Baltimore

Baltimore
Baltimore
Independent city
	The Inner Harbor skyline Fell's Point Oriole Park at Camden Yards Emerson Tower Washington and Lafayette Monuments National Aquarium
	Mayor–council
• Body	Baltimore City Council
• Mayor	Brandon Scott (D)
• City Council	Council members Phylicia Porter (10); Eric Costello (11); Robert Stokes Sr. (12); Antonio Glover (13); Odette Ramos; (14)
• Houses of Delegates	Delegates Marlon Amprey (40) (D); Frank M. Conaway Jr. (40) (D); Melissa Wells (40) (D); Dalya Attar (41) (D); Samuel I. Rosenberg (41) (D); Malcolm Ruff (41) (D); Regina T. Boyce (43A) (D); Elizabeth Embry (43A) (D); Jackie Addison (45) (D); Stephanie M. Smith (45) (D); Caylin Young (45) (D); Luke Clippinger (46) (D); Mark Edelson (46) (D); Robbyn Lewis (46) (D);
• State Senate	State senators Cory V. McCray (45) (D); Bill Ferguson; (46) (D)
Area
ZIP Codes	ZIP Codes
Area codes	410, 443, and 667
Congressional districts	2nd, 7th
GNIS feature ID	597040
Website	www.baltimorecity.gov

Baltimore

20th-largest metropolitan area in the country.^[16] The city is also part of the Washington–Baltimore combined statistical area (CSA), which had a 2020 population of 9,973,383, the third-largest in the country.^[16] Though Baltimore is not located within or under the administrative jurisdiction of any county in the state, it is part of the Central Maryland region, together with the surrounding county that shares its name

.

The land that is present-day Baltimore was used as hunting ground by Paleo-Indians. In the early 1600s, the Susquehannock began to hunt there.^[17] People from the Province of Maryland established the Port of Baltimore in 1706 to support the tobacco trade with Europe, and established the Town of Baltimore in 1729. During the American Revolutionary War, the Second Continental Congress, fleeing Philadelphia prior to its fall to British troops, moved their deliberations to Henry Fite House on West Baltimore Street from December 1776, to February 1777, permitting Baltimore to serve briefly as the nation's capital, before it returned to Philadelphia in March 1777. The Battle of Baltimore was pivotal during the War of 1812, culminating in the failed British bombardment of Fort McHenry, during which Francis Scott Key wrote a poem that would become "The Star-Spangled Banner", designated as the national anthem in 1931.^[18] During the Pratt Street Riot of 1861, the city was the site of some of the earliest violence associated with the American Civil War.

The

immigrants to the US and a major manufacturing center.^[19] After a decline in major manufacturing, heavy industry, and restructuring of the rail industry, Baltimore has shifted to a service-oriented economy. Johns Hopkins Hospital and University are the top employers.^[20] Baltimore is home to the Baltimore Orioles of Major League Baseball, and the Baltimore Ravens of the National Football League

.

Many Baltimore neighborhoods have rich histories. The city is home to some of the earliest

National Register Historic Districts in the nation, including Fell's Point, Federal Hill, and Mount Vernon. Baltimore has more public statues and monuments per capita than any other city in the country.^[21] Nearly one third of the buildings (over 65,000) are designated as historic in the National Register, more than any other US city.^[22]^[23] Baltimore has 66 National Register Historic Districts and 33 local historic districts.^[22] The historical records of the government of Baltimore are located at the Baltimore City Archives

.

History

Pre-settlement

The Baltimore area had been inhabited by

Herring Run Park in northeast Baltimore, dating 5,000 to 9,000 years ago. The finding followed a period of dormancy in Baltimore City archaeological findings which had persisted since the 1980s.^[25] During the Late Woodland period, the archaeological culture known as the Potomac Creek complex resided in the area from Baltimore south to the Rappahannock River in present-day Virginia.^[26]

Etymology

The city is named after

anglicization of the Irish name Baile an Tí Mhóir, meaning "town of the big house".^[29]

17th century

In the early 1600s, the immediate Baltimore vicinity was sparsely populated, if at all, by Native Americans. The Baltimore County area northward was used as hunting grounds by the Susquehannock living in the lower Susquehanna River valley. This Iroquoian-speaking people "controlled all of the upper tributaries of the Chesapeake" but "refrained from much contact with Powhatan in the Potomac region" and south into Virginia.^[31] Pressured by the Susquehannock, the

Fall Line.^[32]^[33]^[34]

Baltimore County.^[36] Since Maryland was a colony, Baltimore's streets were named to show loyalty to the mother country, e.g. King, Queen, King George and Caroline streets.^[37] The original county seat, known today as Old Baltimore, was located on Bush River within the present-day Aberdeen Proving Ground.^[38]^[39]^[40] The colonists engaged in sporadic warfare with the Susquehannock, whose numbers dwindled primarily from new infectious diseases, such as smallpox, endemic among the Europeans.^[36] In 1661 David Jones claimed the area known today as Jonestown on the east bank of the Jones Falls stream.^[41]

18th century

The colonial

tobacco trade. The Town of Baltimore, on the west side of the Jones Falls, was founded on August 8, 1729, when the Governor of Maryland signed an act allowing "the building of a Town on the North side of the Patapsco River." Surveyors began laying out the town on January 12, 1730. By 1752 the town had just 27 homes, including a church and two taverns.^[37] Jonestown and Fells Point had been settled to the east. The three settlements, covering 60 acres (24 ha), became a commercial hub, and in 1768 were designated as the county seat.^[42]

The first printing press was introduced to the city in 1765 by

Nicholas Hasselbach, whose equipment was later used in the printing of Baltimore's first newspapers, The Maryland Journal and The Baltimore Advertiser, first published by William Goddard in 1773.^[43]^[44]^[45]

Baltimore grew swiftly in the 18th century, its plantations producing grain and tobacco for sugar-producing colonies in the Caribbean. The profit from sugar encouraged the cultivation of cane in the Caribbean and the importation of food by planters there.^[46] Since Baltimore was the county seat, a courthouse was built in 1768 to serve both the city and county. Its square was a center of community meetings and discussions.

Baltimore established its public market system in 1763.^[47] Lexington Market, founded in 1782, is one of the oldest continuously operating public markets in the United States today.^[48] Lexington Market was also a center of slave trading. Enslaved Black people were sold at numerous sites through the downtown area, with sales advertised in The Baltimore Sun.^[49] Both tobacco and sugar cane were labor-intensive crops.

In 1774, Baltimore established the first post office system in what became the United States,^[50] and the first water company chartered in the newly independent nation, Baltimore Water Company, 1792.^[51]^[52]

Baltimore played a part in the American Revolution. City leaders such as Jonathan Plowman Jr. led many residents to resist British taxes, and merchants signed agreements refusing to trade with Britain.^[53] The Second Continental Congress met in the Henry Fite House from December 1776 to February 1777, effectively making the city the capital of the United States during this period.^[54]

Baltimore,

Fells Point were incorporated

as the City of Baltimore in 1796–1797.

19th century

Star Spangled Banner".^[55]

The city remained a part of surrounding Baltimore County and continued to serve as its county seat from 1768 to 1851, after which it became an independent city.^[57]

The Battle of Baltimore against the British in 1814 inspired the U.S. national anthem, "The Star-Spangled Banner", and the construction of the Battle Monument, which became the city's official emblem. A distinctive local culture started to take shape, and a unique skyline peppered with churches and monuments developed. Baltimore acquired its moniker "The Monumental City" after an 1827 visit to Baltimore by President John Quincy Adams. At an evening function, Adams gave the following toast: "Baltimore: the Monumental City—May the days of her safety be as prosperous and happy, as the days of her dangers have been trying and triumphant."^[58]^[59]

Baltimore pioneered the use of

sawmilling, shipbuilding, and textile production. These industries benefited from war but successfully shifted into infrastructure development during peacetime.^[60]

Baltimore had one of the worst riots of the antebellum South in 1835, when bad investments led to the Baltimore bank riot.^[61] It was these riots that led to the city being nicknamed "Mobtown".^[62] Soon after the city created the world's first dental college, the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery, in 1840, and shared in the world's first telegraph line, between Baltimore and Washington, D.C., in 1844.

Maryland, a

Camden Yards clashed with a secessionist mob in the Pratt Street riot

.

In the midst of the

National Guard, leaving 10 dead and 25 wounded.^[65] The beginnings of settlement movement work in Baltimore were made early in 1893, when Rev. Edward A. Lawrence took up lodgings with his friend Frank Thompson, in one of the Winans tenements, the Lawrence House being established shortly thereafter at 814-816 West Lombard Street.^[66]^[67]

20th century

On February 7, 1904, the Great Baltimore Fire destroyed over 1,500 buildings in 30 hours, leaving more than 70 blocks of the downtown area burned to the ground. Damages were estimated at $150 million in 1904 dollars.^[68] As the city rebuilt during the next two years, lessons learned from the fire led to improvements in firefighting equipment standards.^[69]

Baltimore lawyer Milton Dashiell advocated for an ordinance to bar African-Americans from moving into the

Eutaw Place neighborhood in northwest Baltimore. He proposed to recognize majority white residential blocks and majority black residential blocks and to prevent people from moving into housing on such blocks where they would be a minority. The Baltimore Council passed the ordinance, and it became law on December 20, 1910, with Democratic Mayor J. Barry Mahool's signature.^[70] The Baltimore segregation ordinance was the first of its kind in the United States. Many other southern cities followed with their own segregation ordinances, though the US Supreme Court ruled against them in Buchanan v. Warley (1917).^[71]

The city grew in area by annexing new suburbs from the surrounding counties through 1918, when the city acquired portions of Baltimore County and

Edmonson Village whose residents could easily commute to work downtown.^[74]

Driven by migration from the

black population grew from 23.8% in 1950 to 46.4% in 1970.^[75] Encouraged by real estate blockbusting techniques, recently settled white areas rapidly became all-black neighborhoods, in a rapid process which was nearly total by 1970.^[76]

The

municipal workers, and police officers conducted strikes.^[78]

By the beginning of the 1970s, Baltimore's downtown area, known as the Inner Harbor, had been neglected and was occupied by a collection of abandoned warehouses. The nickname "Charm City" came from a 1975 meeting of advertisers seeking to improve the city's reputation.

