1866 Atlantic hurricane season
1866 Atlantic hurricane season | |
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Seasonal boundaries | |
First system formed | July 11, 1866 |
Last system dissipated | October 30, 1866 |
Strongest storm | |
Name | Six |
• Maximum winds | 140 mph (220 km/h) (1-minute sustained) |
• Lowest pressure | 938 mbar (hPa; 27.7 inHg) |
Seasonal statistics | |
Total depressions | 7 |
Total storms | 7 |
Hurricanes | 6 |
Major hurricanes (Cat. 3+) | 1 |
Total fatalities | 391 |
Total damage | Unknown |
The 1866 Atlantic hurricane season was originally one of only four
Every storm but the fourth hurricane affected land during the season. The first hurricane hit
Timeline
Systems
Hurricane One
Category 2 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
Duration | July 11 – July 16 |
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Peak intensity | 105 mph (165 km/h) (1-min); 969 mbar (hPa) |
The first hurricane of the season was observed on July 11, when a schooner encountered heavy seas to the south of the
On July 15, the hurricane moved ashore near
Hurricane Two
Category 2 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
Duration | August 13 – August 18 |
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Peak intensity | 105 mph (165 km/h) (1-min); |
On August 13, a ship encountered a severe hurricane in the eastern Caribbean Sea. Based on observations, it is estimated the hurricane attained winds of 105 mph (165 km/h). There were no reports for several days, although based on continuity it is estimated the storm passed south of Jamaica on August 15. The following day, the hurricane struck the eastern Yucatán Peninsula, washing seven boats ashore. It is estimated to have weakened to a tropical storm while moving over land, although the system re-intensified into a hurricane in the Bay of Campeche. It made its second and final landfall near Veracruz before dissipating on August 18.[2][1]
Hurricane Three
Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
Duration | September 4 – September 7 |
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Peak intensity | 80 mph (130 km/h) (1-min); |
The third hurricane of the season was first encountered on September 4 by a ship 200 mi (320 km) north of Bermuda; the vessel sustained damage to its foretopmast. The storm affected another ship later that day, leaving similar heavy damage. Tracking generally northeastward, the hurricane was last observed on September 7 near Newfoundland.[2][1]
Hurricane Four
On September 18 and for two days subsequently, a barque sailed through a hurricane near the Cape Verde islands. The vessel was en route from New York to Shanghai, but due to a leak from the storm it had to return to New York for repairs.[2] Aside from a single reported location, the track of the hurricane is unknown. Winds were estimated around 80 mph (130 km/h).[1]
Hurricane Five
Category 2 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
Duration | September 22 – September 24 |
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Peak intensity | 105 mph (165 km/h) (1-min); |
A ship named "Honduras" observed the fifth hurricane of the season on September 22 to the south-southeast of Nova Scotia. The ship lost its masts and sails from the storm, and based on the observations the winds were estimated around 105 mph (165 km/h). Additional ship reports indicated the hurricane maintained a northeast track toward Newfoundland. Late on September 23, the hurricane made landfall in south-central Newfoundland, although it quickly weakened to tropical storm intensity. The winds spread across much of the island, severing the telegraphs in and around St. John's. Late on September 24, the storm was last observed to the north of the island.[1] [2]
Around August 14, the emigrant bark Laura left Bremen en route to Baltimore, Maryland. According to a contemporary account in The Baltimore Sun, "She reports having encountered a hurricane on the 22d September, shipping a tremendous sea, which washed overboard seven passengers and one of the crew, besides slightly injuring fifty others."[6]
Hurricane Six
Category 4 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
Duration | September 24 – October 5 |
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Peak intensity | 140 mph (220 km/h) (1-min); 938 mbar (hPa) |
The Great Nassau Hurricane of 1866 or The Great Bahamas Hurricane of 1866 was the sixth hurricane of the season and was also the longest-lasting. The brig Jarien encountered the hurricane on September 24 to the west-southwest of the Cape Verde islands. The track is unknown for the following five days, until another ship reported a hurricane about 20 miles (32 km) north of Anegada in the British Virgin Islands. The hurricane affected the Leeward Islands, washing several ships ashore and destroying a pier in St. Thomas. On September 30 through the following day, the cyclone moved through the Turks and Caicos Islands, becoming what was considered "one of the most terrific hurricanes ever known". About 75% of the population was left homeless and moneyless.[2]
After affecting the Turks and Caicos Islands, the hurricane passed through the Bahamas. The
Tropical Storm Seven
Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
Duration | October 29 – October 30 |
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Peak intensity | 70 mph (110 km/h) (1-min); |
The final storm of the season was first observed on October 28 over the Bahamas, and may have been a hybrid or subtropical cyclone. It moved north-northwestward through the island chain, followed by a turn to the north-northeast over the western Atlantic. Several ships encountered the tropical storm, and one lost their supply of molasses.[2] On October 30, the cyclone, at the time transitioning to extratropical, struck on the southern end of Long Beach Island with winds of 70 mph (110 km/h).[9] As it moved through the northeastern United States, the storm dropped heavy rainfall, causing flooding near Jersey City and Hoboken, New Jersey. In Brooklyn, the storm moved the rail cars off their tracks, while in Providence, Rhode Island the winds destroyed three buildings and wrecked the roofs of two others. Further northeast, the storm disrupted shipping and cut telegraph lines, although no fatalities were reported. The post-tropical storm was last observed over Vermont late on October 30.[2]
See also
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Atlantic hurricane best track (HURDAT version 2)" (Database). United States National Hurricane Center. April 5, 2023. Retrieved April 18, 2024. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l José Fernández Partagás (2003). "Year 1866" (PDF). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2011-06-04.
- (PDF) from the original on 3 January 2011. Retrieved 2011-01-18.
- ^ a b Hurricane Research Division (2011). "Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 2011-06-04.
- ^ Hurricane Research Division (2011). "Continental U.S. Hurricanes: 1851 to 1930, 1983 to 2010". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2011-06-04.
- ^ "Marine Disaster--A Baltimore Bound Emigrant Ship has Eight Persons Washed Overboard". The Baltimore Sun. October 4, 1866. p. 1. Retrieved February 8, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ Michael Craton (1969) [1962]. A History of the Bahamas. Collins.
- ^ Edward N. Rappaport and Jose Fernandez-Partagas (1997-04-22). "The Deadliest Atlantic Tropical Cyclones, 1492–1996". National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 2011-06-09.
- ^ Hurricane Research Division (2011). "Continental United States Tropical Storms: 1851–1930, 1983–2010". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2011-06-09.