Southeastern United States
Southeastern United States | |
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Region | |
American Southeast, the Southeast | |
VI |
The Southeastern United States, also referred to as the American Southeast, the Southeast, or the South, is a geographical
There is no official U.S. government definition for the region, and it is defined variably among agencies and organizations.
History
This section needs additional citations for verification. (December 2022) |
The history of the present-day Southeastern United States dates to the dawn of civilization in approximately 11,000 BC or 13,000 BC. The earliest artifacts from the region were from the Clovis culture. Prior to the arrival of European colonialists, Native Americans occupied the region for several hundred years during the Woodland period.
The first Europeans to arrive in the region were
During the
In the mid-to-late 20th century, the Southeast saw many shifting changes take place population wise and economically. The Southeast started to see a spur of new economic growth in the 1930s, which stemmed from
The Southeast benefitted from its business and warm climate in its population growth during the late 20th century, as it helped in attracting job seekers and retirees from other U.S. regions. Florida in particular went from being the 27th most populated U.S. state in 1940 with 1.9 million residents, to being the 4th most populated U.S. state and having nearly 13 million residents in 2000. Southeast states such as North Carolina and Georgia saw large population growth increases as well during the late 20th century.[2]
Geography
The
There is no official United States Census Bureau definition of the Southeastern United States. They instead divide a larger region which includes Texas, Oklahoma, Maryland, Delaware, Washington, D.C., and West Virginia, designated as "the South," into three separate subregions, none of which are conventionally considered to define the Southeast.
The nonprofit American Association of Geographers defines the Southeastern United States as including Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia.[3] The OSBO (Organization Supporting Business Owners) uses the same states, but includes Arkansas and Louisiana. The states of Delaware and Missouri, along with the U.S. capital of Washington, D.C., are also sometimes added in definitions of the term.
Demographics
Most populous states
The most populous states in the region as of the 2020 United States census are: Florida (21,538,187), followed by Georgia (10,711,908), and North Carolina (10,439,388).[4]
State | 2020 census | 2010 census | Change | Land area | Density |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alabama | 5,024,279 | 4,779,736 | +5.12% | 50,645 sq mi (131,171 km2) | 99.2/sq mi (38.3/km2) |
Arkansas[a] | 3,011,524 | 2,915,918 | +3.28% | 52,035 sq mi (134,771 km2) | 57.9/sq mi (22.3/km2) |
Florida | 21,538,187 | 18,801,310 | +14.56% | 53,625 sq mi (138,887 km2) | 401.6/sq mi (155.1/km2) |
Georgia | 10,711,908 | 9,687,653 | +10.57% | 57,513 sq mi (148,959 km2) | 186.3/sq mi (71.9/km2) |
Kentucky[a] | 4,505,836 | 4,339,367 | +3.84% | 39,486 sq mi (102,269 km2) | 114.1/sq mi (44.1/km2) |