National Aquarium, Maryland's largest tourist destination, and the Baltimore Museum of Industry

in 1981.

In 1995, the city opened the American Visionary Art Museum on Federal Hill. During the epidemic of HIV/AIDS in the United States, Baltimore City Health Department official Robert Mehl persuaded the city's mayor to form a committee to address food problems. The Baltimore-based charity Moveable Feast grew out of this initiative in 1990.^[81]^[82]^[83]

In 1992, the

Memorial Stadium to Oriole Park at Camden Yards, located downtown near the harbor. Pope John Paul II held an open-air mass at Camden Yards during his papal visit to the United States in October 1995. Three years later the Baltimore Ravens football team moved into M&T Bank Stadium next to Camden Yards.^[84]

Baltimore has had a

death of Freddie Gray in April 2015, the city experienced major protests and international media attention, as well as a clash between local youth and police that resulted in a state of emergency declaration and a curfew.^[88]

21st century

Baltimore has seen the reopening of the Hippodrome Theatre in 2004,^[89] the opening of the Reginald F. Lewis Museum of Maryland African American History & Culture in 2005, and the establishment of the National Slavic Museum in 2012. On April 12, 2012, Johns Hopkins held a dedication ceremony to mark the completion of one of the United States' largest medical complexes – the Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore – which features the Sheikh Zayed Cardiovascular and Critical Care Tower and The Charlotte R. Bloomberg Children's Center. The event, held at the entrance to the $1.1 billion 1.6 million-square-foot-facility, honored the many donors including Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan, first president of the United Arab Emirates, and Michael Bloomberg.^[90]^[91]

In September 2016, the Baltimore City Council approved a $660 million bond deal for the $5.5 billion

tax-increment financing deal in Baltimore's history and among the largest urban redevelopment projects in the country.^[92] The waterfront development that includes the new headquarters for Under Armour, as well as shops, housing, offices, and manufacturing spaces is projected to create 26,500 permanent jobs with a $4.3 billion annual economic impact.^[93] Goldman Sachs invested $233 million into the redevelopment project.^[94]

In the early hours of March 26, 2024, the city's 1.6-mile-long (2.6 km)

Baltimore Beltway, was struck by a container ship and completely collapsed. A major rescue operation was launched with US authorities attempting to rescue people in the water.^[95]

Eight construction workers, who were working on the bridge at the time, fell into the Patapsco River.^[96] Two people were rescued from the water,^[97] and the bodies of the remaining six were all found by May 7.^[98] Replacement of the bridge was estimated in May 2024 at a cost approaching $2 billion for a fall 2028 completion.^[99]

Geography

Baltimore is in north-central Maryland on the

Atlantic coastal plain, which divides Baltimore into "lower city" and "upper city". Baltimore's elevation ranges from sea level at the harbor to 480 feet (150 m) in the northwest corner near Pimlico.^[6]

In the 2010 census, Baltimore has a total area of 92.1 square miles (239 km²), of which 80.9 sq mi (210 km²) is land and 11.1 sq mi (29 km²) is water.[100] The total area is 12.1 percent water.

Baltimore is almost surrounded by Baltimore County, but is

Anne Arundel County

to the south.

Cityscape

A panoramic view of Baltimore in September 2016, including the Inner and Outer Harbors at dusk, seen from HarborView Condominium

Architecture

Baltimore exhibits examples from each period of architecture over more than two centuries, and work from architects such as

Mies van der Rohe, and I. M. Pei

.

Baltimore is rich in architecturally significant buildings in a variety of styles. The Baltimore Basilica (1806–1821) is a neoclassical design by Benjamin Latrobe, and one of the oldest Catholic cathedrals in the United States. In 1813, Robert Cary Long Sr. built for Rembrandt Peale the first substantial structure in the United States designed expressly as a museum. Restored, it is now the Municipal Museum of Baltimore, or popularly the Peale Museum.

The McKim Free School was founded and endowed by John McKim. The building was erected by his son Isaac in 1822 after a design by William Howard and William Small. It reflects the popular interest in Greece when the nation was securing its independence and a scholarly interest in recently published drawings of Athenian antiquities.

The Phoenix Shot Tower (1828), at 234.25 feet (71.40 m) tall, was the tallest building in the United States until the time of the Civil War, and is one of few remaining structures of its kind.^[101] It was constructed without the use of exterior scaffolding. The Sun Iron Building, designed by R.C. Hatfield in 1851, was the city's first iron-front building and was a model for a whole generation of downtown buildings. Brown Memorial Presbyterian Church, built in 1870 in memory of financier George Brown, has stained glass windows by Louis Comfort Tiffany and has been called "one of the most significant buildings in this city, a treasure of art and architecture" by Baltimore magazine.^[102]^[103]

The 1845

oldest synagogues in the United States. The Johns Hopkins Hospital, designed by Lt. Col. John S. Billings

in 1876, was a considerable achievement for its day in functional arrangement and fireproofing.

I.M. Pei's World Trade Center (1977) is the tallest equilateral pentagonal building in the world at 405 feet (123 m) tall.^[104]

The

Four Seasons Hotel

complex.

The streets of Baltimore are organized in a grid and spoke pattern, lined with tens of thousands of

John Waters characterized formstone as "the polyester of brick" in a 30-minute documentary film, Little Castles: A Formstone Phenomenon.^[105] In The Baltimore Rowhouse, Mary Ellen Hayward and Charles Belfoure considered the rowhouse as the architectural form defining Baltimore as "perhaps no other American city".^[106] In the mid-1790s, developers began building entire neighborhoods of the British-style rowhouses, which became the dominant house type of the city early in the 19th century.^[107]

Oriole Park at Camden Yards is a Major League Baseball park, which opened in 1992 and was built as a retro style baseball park. Along with the National Aquarium, Camden Yards have helped revive the Inner Harbor area from what once was an exclusively industrial district full of dilapidated warehouses into a bustling commercial district full of bars, restaurants, and retail establishments.

After an international competition, the University of Baltimore School of Law awarded the German firm Behnisch Architekten 1st prize for its design, which was selected for the school's new home. After the building's opening in 2013, the design won additional honors including an ENR National "Best of the Best" Award.^[108]

Baltimore's newly rehabilitated Everyman Theatre was honored by the Baltimore Heritage at the 2013 Preservation Awards Celebration in 2013. Everyman Theatre will receive an Adaptive Reuse and Compatible Design Award as part of Baltimore Heritage's 2013 historic preservation awards ceremony. Baltimore Heritage is Baltimore's nonprofit historic and architectural preservation organization, which works to preserve and promote Baltimore's historic buildings and neighborhoods.^[109]

Tallest buildings

Rank	Building	Height	Floors	Built
1	Transamerica Tower (formerly the Legg Mason Building, originally built as the U.S. Fidelity and Guarantee Co. Building)^[110]	529 feet (161 m)	40	1973	^[111]
2	Bank of America Building (originally built as Baltimore Trust Building, later Sullivan, Mathieson, Md. Nat. Bank, NationsBank Bldgs.)	509 feet (155 m)	37	1929	^[112]
3	414 Light Street	500 feet (152 m)	44	2018	^[113]
4	William Donald Schaefer Tower (originally built as the Merritt S. & L. Tower)	493 feet (150 m)	37	1992	^[114]
5	Commerce Place (Alex. Brown & Sons/Deutsche Bank Tower)	454 feet (138 m)	31	1992	^[115]
6	Baltimore Marriott Waterfront Hotel	430 feet (131 m)	32	2001	^[116]
7	100 East Pratt Street (originally built as the I.B.M. Building)	418 feet (127 m)	28	1975/1992	^[117]
8	Baltimore World Trade Center	405 feet (123 m)	28	1977	^[118]
9	Tremont Plaza Hotel	395 feet (120 m)	37	1967	^[119]
10	Charles Towers South	385 feet (117 m)	30	1969	^[120]

Neighborhoods

Baltimore is officially divided into nine geographical regions: North, Northeast, East, Southeast, South, Southwest, West, Northwest, and Central, with each district patrolled by a respective

U.S. Postal Service.^[121]

Central Baltimore

Central Baltimore, originally called the Middle District,

Power Plant Live.^[121]

The

Lyric Opera House, the Joseph Meyerhoff Symphony Hall, the Walters Art Museum, the Maryland Center for History and Culture and its Enoch Pratt Mansion, and several galleries are located in this region.^[124]

North Baltimore

Park and flowers at Sherwood Gardens, Guilford, Baltimore. — Baltimore's Sherwood Gardens neighborhood

Several historic and notable neighborhoods are in this district:

Charles Village, Waverly, and Mount Washington. The Station North Arts and Entertainment District is also located in North Baltimore.^[125]

