1852 Atlantic hurricane season

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1852 Atlantic hurricane season
Season summary map
Seasonal boundaries
First system formedAugust 19, 1852
Last system dissipatedOctober 11, 1852
Strongest storm
NameOne
 • Maximum winds115 mph (185 km/h)
(1-minute sustained)
 • Lowest pressure961 mbar (hPa; 28.38 inHg)
Seasonal statistics
Total storms5
Hurricanes5
Major hurricanes
(Cat. 3+)		1
Total fatalities100+ direct
Total damage$1 million (1852 USD)
Atlantic hurricane seasons
1850, 1851, 1852, 1853, 1854

The 1852 Atlantic hurricane season was one of only three Atlantic hurricane seasons in which every known tropical cyclone attained hurricane status.[1] Five tropical cyclones were reported during the season, which lasted from late August through the middle of October; these dates fall within the range of most Atlantic tropical cyclone activity, and none of the cyclones coexisted with another. Though there were officially five tropical cyclones in the season, hurricane scholar Michael Chenoweth assessed two of the cyclones as being the same storm.[2] There may have been other unconfirmed tropical cyclones during the season, as meteorologist Christopher Landsea estimated that up to six storms were missed each year from the official database; this estimate was due to small tropical cyclone size, sparse ship reports, and relatively unpopulated coastlines.[3]

Season summary

Every tropical cyclone in the season was of hurricane status, or with winds at or exceeding 74 mph (119 km/h). In only two other seasons did every cyclone attain hurricane status; those years were

Florida Panhandle
, though damage was less than expected.

Timeline

Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale

Systems

Hurricane One

Category 3 hurricane (SSHWS)
 
DurationAugust 19 – August 30
Peak intensity115 mph (185 km/h) (1-min);
961 mbar (hPa)

The Great Mobile Hurricane of 1852 was the first tropical cyclone of the year. It was first observed on August 19 about 140 mi (225 km) north of

landfall near Pascagoula, Mississippi at peak strength, and the hurricane rapidly weakened to tropical storm status as it accelerated east-northeastward. On August 28 it emerged into the Atlantic Ocean from South Carolina, and after turning to the northeast, it was last observed on August 30 about 130 mi (210 km) southeast of Cape Cod.[4]

In the

storm tide of 12 ft (3.7 m) in Mobile, Alabama,[4] where strong winds damaged much of the city, leaving the majority of the houses destroyed. Trees were downed up to 30 mi (50 km) inland,[7] and coastal areas were flooded. Damage along the coastline was estimated at $1 million (1852 USD), and at least five people died.[8] While crossing the southeastern United States, the storm brought light rainfall but moderately strong winds; in Charleston, South Carolina, the storm destroyed several bridges and crop fields.[4][9]

Hurricane Two

Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS)
 
DurationSeptember 5 – September 6
Peak intensity80 mph (130 km/h) (1-min);

Hurricane San Lorenzo of 1852

Early on September 5, a hurricane was first observed about 65 mi (105 km) southeast of

official hurricane database,[1] this hurricane and the following hurricane are listed separately.[4] There, the passage of the storm caused severe flooding, which destroyed large quantities of crops and damaged several roads. Storm damage was heaviest between Guayanilla and Mayagüez.[10] More than 100 people were killed in Puerto Rico,[11] many of whom died due to flooding.[10]

Hurricane Three

Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS)
 
DurationSeptember 9 – September 13
Peak intensity80 mph (130 km/h) (1-min);
985 mbar (hPa)

A hurricane was located in the central Gulf of Mexico on September 9,[1] potentially the same hurricane as the previous storm.[2] It tracked generally eastward toward the coast of Florida, with its hurricane intensity estimation based on two ship reports. At about 00:00 UTC on September 12, it moved ashore near Clearwater, Florida, as a minimal hurricane, with an estimated minimum barometric central pressure of 985 mbar (29.1 inHg). Accelerating east-northeastward while crossing the state, the cyclone emerged into the Atlantic Ocean as a weakened tropical storm before regaining hurricane status on September 13. Later that day, it was last observed about 250 mi (400 km) east-southeast of Cape Hatteras.[1]

A post in Fort Meade, Florida, reported at least 0.55 in (14 mm) of rainfall during the storm's passage. The hurricane was considered "violent", and gusts were estimated to have reached hurricane force.[4] Rough seas and strong easterly winds beached a vessel near St. Augustine.[12][13]

Hurricane Four

Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS)
 
DurationSeptember 22 – September 30
Peak intensity90 mph (150 km/h) (1-min);

On September 22, a tropical storm was located about 200 mi (320 km) east of

Bahamas. Recurving north-northeastward, the cyclone moved into open waters, and was last classified as a tropical cyclone on September 30 about 390 mi (630 km) east of Cape Hatteras.[1] However, one hurricane researcher assessed the hurricane as lasting until October 3, with the cyclone turning eastward and dissipating near the Azores.[2]