Louisiana[a] | 4,657,757 | 4,533,372 | +2.74% | 43,204 sq mi (111,898 km2) | 107.8/sq mi (41.6/km2) |
Maryland[a] | 6,177,224 | 5,773,552 | +6.99% | 12,407 sq mi (32,134 km2) | 497.9/sq mi (192.2/km2) |
Mississippi | 2,961,279 | 2,967,297 | −0.20% | 46,923 sq mi (121,531 km2) | 63.1/sq mi (24.4/km2) |
North Carolina | 10,439,388 | 9,535,483 | +9.48% | 48,618 sq mi (125,920 km2) | 214.7/sq mi (82.9/km2) |
South Carolina | 5,118,425 | 4,625,364 | +10.66% | 30,061 sq mi (77,857 km2) | 170.3/sq mi (65.7/km2) |
Tennessee | 6,910,840 | 6,346,105 | +8.90% | 41,235 sq mi (106,798 km2) | 167.6/sq mi (64.7/km2) |
Virginia[a] | 8,631,393 | 8,001,024 | +7.88% | 39,490 sq mi (102,279 km2) | 218.6/sq mi (84.4/km2) |
West Virginia[a] | 1,793,716 | 1,852,994 | −3.20% | 24,038 sq mi (62,259 km2) | 74.6/sq mi (28.8/km2) |
Total | 85,304,532 | 78,385,623 | +8.83% | 526,874 sq mi (1,364,597 km2) | 161.9/sq mi (62.5/km2) |
U.S. territories
Territory | 2020 census[8][9] | 2010 census | Change | Land area[10][9] | Density |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Puerto Rico | 3,285,874 | 3,725,789 | −11.81% | 3,459 sq mi (8,959 km2) | 923.3/sq mi (356.5/km2) |
U.S. Virgin Islands
|
87,146 | 106,405 | −18.10% | 134 sq mi (346 km2) | 795.2/sq mi (307.0/km2) |
Largest cities
These are the largest cities in the Southeastern region of the United States by population, according to the United States Census Bureau in 2015:[11]
Rank | City | State or territory |
Population (2020) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Jacksonville[a] | Florida | 949,611 |
2 | Charlotte | North Carolina | 874,579 |
3 | Washington | District of Columbia | 689,545 |
4 | Nashville[a] | Tennessee | 689,447 |
5 | Memphis | Tennessee | 633,104 |
6 | Louisville[a] | Kentucky | 633,045 |
7 | Baltimore | Maryland | 585,708 |
8 | Atlanta | Georgia | 463,878 |
9 | Virginia Beach | Virginia | 452,745 |
10 | Raleigh | North Carolina | 451,066 |
11 | Miami | Florida | 441,003 |
12 | New Orleans[a] | Louisiana | 389,617 |
13 | Tampa | Florida | 384,959 |
14 | Lexington | Kentucky | 322,570 |
15 | San Juan | Puerto Rico | 318,441 |
16 | Orlando | Florida | 307,573 |
17 | Greensboro | North Carolina | 285,342 |
18 | Durham | North Carolina | 257,636 |
19 | Saint Petersburg
|
Florida | 257,083 |
20 | Norfolk | Virginia | 246,393 |
21 | Winston-Salem | North Carolina | 241,218 |
22 | Hialeah | Florida | 237,069 |
23 | Chesapeake | Virginia | 235,429 |
24 | Baton Rouge | Louisiana | 228,590 |
25 | Richmond | Virginia | 220,289 |
26 | Huntsville | Alabama | 215,006 |
27 | Fayetteville | North Carolina | 208,501 |
28 | Augusta[a] | Georgia | 206,922 |
29 | Little Rock | Arkansas
|
202,591 |
- ^ incorporatedplaces lying within the county limits.
|- These are the metropolitan areas of the Southeastern region which exceed one million in population according to the United States Census Bureau's 2016 estimates:[12]
Combined statistical areas
Beyond Megalopolis by
- "Piedmont" extending from North Carolina to Alabama
- "Peninsula" covering South Florida and Central Florida
Two others tie some areas on the margins of the Southeast to urban centers in other regions:
- "Gulf Coast" extending as far east as the western tip of Florida
- "Northeast" including much of Maryland, Central Virginia, and Eastern Virginia.