South Baltimore

South Baltimore, a mixed industrial and residential area, consists of the "Old South Baltimore" peninsula below the Inner Harbor and east of the old

Russell Street downtown. It is a culturally, ethnically, and socioeconomically diverse waterfront area with neighborhoods such as Locust Point and Riverside around a large park of the same name.^[126] Just south of the Inner Harbor, the historic Federal Hill neighborhood, is home to many working professionals, pubs and restaurants. At the end of the peninsula is historic Fort McHenry, a National Park since the end of World War I, when the old U.S. Army Hospital surrounding the 1798 star-shaped battlements was torn down.^[127]

Across the Hanover Street Bridge are residential areas such as Cherry Hill.^[128]

Northeast Baltimore

Northeast is primarily a residential neighborhood, home to

Memorial Stadium home of the Baltimore Colts, Baltimore Orioles, and Baltimore Ravens, now replaced by a YMCA athletic and housing complex.^[130]^[131] Lake Montebello is in Northeast Baltimore.^[122]

East Baltimore

Located below

McElderry Park.^[122]

This area was the on-site film location for Homicide: Life on the Street, The Corner and The Wire.^[132]

Southeast Baltimore

Southeast Baltimore, located below

Fayette Street, bordering the Inner Harbor and the Northwest Branch of the Patapsco River to the west, the city line of 1919 on its eastern boundaries and the Patapsco River to the south, is a mixed industrial and residential area. Patterson Park, the "Best Backyard in Baltimore",^[133] as well as the Highlandtown Arts District, and Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center are located in Southeast Baltimore. The Shops at Canton Crossing opened in 2013.^[134] The Canton neighborhood, is located along Baltimore's prime waterfront. Other historic neighborhoods include: Fells Point, Patterson Park, Butchers Hill, Highlandtown, Greektown, Harbor East, Little Italy, and Upper Fell's Point.^[122]

Northwest Baltimore

Northwestern is bounded by the county line to the north and west,

Park Heights.^[135]

West Baltimore

West Baltimore is west of downtown and the

Sandtown-Winchester, Druid Heights, Madison Park, and Upton.^[136]^[137] Originally a predominantly German neighborhood, by the last half of the 19th century, Old West Baltimore was home to a substantial section of the city's Black population.^[136]

It became the largest neighborhood for the city's Black community and its cultural, political, and economic center.

Edmondson Village are located in this district. The area's crime problems have provided subject material for television series, such as The Wire.^[138] Local organizations, such as the Sandtown Habitat for Humanity and the Upton Planning Committee, have been steadily transforming parts of formerly blighted areas of West Baltimore into clean, safe communities.^[139]^[140]

Southwest Baltimore

Southwest Baltimore is bound by the Baltimore County line to the west, West

Leakin Park, Violetville, Lakeland, and Morrell Park.^[122]

Old Frederick Road and continuing into the county on Frederick Road into Ellicott City, Maryland. Other sides in this district are: Carroll Park, one of the city's largest parks, the colonial Mount Clare Mansion, and Washington Boulevard, which dates to pre-Revolutionary War days as the prime route out of the city to Alexandria, Virginia, and Georgetown on the Potomac River.^{[citation needed}

]

Adjacent communities

Baltimore is bordered by the following communities, all unincorporated census-designated places.

Climate

Baltimore has a humid subtropical climate in the Köppen climate classification (Cfa) or oceanic climate in the Trewartha climate classification (Doak), with hot summers, cool winters, and a summer peak to annual precipitation.^[141]^[142] Baltimore is part of USDA plant hardiness zones 7b and 8a.^[143] Summers are normally warm, with occasional late day thunderstorms. July, the warmest month, has a mean temperature of 80.3 °F (26.8 °C). Winters range from chilly to mild but vary, with sporadic snowfall: January has a daily average of 35.8 °F (2.1 °C),^[144] though temperatures reach 50 °F (10 °C) quite often, and can occasionally drop below 20 °F (−7 °C) when Arctic air masses affect the area.^[144] According to Vox, winters are warming faster than summers.^[142]

Spring and autumn are mild, with spring being the wettest season in terms of the number of precipitation days. Summers are hot and humid with a daily average in July of 80.7 °F (27.1 °C).^[144] The combination of heat and humidity leads to occasional thunderstorms. A southeasterly bay breeze off the Chesapeake often occurs on summer afternoons when hot air rises over inland areas. Prevailing winds from the southwest interacting with this breeze as well as the city proper's UHI can seriously exacerbate air quality.^[145]^[146] In late summer and early autumn the track of hurricanes or their remnants may cause flooding in downtown Baltimore, despite the city being far removed from the typical coastal storm surge areas.^[147]

The average seasonal snowfall is 19 inches (48 cm).^[148] It varies greatly by year, with some seasons seeing only trace accumulations of snow, while others see several major Nor'easters.^[c] Owing to lessened urban heat island (UHI) as compared to the city proper and distance from the moderating Chesapeake Bay, the outlying and inland parts of the Baltimore metro area are usually cooler, especially at night, than the city proper and the coastal towns. Thus, in the northern and western suburbs, winter snowfall is more significant, and some areas average more than 30 in (76 cm) of snow per winter.^[150]

It is common in winter for the rain-snow line to set up in the metro area.

dammed against the mountains

to the west and the result is freezing rain or sleet.

Like

climate change. Historically, flooding has ruined houses and almost killed people, especially in lower income majority Black neighborhoods, and caused sewage backups, given the existing disrepair of Baltimore's water system.^[152]

Extreme temperatures range from −7 °F (−22 °C), which has occurred 5 times on January 17, 1982, January 22, 1984, 29 January, 1963, February 9, 1934, and February 10, 1899,^[d] up to 108 °F (42 °C) on July 22, 2011.^[153]^[154] On average, temperatures of 100 °F (38 °C) or more occur on three days annually, 90 °F (32 °C) or more on 43 days, and there are nine days where the high fails to reach the freezing mark.^[144]

Climate data for Baltimore (Baltimore/Washington International Airport) 1991−2020 normals,^[e] extremes 1872–present^[f])
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °F (°C)	79 (26)	83 (28)	90 (32)	94 (34)	98 (37)	105 (41)	107 (42)	105 (41)	101 (38)	98 (37)	86 (30)	77 (25)	107 (42)
Mean maximum °F (°C)	64.6 (18.1)	66.4 (19.1)	75.9 (24.4)	85.8 (29.9)	91.0 (32.8)	95.9 (35.5)	98.0 (36.7)	95.9 (35.5)	91.1 (32.8)	83.8 (28.8)	74.3 (23.5)	66.0 (18.9)	98.9 (37.2)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C)	43.2 (6.2)	46.4 (8.0)	54.8 (12.7)	66.5 (19.2)	75.5 (24.2)	84.4 (29.1)	88.8 (31.6)	86.5 (30.3)	79.7 (26.5)	68.3 (20.2)	57.3 (14.1)	47.5 (8.6)	66.6 (19.2)
Daily mean °F (°C)	34.3 (1.3)	36.6 (2.6)	44.3 (6.8)	55.0 (12.8)	64.4 (18.0)	73.5 (23.1)	78.3 (25.7)	76.2 (24.6)	69.2 (20.7)	57.4 (14.1)	46.9 (8.3)	38.6 (3.7)	56.2 (13.4)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C)	25.4 (−3.7)	26.9 (−2.8)	33.9 (1.1)	43.6 (6.4)	53.3 (11.8)	62.6 (17.0)	67.7 (19.8)	65.8 (18.8)	58.8 (14.9)	46.5 (8.1)	36.5 (2.5)	29.6 (−1.3)	45.9 (7.7)
Mean minimum °F (°C)	9.1 (−12.7)	12.2 (−11.0)	18.9 (−7.3)	29.7 (−1.3)	38.8 (3.8)	49.3 (9.6)	57.9 (14.4)	55.8 (13.2)	45.1 (7.3)	32.8 (0.4)	22.9 (−5.1)	15.6 (−9.1)	6.9 (−13.9)
Record low °F (°C)	−7 (−22)	−7 (−22)	4 (−16)	15 (−9)	32 (0)	40 (4)	50 (10)	45 (7)	35 (2)	25 (−4)	12 (−11)	−3 (−19)	−7 (−22)
Average precipitation inches (mm)	3.08 (78)	2.90 (74)	4.01 (102)	3.39 (86)	3.85 (98)	3.98 (101)	4.48 (114)	4.09 (104)	4.44 (113)	3.94 (100)	3.13 (80)	3.71 (94)	45.00 (1,143)
Average snowfall inches (cm)	6.4 (16)	7.5 (19)	2.8 (7.1)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.1 (0.25)	2.5 (6.4)	19.3 (49)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)	10.1	9.3	11.0	11.2	11.9	11.3	10.4	9.6	9.1	8.6	8.5	10.3	121.3
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)	2.8	2.9	1.5	0.1	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.2	1.5	9.0
Average relative humidity (%)	63.2	61.3	59.2	58.9	66.1	68.4	69.1	71.1	71.3	69.5	66.5	65.5	65.8
Average dew point °F (°C)	19.9 (−6.7)	21.6 (−5.8)	28.9 (−1.7)	37.6 (3.1)	50.4 (10.2)	60.1 (15.6)	64.6 (18.1)	64.0 (17.8)	57.6 (14.2)	45.5 (7.5)	35.2 (1.8)	25.3 (−3.7)	42.6 (5.9)
Mean monthly sunshine hours	155.4	164.0	215.0	230.7	254.5	277.3	290.1	264.4	221.8	205.5	158.5	144.5	2,581.7
Percent possible sunshine	51	54	58	58	57	62	64	62	59	59	52	49	58
Source: NOAA (relative humidity , dew points and sun 1961–1990)^[148]^[155]^[156]

