-973-0-23884-6.
Further reading
- Modern history of Bucharest, City Hall of Bucharest
- Șerban Cantacuzino, Două Orașe Distincte. Revista Secolul XX 4/6 (1997): 11–40
- Ernie Schoffham, Luminița MacHedon, Șerban Cantacuzino, Romanian Modernism: The Architecture of Bucharest, 1920–1940
- Romania: Arts & Architecture, Romanian Tourist Office
- Tatiana Murzin, Romanian Education Archived 21 February 2018 at the Wayback Machine, 2005
- Romanian Education Portal, Site for the Ministry of Education containing lists of all educational establishments.
- Bucharest, the small Paris of the East, on the Museums from Romania web site.
- Bucica, Cristina. "Legitimating Power in Capital Cities: Bucharest – Continuity Through Radical Change?" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 October 2005. (39.0 KB), 2000.