These are the combined statistical areas of the Southeastern region which exceed 1 million in population according to the United States Census Bureau's 2016 estimates. Note that the metropolitan areas of Tampa and Richmond are not included in any CSAs, so they are included in the table without constituent areas.[14]
Rank | Combined Statistical Area | Population (2016) | Constituent Core Based Statistical Areas |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Washington-Baltimore-Arlington, DC-MD-VA-WV-PA Combined Statistical Area |
9,814,928 | Cambridge, MD Micropolitan Statistical Area
|
2 | Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Port St. Lucie, FL Combined Statistical Area |
6,889,936 | Okeechobee, FL Micropolitan Statistical Area
|
3 | Atlanta–Athens-Clarke County–Sandy Springs, GA Combined Statistical Area |
6,853,392 | Thomaston, GA Micropolitan Statistical Area
|
4 | Orlando-Deltona-Daytona Beach, FL Combined Statistical Area |
4,160,646 | The Villages, FL Metropolitan Statistical Area
|
5 | Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater |
3,194,831 | MSA only |
6 | Charlotte-Concord, NC-SC Combined Statistical Area |
2,797,636 | Albemarle, NC Micropolitan Statistical Area
|
7 | Raleigh-Durham-Chapel Hill, NC Combined Statistical Area |
2,079,687 | Henderson, NC Micropolitan Statistical Area
|
8 | Nashville-Davidson–Murfreesboro, TN Combined Statistical Area |
2,062,547 | Lewisburg, TN Micropolitan Statistical Area
|
9 | Virginia Beach-Norfolk, VA-NC Combined Statistical Area |
1,859,197 | Kill Devil Hills, NC Micropolitan Statistical Area
|
10 | Greensboro–Winston-Salem–High Point, NC Combined Statistical Area |
1,689,151 | Mount Airy, NC Micropolitan Statistical Area
|
11 | Jacksonville-St. Marys-Palatka, FL-GA Combined Statistical Area |
1,688,701 | St. Marys, GA Micropolitan Statistical Area
|
12 | Louisville/Jefferson County–Elizabethtown–Bardstown, KY-IN Combined Statistical Area |
1,601,309 | Scottsburg, IN Micropolitan Statistical Area
|
13 | New Orleans-Metairie-Hammond, LA-MS Combined Statistical Area |
1,507,017 | Bogalusa, LA Micropolitan Statistical Area
|
14 | Greenville-Spartanburg-Anderson, SC Combined Statistical Area |
1,475,235 | Gaffney, SC Micropolitan Statistical Area
|
15 | Memphis-Forrest City, TN-MS-AR Combined Statistical Area |
1,371,039 | Forrest City, AR Micropolitan Statistical Area
|
16 | Birmingham-Hoover-Talladega, AL Combined Statistical Area |
1,317,702 | Cullman, AL Micropolitan Statistical Area
|
17 | Richmond-Petersburg | 1,291,900 | MSA only |
18 | Cape Coral-Fort Myers-Naples, FL Combined Statistical Area |
1,197,501 | Naples-Immokalee-Marco Island, FL Metropolitan Statistical Area
|
19 | Knoxville-Morristown-Sevierville, TN Combined Statistical Area |
1,146,049 | Newport, TN Micropolitan Statistical Area
|
20 | North Port-Sarasota, FL Combined Statistical Area |
1,063,906 | Arcadia, FL Micropolitan Statistical Area
|
Culture
The predominant culture of the Southeast U.S. has its origins with the settlement of the region by
Climate
Most of the southeastern part of the United States is dominated by the humid subtropical climate (Cfa/Cwa). As one nears the southern portion of Florida, the climate gradually becomes tropical, as the winter season and all months have a mean temperature above 64.4 °F (18.0 °C) (the defined coldest monthly mean temperature of tropical climates).
Seasonally, summers are generally hot and humid throughout the entire region. The
Winters are cool in the northern areas like Tennessee, Virginia, Maryland, and western North Carolina, with average high temperatures in the 45 °F (7 °C) range in January. Farther south, winters become milder across interior eastern North and South Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama, with average January highs in the 53 °F (12 °C) range. As one nears the Gulf of Mexico, coastal plain, and coastal areas of Georgia and the Carolinas, winters become warm, with daytime highs near or over 60 °F (16 °C). Once in Florida, daytime highs are above 70 °F (21 °C) from just south of St. Augustine on the Atlantic coast and Clearwater on the Gulf Of Mexico. Extreme southern Florida has the warmest winter temperatures (mid 70's F) in the United States. Winters tend to be very dry and sunny across Florida, with a gradual increase in winter rainfall with increasing latitude, especially west of the Appalachian Mountains.