Climate data for Baltimore (Maryland Science Center) 1991−2020 normals, extremes 1950–present
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °F (°C)	77 (25)	84 (29)	97 (36)	98 (37)	100 (38)	106 (41)	108 (42)	106 (41)	102 (39)	95 (35)	87 (31)	85 (29)	108 (42)
Mean maximum °F (°C)	65.0 (18.3)	66.5 (19.2)	77.0 (25.0)	87.7 (30.9)	92.5 (33.6)	97.3 (36.3)	99.7 (37.6)	97.8 (36.6)	92.9 (33.8)	85.4 (29.7)	75.4 (24.1)	67.1 (19.5)	100.9 (38.3)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C)	43.7 (6.5)	46.8 (8.2)	55.2 (12.9)	66.8 (19.3)	75.9 (24.4)	85.4 (29.7)	90.1 (32.3)	87.3 (30.7)	80.4 (26.9)	68.8 (20.4)	57.6 (14.2)	48.0 (8.9)	67.2 (19.6)
Daily mean °F (°C)	36.9 (2.7)	39.4 (4.1)	46.9 (8.3)	57.5 (14.2)	67.0 (19.4)	76.6 (24.8)	81.5 (27.5)	79.1 (26.2)	72.5 (22.5)	60.7 (15.9)	50.1 (10.1)	41.3 (5.2)	59.1 (15.1)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C)	30.0 (−1.1)	31.9 (−0.1)	38.7 (3.7)	48.2 (9.0)	58.0 (14.4)	67.7 (19.8)	72.9 (22.7)	71.0 (21.7)	64.5 (18.1)	52.6 (11.4)	42.6 (5.9)	34.6 (1.4)	51.1 (10.6)
Mean minimum °F (°C)	14.7 (−9.6)	17.3 (−8.2)	23.9 (−4.5)	36.2 (2.3)	46.9 (8.3)	57.5 (14.2)	65.6 (18.7)	63.2 (17.3)	53.4 (11.9)	40.3 (4.6)	29.9 (−1.2)	22.2 (−5.4)	12.5 (−10.8)
Record low °F (°C)	−4 (−20)	−3 (−19)	12 (−11)	21 (−6)	36 (2)	48 (9)	58 (14)	52 (11)	40 (4)	30 (−1)	16 (−9)	6 (−14)	−4 (−20)
Average precipitation inches (mm)	3.07 (78)	2.75 (70)	3.93 (100)	3.55 (90)	3.39 (86)	3.36 (85)	4.71 (120)	4.35 (110)	4.49 (114)	3.49 (89)	2.98 (76)	3.66 (93)	43.73 (1,111)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)	9.9	9.7	10.7	11.0	11.3	10.7	10.6	9.5	8.5	8.5	8.1	10.2	118.7
Source: NOAA^[144]^[148]

Climate data for Baltimore
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Average sea temperature °F (°C)	46.0 (7.8)	44.4 (6.9)	45.1 (7.3)	50.4 (10.2)	55.9 (13.3)	68.2 (20.1)	75.6 (24.2)	77.4 (25.2)	73.4 (23.0)	66.0 (18.9)	57.2 (14.0)	50.7 (10.4)	59.2 (15.1)
Mean daily daylight hours	10.0	11.0	12.0	13.0	14.0	15.0	15.0	14.0	12.0	11.0	10.0	9.0	12.2
Source: Weather Atlas^[157]

See or edit raw graph data.

Demographics

Population

Historical population
Year	Pop.	±%
1752	200	—
1775	5,934	+2867.0%
1790	13,503	+127.6%
1800	26,514	+96.4%
1810	46,555	+75.6%
1820	62,738	+34.8%
1830	80,620	+28.5%
1840	102,313	+26.9%
1850	169,054	+65.2%
1860	212,418	+25.7%
1870	267,354	+25.9%
1880	332,313	+24.3%
1890	434,439	+30.7%
1900	508,957	+17.2%
1910	558,485	+9.7%
1920	733,826	+31.4%
1930	804,874	+9.7%
1940	859,100	+6.7%
1950	949,708	+10.5%
1960	939,024	−1.1%
1970	905,787	−3.5%
1980	786,741	−13.1%
1990	736,016	−6.4%
2000	651,154	−11.5%
2010	620,961	−4.6%
2020	585,708	−5.7%
U.S. Decennial Census^[158] 1790–1960^[159] 1900–1990^[160] 1990–2000^[161] 2010–2020^[15] 1752 estimate & 1775 census^[162]

Baltimore reached a peak population of 949,708 at the 1950 U.S. census count. In every ten-year census count since then, the city has lost population, with its 2020 census population at 585,708. In 2011, then-Mayor Stephanie Rawlings-Blake said one of her goals was to increase the city's population, by improving city services to reduce the number of people leaving the city, and by passing legislation protecting immigrants' rights to stimulate growth.^[164] Baltimore is identified as a sanctuary city.^[165] In 2019, then-Mayor Jack Young said that Baltimore will not assist ICE agents with immigration raids.^[166]

Baltimore City's population declined from 620,961 in 2010 to 585,708 in 2020, representing a 5.7% drop. In 2020, Baltimore lost more population than any other major city in the United States.^[167]^[7]^[168]

Gentrification has increased since the 2000 census, primarily in East Baltimore, downtown, and Central Baltimore, with 14.8% of census tracts having had income growth and home values appreciation at a rate higher than the city overall. Many, but not all, gentrifying neighborhoods are predominantly white areas which have seen a turnover from lower income to higher income households. These areas represent either expansion of existing gentrified areas, or activity around the Inner Harbor, downtown, or the Johns Hopkins Homewood campus.^[169] In some neighborhoods in East Baltimore, the Hispanic population has increased, while both the non-Hispanic white and non-Hispanic black populations have declined.^[170]

After New York City, Baltimore was the second city in the United States to reach a population of 100,000.^[171]^[172] From the 1820 to 1850 U.S. censuses, Baltimore was the second most-populous city,^[172]^[173] before being surpassed by Philadelphia and the then-independent Brooklyn in 1860, and then being surpassed by St. Louis and Chicago in 1870.^[174] Baltimore was among the top 10 cities in population in the United States in every census up to the 1980 census.^[175] After World War II, Baltimore had a population approaching 1 million, until the population began to fall after the 1950 census.

Characteristics

Historical racial and ethnic profile	2020^[176]	2010^[177]	1990^[178]	1970^[178]	1940^[178]
White	31.9%	29.6%	39.1%	53.0%	80.6%
—Non-Hispanic whites	27.6%	28.0%	38.6%	52.3%^[g]	80.6%
Black or African American (non-Hispanic)	62.4%	63.7%	59.2%	46.4%	19.3%
Hispanic or Latino (of any race)	6.0%	4.2%	1.0%	0.9%^[g]	0.1%
Asian	2.8%	2.3%	1.1%	0.3%	0.1%

**Baltimore city, Maryland – Racial and ethnic composition**
*Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.*
Race / Ethnicity (NH = Non-Hispanic)	Pop 2000^[179]	Pop 2010^[180]	Pop 2020^[181]	% 2000	% 2010	% 2020
White alone (NH)	201,566	174,120	157,296	30.96%	28.04%	26.86%
Black or African American alone (NH)	417,009	392,938	335,615	64.04%	63.28%	57.30%
Alaska Native alone (NH)	1,946	1,884	1,278	0.30%	0.30%	0.22%
Asian alone (NH)	9,824	14,397	21,020	1.51%	2.32%	3.59%
Pacific Islander alone (NH)	193	192	152	0.03%	0.03%	0.03%
Other race alone (NH)	1,143	942	3,332	0.18%	0.15%	0.57%
Mixed race or Multiracial (NH)	8,412	10,528	21,088	1.29%	1.70%	3.60%
Hispanic or Latino (any race)	11,061	25,960	45,927	1.70%	4.18%	7.84%
Total	651,154	620,961	585,708	100.00%	100.00%	100.00%

In the 2010 census^[update], Baltimore's population was 63.7%

Puerto Rican, 0.6% Honduran).^[15]

As per the 2020 census, 8.1% of residents between 2016 and 2020 were foreign born persons.[176] Females made up 53.4% of the population. The median age was 35 years old, with 22.4% under 18 years old, 65.8% from 18 to 64 years old, and 11.8% 65 or older.^[15]

Baltimore has a large

Caribbean American population, with the largest groups being Jamaicans and Trinidadians. Baltimore's Jamaican community is largely centered in the Park Heights neighborhood, but generations of immigrants have also lived in Southeast Baltimore.^[182]

In 2005, approximately 30,778 people (6.5%) identified as

gay, lesbian, or bisexual.^[183] In 2012, same-sex marriage in Maryland was legalized, going into effect January 1, 2013.^[184]

Income and housing

Between 2016 and 2020, the median household income was $52,164 and the median income per capita was $32,699, compared to the national averages of $64,994 and $35,384, respectively.[176] In 2009, the median household income was $42,241 and the median income per capita was $25,707, compared to the national median income of $53,889 per household and $28,930 per capita.^[15]

