École normale supérieure
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An école normale supérieure (French pronunciation:
The history of écoles normales supérieures goes back to 30 October 1794 (9 brumaire an III), when École normale de l'an III was established during the French Revolution.[1] The school was subsequently reestablished as pensionnat normal from 1808 to 1822, before being recreated in 1826 and taking the name of École normale in 1830. When institutes for primary teachers training called écoles normales were created in 1845, the word supérieure (meaning upper) was added to form the current name.
The Savary Law of 1984 restructured higher education in France and classified écoles normales supérieures within the category of établissements publics à caractère scientifique, culturel et professionnel.[2]
As of January 2014, there are four existing ENSes:
- École normale supérieure, located in Paris
- École normale supérieure de Lyon, located in Lyon
- École normale supérieure Paris-Saclay, located in Gif-sur-Yvette, near Paris
- École normale supérieure de Rennes, located in Rennes
A twin institution has existed in Italy since its foundation by Napoleon Bonaparte, the Scuola Normale Superiore in Pisa.
History
After the suppression of the Society of Jesus in France in 1762, a debate arose on how to replace their role in education. The idea of an école normale, a place to train teachers for the secondary schools, is already mentioned in a report on education made in 1768 by Rolland, president of the Parlement of Paris.[3]
The first école normale was established by the
In the decree of Napoleon of 17 March 1808, the institution was re-established as pensionnat normal.
In 1880, Camille Sée established secondary education for girls. Subsequently, a law dated 29 July 1881 founded the École normale supérieure de jeunes filles located in Sèvres.
Jules Ferry got a law passed on 9 August 1879 in order to force each department to establish and fund an institution to train primary school teachers for each gender (école normale de garçons and école normale de filles).[5] In order to train the teaching body of these schools, so-called écoles normales supérieures de l’enseignement primaire were needed. A decree dated 13 July 1880 set up the one for young women in Fontenay-aux-Roses, and later in March 1882 the male equivalent opened in Saint-Cloud.[5]
Starting in 1891, a section for teacher training named sections normales was established in the
Academic profile
The École normale supérieure are Grandes Écoles, a French institution of
The competitive entrance exams for admission to the ENSs are extremely selective. They recruit mainly from
The
Until recently and unlike most of the other grandes écoles, the écoles normales supérieures did not award any specific diplomas (students who had completed the curriculum they had agreed to with the office of the Dean upon arrival were simply entitled to be known as "ENS Alumni" or "Normaliens"), but they encourage their students to obtain university diplomas in partner institutions whilst providing extra classes and support. Many ENS students obtain more than one university diploma.
According to a calculation published in 2016 by
References
- ^ a b c Edwards, Reginald (Fall 1991). "Theory, History, and Practice of Education: Fin de siècle and a new beginning". McGill Journal of Education. 26 (3).)
- ^ "Loi n°84-52 du 26 janvier 1984 sur l'enseignement supérieur". JORF. 27 January 1984.
- ^ Cubberley, Ellwood P. (1920). The history of Education. p. 510.
- ^ . Retrieved 3 April 2011.
- ^ . Retrieved 5 April 2011.
- ^ "France's educational elite". The Daily Telegraph. London. 17 November 2003. Retrieved 5 February 2019.
- ISBN 9780804733465.
- ^ What are Grandes Ecoles Institutes in France?
- ^ "DROITS DE SCOLARITÉ – FORMATION INITIALE NIVEAUX LICENCE ET MASTER ANNÉE UNIVERSITAIRE 2021-2022" (PDF) (in French). École normale supérieure Paris-Saclay. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
- ^ "FT European Business Schools Ranking 2021: France dominates". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
- ^ "Higher Education in France". BSB. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
- ^ "Conférence des grandes écoles: commission Accréditation". Conférence des grandes écoles. Retrieved 21 January 2022.
- ^ "Etablissements dispensant des formations supérieures initiales diplômantes conférant le grade de master". Ministry of France, Higher Education. Ministère de l'Enseignement supérieur, de la Recherche et de l'Innovation. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
- ^ Monique de Saint-Martin, « Les recherches sociologiques sur les grandes écoles : de la reproduction à la recherche de justice », Éducation et sociétés 1/2008 (No. 21), p. 95–103. lire en ligne sur Cairn.info
- INSEE
- PMID 27734890..