Economy
The Southeast economically has changed dramatically since the late 20th century. There has been a
In 2020, Fortune 500 companies having headquarters in the Southeast region include: 22 in Virginia, 18 in Georgia, 18 in Florida, 13 in North Carolina, and 10 in Tennessee.[20] This economic expansion has enabled parts of the South to have some of the lowest unemployment rates in the United States.[21] In Alabama, there is the large-scale manufacturing project owned by the German steel megacorporation ThyssenKrupp, which operates a massive, state-of-the-art facility in Mobile.
Even with certain states and areas in the Southeast doing well economically, many Southeast states and areas still have a high poverty rate when compared to the U.S. nationally. In 2017, seven Southeast states were in the top ten nationwide when it came to having the highest poverty rate.[22]
Research and development areas
The
Education
Higher education
The region includes a number of notable universities, public and private, whose research exert influence globally. Chief among public universities are:
- Auburn University[25]
- Clemson University[26]
- College of William & Mary[27]
- Florida State University[28]
- Georgia Institute of Technology[29]
- George Mason University[30]
- Louisiana State University[31]
- Mississippi State University[32]
- North Carolina State University[33]
- University of Alabama[34]
- University of Arkansas[35]
- University of Florida[36]
- University of Georgia[37]
- University of Kentucky[38]
- University of Louisville[39]
- University of Maryland[40]
- University of Memphis[41]
- University of Mississippi[42]
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill[43]
- University of South Carolina[44]
- University of South Florida[45]
- University of Tennessee[46]
- University of Virginia[47]
- University of West Virginia[48]
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University[49]
There are a number of well-known private institutions, as well. Notable among these are:
- American University[50]
- Belmont University[51]
- Catholic University of America
- Centre College
- Davidson College
- Duke University[52]
- Emory University
- Fisk University
- Furman University
- Georgetown University
- George Washington University
- Howard University
- Johns Hopkins University
- Liberty University
- Mercer University
- Morehouse College
- Rhodes College
- Samford University
- Spelman College
- Tulane University
- Tuskegee University
- University of Miami
- University of Richmond
- Vanderbilt University
- Wake Forest University
- Washington and Lee University
The region is home to the greatest number of historically black colleges and universities in the nation. The three largest in the region are:
- North Carolina A&T University
- Florida A&M University
- Howard University
Sports
Professional
Although American football is prevalent across the United States, it is especially pervasive in the Southeast. There are nine National Football League (NFL) franchises across the region: Atlanta Falcons, Baltimore Ravens, Carolina Panthers, Jacksonville Jaguars, Miami Dolphins, New Orleans Saints, Tampa Bay Buccaneers, Tennessee Titans, and Washington Commanders. The NFL maintains a stronger commercial presence than any other major North American professional sports league.
The Southeast has seven National Basketball Association (NBA) franchises: Atlanta Hawks, Charlotte Hornets, Memphis Grizzlies, Miami Heat, New Orleans Pelicans, Orlando Magic, and Washington Wizards.
Major League Baseball (MLB) maintains five teams in the Southeast: Atlanta Braves, Baltimore Orioles, Miami Marlins, Tampa Bay Rays, and Washington Nationals.
The Southeast has five National Hockey League (NHL) franchises: Carolina Hurricanes, Florida Panthers, Nashville Predators, Tampa Bay Lightning, and Washington Capitals.
Major League Soccer currently holds six clubs: Atlanta United FC, Charlotte FC, DC United, Inter Miami CF, Nashville SC and Orlando City SC.
The majority of
The southeast also hosts two of the three legs of the American Triple Crown: the Kentucky Derby in Louisville, and the Preakness Stakes in Baltimore. The Derby is considered the western leg of the crown and the Preakness is traditionally considered the southern leg.
College
The Atlantic Coast Conference is an NCAA Division I conference with many Southeastern college teams, including the: Clemson Tigers, Duke Blue Devils, Florida State Seminoles, Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets, Louisville Cardinals, Miami Hurricanes, North Carolina Tar Heels, NC State Wolfpack, Virginia Cavaliers, Virginia Tech Hokies, and Wake Forest Demon Deacons.[56]
The
The
See also
- Appalachia
- Black Belt in the American South
- Deep South
- Hammock (ecology) – Southeastern habitat
- Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands
- Southeastern conifer forests – Southeastern habitat
- Southeastern mixed forests – Southeastern habitat
- Upland South
References
- ^ McDonald, F. John. (2013). Urban Areas in the Transformation of the South: A Review of Modern History – Hindawi. Urban Studies Research. Retrieved April 3, 2022.