In 2009, 23.7% of the population lived below the poverty line, compared to 13.5% nationwide.^[15] In the 2020 census, 20% of Baltimore residents were living in poverty, compared to 11.6% nationwide.^[176]

Housing in Baltimore is relatively inexpensive for large, near-coastal cities of its size. The median sale price for homes in Baltimore as of December 2022 was $209,000, up from $95,000 in 2012.^[185]^[186] Despite the late 2000s housing price collapse, and along with the national trends, Baltimore residents still faced slowly increasing rent, up 3% in the summer of 2010.^[187] The median value of owner-occupied housing units between 2016 and 2020 was $242,499.^[176]

The homeless population in Baltimore is steadily increasing. It exceeded 4,000 people in 2011. The increase in the number of young homeless people was particularly severe.^[188]

Life expectancy

In 2015, the life expectancy in Baltimore was 74 to 75 years, compared to the U.S. average of 78 to 80. Fourteen neighborhoods had lower life expectancies than North Korea.^[189] Those fourteen suburbs were Washington Village, Brooklyn/Curtis Bay, Southern Park Heights, Pimlico/Arlington/Hilltop, Cherry Hill, Sandton-Winchester, Midway/Coldstream, Southwest Baltimore, Greenmount East, Madison/East End, Upton/Druid Heights, Poppleton, Clifton-Berea, and Downtown/Seton Hill.^[189] The life expectancy in Downtown/Seton Hill was comparable to that of Yemen.^[189]

Religion

In 2015, 25% of adults in Baltimore reported affiliation with no religion. 50% of the adult population of Baltimore are

Christian denominations.^[190]^[191]^[192]

Languages

In 2010, 91% (526,705) of Baltimore residents five years old and older spoke only English at home. Close to 4% (21,661) spoke Spanish. Other languages, such as African languages, French, and Chinese are spoken by less than 1% of the population.^[193]

Economy

Once a predominantly industrial town, with an economic base focused on steel processing, shipping, auto manufacturing (General Motors Baltimore Assembly), and transportation, Baltimore experienced deindustrialization, which cost residents tens of thousands of low-skill, high-wage jobs.^[194] Baltimore now relies on a low-wage service economy, which accounts for 31% of jobs in the city.^[195]^[196] Around the turn of the 20th century, Baltimore was the leading U.S. manufacturer of rye whiskey and straw hats. It led in the refining of crude oil, brought to the city by pipeline from Pennsylvania.^[197]^[198]^[199]

In March 2018, Baltimore's unemployment rate was 5.8%.^[200] In 2012, one quarter of Baltimore residents, and 37% of Baltimore children, lived in poverty.^[201] The 2012 closure of a major steel plant at Sparrows Point is expected to have a further impact on employment and the local economy.^[202] In 2013, 207,000 workers commuted into Baltimore city each day.^[203] Downtown Baltimore is the primary economic asset within Baltimore City and the region, with 29.1 million square feet of office space. The tech sector is rapidly growing as the Baltimore metro ranks 8th in the CBRE Tech Talent Report among 50 U.S. metro areas for high growth rate and number of tech professionals.^[204] In 2013, Forbes ranked Baltimore fourth among America's "new tech hot spots".^[205]

The city is home to the

Cordish Company,^[207] Legg Mason, McCormick & Company, T. Rowe Price, and Royal Farms.^[208] A sugar refinery owned by American Sugar Refining is one of Baltimore's cultural icons. Nonprofits based in Baltimore include Lutheran Services in America and Catholic Relief Services

.

Almost a quarter of the jobs in the Baltimore region were in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics as of mid-2013, a fact attributed in part to the city's extensive undergraduate and graduate schools; maintenance and repair experts were included in this count.[209]

Port

The center of international commerce for the region is the World Trade Center Baltimore. It houses the Maryland Port Administration and U.S. headquarters for major shipping lines. Baltimore is ranked 9th for total dollar value of cargo and 13th for cargo tonnage for all U.S. ports. In 2014, total cargo moving through the port totaled 29.5 million tons, down from 30.3 million tons in 2013. The value of cargo traveling through the port in 2014 came to $52.5 billion, down from $52.6 billion in 2013. The Port of Baltimore generates $3 billion in annual wages and salary, as well as supporting 14,630 direct jobs and 108,000 jobs connected to port work. In 2014, the port generated more than $300 million in taxes.^[210]

The port serves over 50 ocean carriers, making nearly 1,800 annual visits. Among all U.S. ports, Baltimore is first in handling automobiles, light trucks, farm and construction machinery; and imported forest products, aluminum, and sugar. The port is second in coal exports. The Port of Baltimore's cruise industry, which offers year-round trips on several lines, supports over 500 jobs and brings in over $90 million to Maryland's economy annually. Growth at the port continues with the Maryland Port Administration plans to turn the southern tip of the former steel mill into a marine terminal, primarily for car and truck shipments, and for anticipated new business coming to Baltimore after the completion of the Panama Canal expansion project.^[210]

Tourism

Baltimore's history and attractions have made it a popular tourist destination. In 2014, the city hosted 24.5 million visitors, who spent $5.2 billion.

WHEC-37, the last surviving U.S. warship that was in Pearl Harbor during the Japanese attack on December 7, 1941, and which engaged Japanese Zero aircraft during the battle.^[212]

Also docked is the

Pride of Baltimore II, the state of Maryland's "goodwill ambassador" ship, a reconstruction of a famous Baltimore Clipper ship.^[212]

Other tourist destinations include sporting venues such as

Fells Point neighborhoods, Lexington Market, Horseshoe Casino, and museums such as the Walters Art Museum, the Baltimore Museum of Industry, the Babe Ruth Birthplace and Museum, the Maryland Science Center, and the B&O Railroad Museum

.

The Baltimore Visitor Center at the Inner Harbor
Fountain near visitor center in Inner Harbor
Sunset views from Inner Harbor
Baltimore is the home of the
National Aquarium
, one of the world's largest aquariums.

Culture

Emerson Bromo-Seltzer Tower, built in 1911, includes 15 stories that have been transformed into studio spaces for visual and literary artists.

Baltimore has historically been a working-class port town, sometimes dubbed a "city of neighborhoods". It comprises 72 designated historic districts^[213] traditionally occupied by distinct ethnic groups. Most notable today are three downtown areas along the port: the Inner Harbor, frequented by tourists because of its hotels, shops, and museums; Fells Point, once a favorite entertainment spot for sailors but now refurbished and gentrified (and featured in the movie Sleepless in Seattle); and Little Italy, located between the other two, where Baltimore's Italian-American community is based – and where U.S. House Speaker Nancy Pelosi grew up.

Further inland, Mount Vernon is the traditional center of cultural and artistic life of the city. It is home to a distinctive Washington Monument, set atop a hill in a 19th-century urban square, that predates the monument in Washington, D.C. by several decades. Baltimore has a significant German American population,^[214] and was the second-largest port of immigration to the United States behind Ellis Island in New York and New Jersey.

Between 1820 and 1989, almost 2 million German,

Greek and Italian migrants came to Baltimore, mostly between 1861 and 1930. By 1913, when Baltimore was averaging forty thousand immigrants per year, World War I closed off the flow of immigrants. By 1970, Baltimore's heyday as an immigration center was a distant memory. There was a Chinatown

dating back to at least the 1880s, which consisted of 400 Chinese residents. A local Chinese-American association remains based there, with one Chinese restaurant as of 2009.

Beer making thrived in Baltimore from the 1800s to the 1950s, with over 100 old breweries in the city's past.

Fells Point

.

Each year the

House of Cards and Veep are set in Washington, D.C. but filmed in Baltimore.^[218]

Baltimore has cultural museums in many areas of study. The Baltimore Museum of Art and the Walters Art Museum are internationally renowned for their collections of art. The Baltimore Museum of Art has the largest holding of works by Henri Matisse in the world.^[219] The American Visionary Art Museum has been designated by Congress as America's national museum for visionary art.^[220] The National Great Blacks In Wax Museum is the first African American wax museum in the country, featuring more than 150 life-size and lifelike wax figures.^[51]

Cuisine

Baltimore is known for its Maryland blue crabs, crab cake, Old Bay Seasoning, pit beef, and the "chicken box". The city has many restaurants in or around the Inner Harbor. The most known and acclaimed are the Charleston, Woodberry Kitchen, and the Charm City Cakes bakery featured on the Food Network's Ace of Cakes. The Little Italy neighborhood's biggest draw is the food. Fells Point also is a foodie neighborhood for tourists and locals and is where the oldest continuously running tavern in the country, "The Horse You Came in on Saloon", is located.^[221]

Many of Baltimore's upscale restaurants are found in Harbor East. Five public markets are located across Baltimore. The Baltimore Public Market System is the oldest continuously operating public market system in the United States.^[222] Lexington Market is one of the longest-running markets in the world and the longest running in the country, having been around since 1782. The market continues to stand at its original site. Baltimore is the last place in America where one can still find arabbers, vendors who sell fresh fruits and vegetables from a horse-drawn cart that goes up and down neighborhood streets.^[223] Food- and drink-rating site Zagat ranked Baltimore second in a list of the 17 best food cities in the US in 2015.^[224]

Local dialect

Baltimore city, along with its surrounding regions, is home to a unique local dialect known as the

Philadelphia dialect.^[225]^[226]

The so-called "Bawlmerese" accent is known for its characteristic pronunciation of its long "o" vowel, in which an "eh" sound is added before the long "o" sound (/oʊ/ shifts to [ɘʊ], or even [eʊ]).[227] It adopts Philadelphia's pattern of the short "a" sound, such that the tensed vowel in words like "bath" or "ask" does not match the more relaxed one in "sad" or "act".^[225]

Baltimore native

John Waters parodies the city and its dialect extensively in his films. Most are filmed in Baltimore, including the 1972 cult classic Pink Flamingos, as well as Hairspray and its Broadway musical remake

.