Hurricane Five

Category 2 hurricane (SSHWS)
 
DurationOctober 6 – October 11
Peak intensity105 mph (165 km/h) (1-min);
965 mbar (hPa)

A moderately strong hurricane with winds of 105 mph (165 km/h) was first spotted on October 6 east of Jamaica. Passing a short distance south of the island, the hurricane tracked northwestward and brushed the Yucatán Peninsula before turning north-northeastward into the Gulf of Mexico.[1] Late on October 9, it made landfall a short distance east of Apalachicola, Florida, at peak winds with an estimated pressure of 965 mbar (28.5 inHg).[14] Rapidly weakening to tropical storm status, the cyclone continued northeastward and emerged into the Atlantic Ocean from North Carolina on October 11. Later that day, it was last observed about 250 mi (400 km) southeast of Cape Cod.[1]

Heavy damage was reported in Jamaica. Upon making landfall in Florida, the hurricane produced a 7 ft (2.1 m)

storm tide, and in Georgia, hurricane-force winds extended into the southwestern portion of the state,[4] while tropical storm force winds occurred along the coastline. In the state, moderate winds damaged trees and roofs, though the destruction was less than anticipated.[12]

Season effects

This is a table of all of the storms that formed in the 1852 Atlantic hurricane season. It includes their duration (within the basin), names, areas affected, damages, and death totals. Deaths in parentheses are additional and indirect (an example of an indirect death would be a traffic accident), but were still related to that storm. Damage and deaths include totals while the storm was extratropical, a wave, or a low, and all of the damage figures are in 1852 USD.

Saffir–Simpson scale
TD TS C1 C2 C3 C4 C5
1852
North Atlantic tropical cyclone
season statistics
Storm
name 		Dates active Storm category
at peak intensity 		Max 1-min
wind
mph (km/h) 		Min.
press.
(mbar) 		Areas affected Damage
(USD) 		Deaths Ref(s)
One August 19–30 Category 3 hurricane 115 (185) 961
Bahamas, Florida, Gulf Coast of the United States (Mississippi), Southeastern United States
 $1 million Unknown [8]
Two September 5–6 Category 1 hurricane 80 (130) Unknown Puerto Rico, Hispaniola (the Dominican Republic) Unknown >100 [11]
Three September 9–13 Category 1 hurricane 80 (130) 985 Florida Unknown None
Four September 22–30 Category 1 hurricane 90 (150) Unknown Lesser Antilles, Bahamas Unknown None
Five October 6–11 Category 2 hurricane 105 (165) 965 Jamaica, Southeastern United States (Florida) Unknown None
Season aggregates
5 systems August 19 – October 11   115 (185) 961 >$1 million >100  

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Atlantic hurricane best track (HURDAT version 2)" (Database). United States National Hurricane Center. April 5, 2023. Retrieved April 18, 2024. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  2. ^
    doi:10.1007/s10584-005-9005-2. Archived from the original
    (PDF) on May 28, 2008. Retrieved January 18, 2024.
  3. Chris Landsea (May 1, 2007). "Counting Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Back to 1900" (PDF). Eos. Vol. 88, no. 18. American Meteorological Society
    . Retrieved January 18, 2024.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Chris Landsea; et al. "Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT". Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. Retrieved January 18, 2024.
  5. ^ "Marine Intelligence from Key West". The New York Herald. September 11, 1852. p. 8. Retrieved January 18, 2024 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  6. ^ David M. Roth (January 13, 2010). "Louisiana Hurricane History" (PDF). Camp Springs, Maryland: Lake Charles, Louisiana National Weather Service. p. 17. Retrieved January 18, 2024.
  7. ^ "From the South: The Gale in Mobile, Alabama" (PDF). The New York Times. New York Daily Times. August 31, 1852. Retrieved January 18, 2024.
  8. ^ a b "Destructive Storm at Mobile". The Louisville Daily Courier. August 30, 1852. p. 3. Retrieved January 18, 2024 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  9. ISBN 9780933876163
    . Retrieved January 18, 2024.
  10. ^ a b Orlando Pérez (1970). "Notes on the Tropical Cyclones of Puerto Rico" (PDF). National Weather Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 28, 2008. Retrieved January 18, 2024.
  11. ^ a b Edward N. Rappaport; José Fernández-Partagás (1995). "The Deadliest Atlantic Tropical Cyclones, 1492–1996". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved January 18, 2024.
  12. ^
    Chris Landsea (2003). "Chronological Listing of Tropical Cyclones affecting North Florida and Coastal Georgia 1565–1899". Hurricane Research Division. Archived
    from the original on June 24, 2008. Retrieved January 18, 2024.
  13. ^ Ludlum, p. 161
  14. ^ Hurricane Research Division (April 2023). "Continental United States Hurricane Impacts/Landfalls 1851-2022". Retrieved February 8, 2024.
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