- ^ Historical Population Change Data (1910–2020). census.gov. Retrieved April 3, 2022.
- ^ Southeastern Division of the Association of American Geographers
- ^ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2016 (PEPANNRES): All States within the United States and Puerto Rico". American Factfinder. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved May 2, 2017.
- ^ https://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/arc/southern_region/ Federal Aviation Administration. Southern Region. Retrieved July 5, 2020.
- ^ "Southeast Area : USDA ARS". www.ars.usda.gov. Retrieved March 8, 2024.
- ^ "Contact Us - Rivers, Trails, and Conservation Assistance Program (U.S. National Park Service)". web.archive.org. July 5, 2019. Retrieved March 8, 2024.
- ^ "U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Puerto Rico". www.census.gov. Retrieved March 8, 2024.
- ^ a b The World Factbook CIA World Factbook. U.S. Virgin Islands. Retrieved July 5, 2020.
- ^ The World Factbook CIA World Factbook. Puerto Rico. Retrieved July 5, 2020.
- ^ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places of 50,000 or More, Ranked by July 1, 2015 Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2015 – United States – Places of 50,000+ Population (PEPANNRSIP)". American Factfinder. United States Census Bureau, Population Division. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved May 2, 2017.
- ^ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010, to July 1, 2016 (PEPANNRES): All Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas within the United States and Puerto Rico". American Factfinder. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved May 2, 2017.
- ^ https://datausa.io/profile/geo/san-juan-caguas-guaynabo-pr-metro-area/ Datausa.io. San Juan-Caguas-Guaynabo metropolitan area. Retrieved July 5, 2020.
- ^ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2016 (PEPANNRES)". American Factfinder. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved May 2, 2017.
- ^ "Miami, Florida Temperature Averages". Weatherbase. Retrieved December 29, 2015.
- ^ "Virginia Beach, Virginia Temperature Averages". Weatherbase. Retrieved December 29, 2015.
- ^ "Mercedes-Benz of Tuscaloosa". Mercedes-Benz. Retrieved July 22, 2023.
- ^ "Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Alabama LLC". hmmausa.com. Retrieved July 22, 2023.
- ^ "Toyota Motor Manufacturing, Mississippi, inc (TMMMS)". Toyota. Retrieved July 22, 2023.
- ^ Number of U.S. companies listed in the Fortune 500 ranking in 2020, by state | Statista. Retrieved February 13, 2021.
- ^ "State jobless rate below US average". The Decatur Daily. August 19, 2005. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved February 12, 2007.
- ^ Moore, Roger. (2018). Poverty Statistics for Southern States. slcatlanta.org. Retrieved February 13, 2021.
- ^ Everett, Lauren. (October 7, 2018). The National High Magnetic Field Laboratory. Lab Manager. Retrieved February 13, 2021.
- ^ "Business Partnership Opportunities". Innovista.sc.edu. Archived from the original on March 17, 2012. Retrieved December 13, 2013.
- ^ "Auburn University Homepage". Auburn.edu. Retrieved July 22, 2023.
- ^ "Clemson University Homepage". Clemson.edu. Retrieved July 22, 2023.
- ^ "William & Mary Homepage". wm.edu. Retrieved July 22, 2023.
- ^ "Florida State University Homepage". FSU.edu. Retrieved July 22, 2023.
- ^ "Georgia Tech Homepage". gatech.edu. Retrieved July 22, 2023.
- ^ "George Mason University Homepage". gmu.edu. Retrieved July 22, 2023.
- ^ "Welcome to LSU, a top research university". LSU.edu. Retrieved July 22, 2023.