Performing arts

Baltimore has four state-designated arts and entertainment districts: The Pennsylvania Avenue Black Arts and Entertainment District, Station North Arts and Entertainment District, Highlandtown Arts District, and the Bromo Arts & Entertainment District.^[228]^[229]^[230]

The Baltimore Office of Promotion and The Arts, a non-profit organization, produces events and arts programs as well as managing several facilities. It is the official Baltimore City Arts Council. BOPA coordinates Baltimore's major events, including New Year's Eve and July 4 celebrations at the Inner Harbor, Artscape, which is America's largest free arts festival, Baltimore Book Festival, Baltimore Farmers' Market & Bazaar, School 33 Art Center's Open Studio Tour, and the Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Parade.^[231]

The

Lyric Opera House is the home of Lyric Opera Baltimore, which operates there as part of the Patricia and Arthur Modell Performing Arts Center. Shriver Hall Concert Series, founded in 1966, presents classical chamber music and recitals featuring nationally and internationally recognized artists.^[232]

The Baltimore Consort has been a leading early music ensemble for over twenty-five years. The France-Merrick Performing Arts Center, home of the restored Thomas W. Lamb-designed Hippodrome Theatre, has afforded Baltimore the opportunity to become a major regional player in the area of touring Broadway and other performing arts presentations. Renovating Baltimore's historic theatres has become widespread throughout the city. Renovated theatres include the Everyman, Centre, Senator, and most recently Parkway Theatre. Other buildings have been reused. These include the former Mercantile Deposit and Trust Company bank building, which is now The Chesapeake Shakespeare Company Theater.

Baltimore has a wide array of professional (non-touring) and community theater groups. Aside from Center Stage, resident troupes in the city include The Vagabond Players, the oldest continuously operating community theater group in the country, Everyman Theatre, Single Carrot Theatre, and Baltimore Theatre Festival. Community theaters in the city include Fells Point Community Theatre and the Arena Players Inc., which is the nation's oldest continuously operating African American community theater.^[233] In 2009, the Baltimore Rock Opera Society, an all-volunteer theatrical company, launched its first production.^[234]

Baltimore is home to the Pride of Baltimore Chorus, a three-time international silver medalist women's chorus, affiliated with Sweet Adelines International. The Maryland State Boychoir is located in the northeastern Baltimore neighborhood of Mayfield.

Baltimore is the home of non-profit chamber music organization Vivre Musicale. VM won a 2011–2012 award for Adventurous Programming from the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers and Chamber Music America.^[235]

The Peabody Institute, located in the Mount Vernon neighborhood, is the oldest conservatory of music in the United States.^[236] Established in 1857, it is one of the most prestigious in the world,^[236] along with Juilliard, Eastman, and the Curtis Institute. The Morgan State University Choir is also one of the nation's most prestigious university choral ensembles.^[237] The city is home to the Baltimore School for the Arts, a public high school in the Mount Vernon neighborhood of Baltimore. The institution is nationally recognized for its success in preparation for students entering music (vocal/instrumental), theatre (acting/theater production), dance, and visual arts.

In 1981, Baltimore hosted the first International Theater Festival, the first such festival in the country. Executive producer Al Kraizer staged 66 performances of nine shows by international

Denver Center for Performing Arts, after the city had asked Kraizer to organize it.^[240]

In June 1986, the 20th Theatre of Nations, sponsored by the International Theatre Institute, was held in Baltimore, the first time it had been held in the U.S.^[241]

Sports

Baseball

Baltimore has a long and storied baseball history, including its distinction as the birthplace of

19th century Baltimore Orioles

were one of the most successful early franchises, featuring numerous hall of famers during its years from 1882 to 1899. As one of the eight inaugural American League franchises, the Baltimore Orioles played in the AL during the 1901 and 1902 seasons. The team moved to New York City before the 1903 season and was renamed the New York Highlanders, which later became the New York Yankees. Ruth played for the minor league Baltimore Orioles team, which was active from 1903 to 1914. After playing one season in 1915 as the Richmond Climbers, the team returned the following year to Baltimore, where it played as the Orioles until 1953.^{[citation needed]}

The team currently known as the Baltimore Orioles has represented Major League Baseball locally since 1954 when the St. Louis Browns moved to Baltimore. The Orioles advanced to the World Series in 1966, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1979 and 1983, winning three times (1966, 1970 and 1983), while making the playoffs all but one year (1972) from 1969 through 1974.^[242]

In 1995, local player (and later Hall of Famer)

Sportsman of the Year by Sports Illustrated magazine.^{[citation needed]} Six former Orioles players, including Ripken (2007), and two of the team's managers have been inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame

.

Since 1992, the Orioles' home ballpark has been Oriole Park at Camden Yards, which has been hailed as one of the league's best since it opened.^[243]

Football

Prior to a

Baltimore Colts

. The AAFC Colts played for three seasons in the AAFC (1947, 1948, and 1949), and when the AAFC folded following the 1949 season, moved to the NFL for a single year (1950) before going bankrupt.

In 1953, the NFL's

NFL Championship twice (1958 & 1959) and Super Bowl twice (1969 & 1971), winning all except Super Bowl III in 1969. After the 1983 season, the team left Baltimore for Indianapolis in 1984, where they became the Indianapolis Colts

.

The NFL returned to Baltimore when the former Cleveland Browns personnel moved to Baltimore and established the Baltimore Ravens in 1996. Since then, the Ravens won a Super Bowl championship in 2000 and 2012, seven AFC North division championships (2003, 2006, 2011, 2012, 2018, 2019 and 2023), and appeared in five AFC Championship Games (2000, 2008, 2011, 2012 and 2023).^[244]

Baltimore also hosted a Canadian Football League franchise, the Baltimore Stallions for the 1994 and 1995 seasons. Following the 1995 season, and ultimate end to the Canadian Football League in the United States experiment, the team was sold and relocated to Montreal.

Other teams and events

Triple Crown, is run every May at Pimlico Race Course

in Baltimore.

The first professional sports organization in the United States,

United States Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing, has been held every May at Pimlico Race Course

in Baltimore since 1873.

College

NCAA

lacrosse championship in 2012.

The

Major Indoor Soccer League from 1980 to 1992, winning one championship. The Baltimore Kings, a Baltimore Blast affiliate,^[245] joined MASL 3 in 2021 to begin play in 2022.^[246]

FC Baltimore 1729 was a semi-professional soccer club in the NPSL league, with the goal of bringing a community-oriented competitive soccer experience to Baltimore. Their inaugural season started on May 11, 2018, and they played their home games at CCBC Essex Field. Baltimore City F.C. is an Eastern Premier Soccer League club that plays since 2023 at Middle Branch Fitness Center in Cherry Hill

.

The

American Soccer Pyramid

. Their inaugural season started in the spring of 2012.

The

Indy Lights. After three consecutive years, on September 13, 2013, it was announced that the event would not be held in 2014 or 2015 due to scheduling conflicts.^[248]

The athletic equipment company

Fells Point, and Canton, Baltimore. The race then proceeds to other important focal points of the city such as Patterson Park

, Clifton Park, Lake Montebello, the Charles Village neighborhood, and the western edge of downtown. After winding through 42.195 kilometres (26.219 mi) of Baltimore, the race ends at virtually the same point at which it starts.

The

Royal Farms Arena

. In 2019, the team ceased operations along with the rest of the league.

Parks and recreation

Baltimore has over 4,900 acres (1,983 ha) of parkland.

Fort McHenry National Monument and Historic Shrine, a coastal star-shaped fort best known for its role in the War of 1812. As of 2015, The Trust for Public Land, a national land conservation organization, ranks Baltimore 40th among the 75-largest U.S. cities.^[249]

Law, government, and politics

Baltimore is an independent city, and not part of any county. For most governmental purposes under Maryland law, Baltimore City is treated as a county-level entity. The United States Census Bureau uses counties as the basic unit for presentation of statistical information in the United States, and treats Baltimore as a county equivalent for those purposes.

Baltimore has been a

Dwight Eisenhower

in his successful reelection bid in 1956.

The city hosted the first six

1860, 1872, and 1912.^[253]

Voter registration

Voter registration and party enrollment as of March 2024^[254]
	Democratic	296,108	75.12%
	Unaffiliated	62,566	15.87%
	Republican	28,400	7.2%
	Libertarian	1,192	0.3%
	Other parties	5,931	1.5%
Total		394,197	100%

City government

Mayor

mayor of Baltimore

. He was elected in 2020 and took office on December 8, 2020.

Scott succeeded Jack Young, who took office on May 2, 2019. Young had been the president of the Baltimore City Council when Mayor Catherine Pugh was accused of a self-dealing book-sales arrangement. He became acting mayor on April 2 when she took a leave of absence, then mayor upon her resignation.^[255]^[256]

Pugh, a Democrat, won the 2016 mayoral election with 57.1% of the vote and took office on December 6, 2016.^[257]

Stephanie Rawlings-Blake assumed the office of Mayor on February 4, 2010, when predecessor Dixon's resignation became effective.^[258] Rawlings-Blake had been serving as City Council President at the time. She was elected to a full term in 2011, defeating Pugh in the primary election and receiving 84% of the vote.^[259]

Baltimore mayoral election. Mayor Dixon's administration ended less than three years after her election, the result of a criminal investigation that began in 2006 while she was still City Council President. She was convicted on a single misdemeanor charge of embezzlement on December 1, 2009. A month later, Dixon made an Alford plea to a perjury charge and agreed to resign from office; Maryland, like most states, does not allow convicted felons to hold office.^[261]^[262]

Baltimore City Council

The

mayor pro tempore

; if the mayor's office falls vacant, the council president ascends as mayor for the balance of the term.

Grassroots pressure for reform, voiced as Question P, restructured the city council in November 2002, against the will of the mayor, the council president, and the majority of the council. A coalition of union and community groups, organized by the Association of Community Organizations for Reform Now (ACORN), backed the effort.^[265]

Law enforcement

The Baltimore City Police Department is the current primary law enforcement agency serving Baltimore citizens. It was founded 1784 as a "Night City Watch" and day Constables system and later reorganized as a City Department in 1853, with a later reorganization under State of Maryland supervision in 1859, with appointments made by the Governor of Maryland after a period of civic and elections violence with riots in the later part of the decade. Campus and building security for the city's public schools is provided by the Baltimore City Public Schools Police, established in the 1970s.

In the four-year span of 2011 to 2015, 120 lawsuits were brought against Baltimore police for alleged brutality and misconduct. The Freddie Gray settlement of $6.4 million exceeds the combined total settlements of the 120 lawsuits, as state law caps such payments.^[266]

Baltimore Harbor Tunnel Thruway, which goes underneath the northwestern branch of Patapsco River, and Interstate 395, which has three ramp bridges crossing the middle branch of the Patapsco River that are under MdTA jurisdiction, and have limited concurrent jurisdiction with the Baltimore Police Department under a memorandum of understanding

.

Law enforcement on the fleet of transit buses and transit rail systems serving Baltimore is the responsibility of the

Maryland Transit Administration Police, which is part of the Maryland Transit Administration of the state Department of Transportation. The MTA Police also share jurisdiction authority with the Baltimore City Police, governed by a memorandum of understanding.^[267]

As the enforcement arm of the Baltimore circuit and district court system, the

Maryland Police and Correctional Training Commission and the Sheriff of Baltimore.^[268]

The United States Coast Guard, operating out of their shipyard and facility (since 1899) at Arundel Cove on Curtis Creek, (off Pennington Avenue extending to Hawkins Point Road/Fort Smallwood Road) in the Curtis Bay section of southern Baltimore City and adjacent northern Anne Arundel County. The U.S.C.G. also operates and maintains a presence on Baltimore and Maryland waterways in the Patapsco River and Chesapeake Bay. "Sector Baltimore" is responsible for commanding law enforcement and search & rescue units as well as aids to navigation.

Crime

Baltimore is considered one of the most dangerous cities in the U.S.^[269] Experts say an emerging gang presence and heavy recruitment of adolescent boys into these gangs, who are statistically more likely to get serious charges reduced or dropped, are major reasons for the sustained crime crises in the city.^[270]^[271] Overall reported crime dropped by 60% from the mid-1990s to the mid-2010s, but homicides and gun violence remain high and far exceed the national average.^[272]

The worst years for crime in Baltimore overall were from 1993 to 1996, with 96,243 crimes reported in 1995. Baltimore's 344 homicides in 2015 represented the highest homicide rate in the city's recorded history—52.5 per 100,000 people, surpassing the record ratio set in 1993—and the second-highest for U.S. cities behind St. Louis and ahead of Detroit. Of Baltimore's 344 homicides in 2015, 321 (93.3%) of the victims were African-American.^[272]

Drug use and deaths by drug use, particularly drugs used intravenously, such as heroin, are a related problem which has impaired Baltimore for decades. Among cities greater than 400,000, Baltimore ranked 2nd in its opiate drug death rate in the United States. The DEA reported that 10% of Baltimore's population – about 64,000 people – are addicted to heroin, most of which is trafficked into the city from New York.^[273]^[274]^[275]^[276]^[277]

In 2011, Baltimore police reported 196 homicides, the lowest number in the city since 197 homicides in 1978, and far lower than the peak homicide count of 353 slayings in 1993. City leaders at the time credited a sustained focus on repeat violent offenders and increased community engagement for the continued drop, reflecting a nationwide decline in crime.^[278]^[279]

In August 2014, Baltimore's new youth curfew law went into effect. It prohibits unaccompanied children under age 14 from being on the streets after 9 p.m. and those aged 14–16 from being out after 10 p.m. during the week and 11 p.m. on weekends and during the summer. The goal is to keep children out of dangerous places and reduce crime.^[280]

Crime in Baltimore reached another peak in 2015 when the year's tally of 344 homicides was second only to the record 353 in 1993, when Baltimore had about 100,000 more residents. The killings in 2015 were on pace with recent years in the early months of 2015, but skyrocketed after the

unrest and rioting of late April following the killing of Freddie Gray by police. In five of the next eight months, killings topped 30–40 per month. Nearly 90 percent of 2015's homicides resulted from shootings, renewing calls for new gun laws. In 2016, there were 318 murders in the city.^[281]

This total marked a 7.56 percent decline in homicides from 2015.

In an interview with

death of Freddie Gray after he was paralyzed during a "rough-ride" in a police van while in police custody in April 2015, dying from the injury a week later. "What Mosby basically did was send a message to the Baltimore police department: 'I'm going to put you in jail for making a bad arrest.' So officers figured it out: 'I can go to jail for making the wrong arrest, so I'm not getting out of my car to clear a corner,' and that's exactly what happened post-Freddie Gray."^[282]

In Baltimore, "arrest numbers have plummeted from more than 40,000 in 2014, the year before Gray's death and the charges against the officers, to about 18,000 [as of November 2017]. This happened as homicides soared from 211 in 2014 to 344 in 2015 – an increase of 63%."[282] Simon's HBO miniseries We Own This City aired in April 2022 and covered many of the events surrounding the death of Freddie Gray and the work slowdown by the Baltimore Police Department during that time period.
In the six years between 2016 and 2022, Baltimore tallied 318, 342, 309, 348, 335, 338, and 335 homicides, respectively.^[283] In 2023, Baltimore saw a 20% drop in homicides to 263.^[284] In 2024, the city again saw a drop in homicides, to 200.^[285]

Baltimore City Fire Department

Main article: Baltimore City Fire Department

Baltimore is protected by the over 1,800 professional firefighters of the Baltimore City Fire Department (BCFD). It was founded in December 1858 and began operating the following year. Replacing several warring independent volunteer companies since the 1770s and the confusion resulting from
Know-Nothing
" political party two years before, the establishment of a unified professional fire fighting force was a major advance in urban governance. The BCFD operates out of 37 fire stations located throughout the city and has a long history and sets of traditions in its various houses and divisions.

State government

See also: Baltimore City Delegation

Since the legislative redistricting in 2002, Baltimore has had six legislative districts located entirely within its boundaries, giving the city six seats in the 47-member Maryland Senate and 14 in the 141-member Maryland House of Delegates.^[286]^[287] During the previous 10-year period, Baltimore had four legislative districts within the city limits, but four others overlapped the Baltimore County line.^[288] As of October 2024^[update], all of Baltimore's state senators and delegates were Democrats.^[286]

State agencies

See also: List of state agencies headquartered in Baltimore

Federal government

Further information: Maryland's 2nd congressional district and Maryland's 7th congressional district

See also:
United States Senate election in Maryland, 2006

Baltimore is split between two of the state's eight
John Boynton Philip Clayton Hill represented the 3rd District in 1927, and has not represented any of Baltimore since the Eastern Shore-based 1st District lost its share of Baltimore after the 2000 census. It was represented by Republican Wayne Gilchrest
at the time.
Maryland's senior
United States senator, Ben Cardin, is from Baltimore. He is one of three people in the last four decades to have represented the 3rd District, which for decades included much of inner Baltimore, before being elected to the United States Senate. Paul Sarbanes represented the 3rd from 1971 until 1977, when he was elected to the first of five terms in the Senate. Sarbanes was succeeded by Barbara Mikulski, who represented the 3rd from 1977 to 1987. Mikulski was succeeded by Cardin, who held the seat until handing it to John Sarbanes upon his election to the Senate in 2007.^[289]

United States presidential election results for Baltimore, Maryland^[290]
Year Republican Democratic Third party(ies)