- ^ "Mississippi State University Homepage". msstate.edu. Retrieved July 22, 2023.
- ^ "NC State University Homepage". NCSU.edu. Retrieved July 22, 2023.
- ^ "The University of Alabama Homepage". UA.edu. Retrieved July 22, 2023.
- ^ "University of Arkansas Homepage". uark.edu. Retrieved July 22, 2023.
- ^ "University of Florida Homepage". ufl.edu. Retrieved July 22, 2023.
- ^ "History & Traditions – University of Georgia". UGA.edu. Retrieved July 22, 2023.
- ^ "University of Kentucky Homepage". UKY.edu. Retrieved July 22, 2023.
- ^ "University of Louisville Homepage". Louisville.edu. Retrieved July 22, 2023.
- ^ "The University of Maryland Homepage". UMD.edu. Retrieved July 22, 2023.
- ^ "The University of Memphis Homepage". Memphis.edu. Retrieved July 22, 2023.
- ^ "Ole Miss University Homepage". olemiss.edu. Retrieved July 22, 2023.
- ^ "The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill". UNC.edu. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved July 22, 2023.
- ^ "University of South Carolina Homepage". SC.edu. Retrieved July 23, 2023.
- ^ "University of South Florida Homepage". USF.edu. Retrieved July 23, 2023.
- ^ "University of Tennessee, Knoxville Homepage". UTK.edu. Retrieved July 23, 2023.
- ^ "The University of Virginia Homepage". Virginia.edu. Retrieved July 23, 2023.
- ^ "West Virginia University Homepage". WVU.edu. Retrieved July 23, 2023.
- ^ "Virginia Tech Homepage". VT.edu. Retrieved July 23, 2023.
- ^ "American University Homepage". American.edu. Retrieved July 23, 2023.
- ^ "Belmont University Homepage". Belmont.edu. Retrieved July 23, 2023.
- ^ "Duke University Homepage". Duke.edu. Duke University. Retrieved November 13, 2023.
- ^ "Atlanta Motor Speedway website". Atlantamotorspeedway.com. Retrieved July 23, 2023.
- ^ "Bristol Motor Speedway website". Bristolmotorspeedway.com. Retrieved July 23, 2023.
- ^ "Charlotte Motor Speedway website". Charlottemotorspeedway.com. Retrieved July 23, 2023.
- ^ "The Official website of the Atlantic Coast Conference". TheACC.com. Atlantic Coast Conference. Retrieved July 6, 2023.
- ^ "The Official website of the Southeastern Conference". secsports.com. Retrieved July 6, 2023.
- ^ "Florida Sports Teams". Wright Realtors.com. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
- ^ "North Carolina Sports Teams". Wright Realtors.com. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
- ^ "Georgia Sports Teams". Wright Realtors.com. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
- ^ "Louisiana Sports Teams". Wright Realtors.com. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
- ^ "Tennessee Sports Teams". Wright Realtors.com. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
- ^ "Mississippi Sports Teams". Wright Realtors.com. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
- ^ "Alabama Sports Teams". Wright Realtors.com. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
- ^ "South Carolina Sports Teams". Wright Realtors.com. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
- ^ "Kentucky Sports Teams". Wright Realtors.com. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
- ^ "Virginia Sports Teams". Wright Realtors.com. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
- ^ "Maryland Sports Teams". Wright Realtors.com. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
- ^ "Washington DC Sports Teams". www.wrightrealtors.com. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
- ^ "West Virginia Sports Teams". Wright Realtors.com. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
Notes
- U.S. Virgin Islands
- ^ This includes Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia, Missouri, West Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, Washington, D.C., Kentucky, Tennessee, Mississippi, Alabama, Louisiana, and Arkansas.
External links
- Flora Atlas of the Southeastern United States – by the North Carolina Botanical Garden & University of North Carolina Herbarium (NCU).
- Sea Level Changes in the Southeastern United States. Past, Present, and Future – University of South Florida (August 2011)
- Britannica Southeast U.S. – video on YouTube