No.  % No.  % No.  %

2024 27,984 12.13% 195,109 84.55% 7,661 3.32%

2020 25,374 10.69% 207,260 87.28% 4,827 2.03%

2016 25,205 10.53% 202,673 84.66% 11,524 4.81%

2012 28,171 11.09% 221,478 87.19% 4,356 1.71%

2008 28,681 11.66% 214,385 87.16% 2,902 1.18%

2004 36,230 16.96% 175,022 81.95% 2,311 1.08%

2000 27,150 14.11% 158,765 82.52% 6,489 3.37%

1996 28,467 15.53% 145,441 79.34% 9,415 5.14%

1992 40,725 16.62% 185,753 75.79% 18,613 7.59%

1988 59,089 25.43% 170,813 73.51% 2,465 1.06%

1984 80,120 28.20% 202,277 71.18% 1,766 0.62%

1980 57,902 21.87% 191,911 72.48% 14,962 5.65%

1976 81,762 31.40% 178,593 68.60% 0 0.00%

1972 119,486 45.15% 141,323 53.40% 3,843 1.45%

1968 80,146 27.65% 178,450 61.56% 31,288 10.79%

1964 76,089 24.02% 240,716 75.98% 0 0.00%

1960 114,705 36.13% 202,752 63.87% 0 0.00%

1956 178,244 55.90% 140,603 44.10% 0 0.00%

1952 166,605 47.62% 178,469 51.01% 4,784 1.37%

1948 110,879 43.67% 134,615 53.02% 8,396 3.31%

1944 112,817 40.83% 163,493 59.17% 0 0.00%

1940 112,364 35.56% 199,715 63.20% 3,917 1.24%

1936 97,667 31.48% 210,668 67.89% 1,959 0.63%

1932 78,954 31.94% 160,309 64.84% 7,969 3.22%

1928 135,182 51.39% 126,106 47.94% 1,770 0.67%

1924 69,588 42.63% 60,222 36.89% 33,442 20.48%

1920 125,526 57.02% 86,748 39.40% 7,872 3.58%

1916 49,805 44.31% 60,226 53.58% 2,382 2.12%

1912 15,597 15.70% 48,030 48.36% 35,695 35.94%

1908 51,528 49.82% 49,139 47.51% 2,756 2.66%

1904 47,444 48.64% 47,901 49.11% 2,192 2.25%

1900 58,880 52.10% 51,979 46.00% 2,149 1.90%

1896 61,965 58.13% 40,859 38.33% 3,777 3.54%

1892 36,492 40.79% 51,098 57.12% 1,867 2.09%

The Postal Service's Baltimore Main Post Office is located at 900 East Fayette Street in the Jonestown area.^[291]
The national headquarters for the
United States Social Security Administration is located in Woodlawn, just outside of Baltimore.^[292]

Education

See also: List of high schools in Maryland

Colleges and universities

Baltimore is the home of numerous places of higher learning, both public and private. 100,000 college students from around the country attend Baltimore City's 10 accredited two-year or four-year colleges and universities.^[293]^[294] Among them are:

Private

Keyser Quadrangle at Johns Hopkins University, the nation's first research university

The interior of George Peabody Library at the Peabody Institute at Johns Hopkins University is renowned for its beauty.^[295]

Johns Hopkins University

Loyola University Maryland

Maryland Institute College of Art

St. Mary's Seminary and University

Notre Dame of Maryland University

The Peabody Institute of Johns Hopkins University

Public

Baltimore City Community College

Coppin State University

Morgan State University

University of Baltimore

University of Maryland, Baltimore

Primary and secondary schools

See also: List of private and parochial schools in Baltimore

The city's public schools are managed by
Western High School, the oldest public all-girls school in the nation.^[299]

Baltimore City College and Baltimore Polytechnic Institute share the nation's second-oldest high school football rivalry.^[300]

Transportation

A Baltimore Light RailLink train stops at Convention Center station, just west of Baltimore Convention Center on Pratt Street

Baltimore has a higher-than-average percentage of households without a car. In 2015, 30.7 percent of Baltimore households lacked a car, which decreased slightly to 28.9 percent in 2016. The national average was 8.7 percent in 2016. Baltimore averaged 1.65 cars per household in 2016, compared to a national average of 1.8.^[301]

Roads and highways

I-95 northbound in Baltimore

Baltimore's highway growth has done much to influence the development of the city and its suburbs. The first
limited-access highway serving Baltimore was the Baltimore–Washington Parkway, which opened in stages between 1950 and 1954. Maintenance of it is split: the half closest to Baltimore is maintained by the state of Maryland, and the half closest to Washington by the National Park Service. Trucks are only permitted to use the northern part of the parkway. Trucks (tractor-trailers) continued to use U.S. Route 1 (US 1) until Interstate 95
(I-95) between Baltimore and Washington opened in 1971.
The Interstate highways serving Baltimore are
United States senator
for Maryland, which resulted in the abandonment of the original plan.
There are two tunnels traversing Baltimore Harbor within the city limits: the four-bore Fort McHenry Tunnel (opened in 1985 and serving I-95) and the two-bore Harbor Tunnel (opened in 1957 and serving I-895). Until its collapse in March 2024, the Baltimore Beltway crossed south of Baltimore Harbor over the Francis Scott Key Bridge.
The first interstate highway built in Baltimore was I-83, called the Jones Falls Expressway (first portion built in the early 1960s). Running from the downtown toward the northwest (NNW), it was built through a natural corridor over the Jones Falls River, which meant that no residents or housing were directly displaced. A planned section from what is now its southern terminus to I-95 was abandoned. Its route through parkland received criticism.
Planning for the Baltimore Beltway antedates the creation of the Interstate Highway System. The first portion completed was a small strip connecting the two sections of I-83, the Baltimore-Harrisburg Expressway and the Jones Falls Expressway.
The only
Maryland Route 295
, which carries the Baltimore–Washington Parkway.
The Baltimore City Department of Transportation (BCDOT) is responsible for several functions of the road transportation system in Baltimore, including repairing roads, sidewalks, and alleys; road signs; street lights; and managing the flow of transportation systems.^[302] In addition, the agency is in charge of vehicle towing and traffic cameras.^[303]^[304]
BCDOT maintains all streets within the Baltimore. These include all streets that are marked as state and U.S. highways and portions of
I-895, which are maintained by the Maryland Transportation Authority.^[305]

Transit systems

Public transit

Charm City Circulator Van Hool on the Orange Line

Public transit in Baltimore is mostly provided by the
bus network, including many local, express, and commuter buses, a light rail network connecting Hunt Valley in the north to BWI Airport and Glen Burnie in the south, and a subway line between Owings Mills and Johns Hopkins Hospital.^[306] A proposed rail line, known as the Red Line, which would link the Social Security Administration's headquarters in Woodlawn to Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center in East Baltimore, was cancelled in June 2015 by former Governor Larry Hogan. In June 2023, Governor Wes Moore announced the relaunch of the Red Line project.^[307]

The Charm City Circulator (CCC), a
shuttle bus service operated by First Transit for the Baltimore City Department of Transportation, began operating in the downtown area in January 2010. Funded partly by a 16 percent increase in the city's parking fees, the Circulator provides free bus service seven days a week, picking up passengers every 15–25 minutes at designated stops during service hours.^[308]^[309] The Charm City Circulator consists of four routes, the Green Route runs from City Hall to Johns Hopkins Hospital via Fells Point, the Purple Route runs from 33rd Street to Federal Hill, the Orange Route runs between Hollins Market and Harbor East, and the Banner Route runs from the Inner Harbor to Fort McHenry.^[310]

Baltimore has a water taxi service, operated by Baltimore Water Taxi. The water taxi's six routes provide service throughout the city's harbor, and was purchased by Under Armour CEO Kevin Plank's Sagamore Ventures in 2016.^[311]
In June 2017, the BaltimoreLink bus network redesign was launched. The BaltimoreLink redesign consisted of a dozen high frequency, color-coded routes branded CityLink, running every 10 to 15 minutes through downtown Baltimore, along with changes to local and express bus service, rebranded LocalLink and ExpressLink.^[312]

Intercity rail

Baltimore Pennsylvania Station
in Baltimore, the seventh-busiest rail station in the nation

Baltimore is a top destination for
double-track
bore.
Just outside the city,
Union Station as well as stops in between. The MARC consists of 3 lines; the Brunswick, Camden and Penn. On December 7, 2013, the Penn Line began weekend service.^[314]

Airports

Baltimore–Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport
, Baltimore's international commercial airport

Baltimore is served by two airports, both operated by the Maryland Aviation Administration, which is part of the
Baltimore Light Rail, and Amtrak and MARC Train at BWI Rail Station
.
Baltimore is also served by
its own station
.

Pedestrians and bicycles

Baltimore has a comprehensive system of bicycle routes in the city. These routes are not numbered, but are typically denoted with green signs displaying a silhouette of a bicycle upon an outline of the city's border, and denote the distance to destinations, much like bicycle routes in the rest of the state. The roads carrying bicycle routes are also labelled with either bike lanes, sharrows, or Share the Road signs. Many of these routes pass through the downtown area. The network of bicycle lanes in the city continues to expand, with over 140 miles (230 km) added between 2006 and 2014.
bike boulevards
, starting with Guilford Avenue in 2012.
Baltimore has three major trail systems within the city. The
Mount Washington Light Rail Stop, and possibly as far north as the Falls Road stop to connect to the Robert E. Lee boardwalk north of the city. It will incorporate a spur alongside Western Run. The two aforementioned trails carry sections of the East Coast Greenway
through the city.
The Herring Run Trail runs from Harford Road east, to its end beyond Sinclair Lane, utilizing Herring Run Park. Long-term plans call for its extension to Morgan State University and north to points beyond. Other major bicycle projects include a protected cycle track installed on both Maryland Avenue and Mount Royal Avenue, expected to become the backbone of a downtown bicycle network. Installation for the cycletracks is expected in 2014 and 2016, respectively.
In addition to the bicycle trails and cycletracks, Baltimore has the Stony Run Trail, a walking path that will eventually connect from the Jones Falls north to Northern Parkway, utilizing much of the old Ma and Pa Railroad corridor inside the city. In 2011, the city undertook a campaign to reconstruct many sidewalk ramps in the city, coinciding with mass resurfacing of the city's streets. A 2011 study by Walk Score ranked Baltimore the 14th-most walkable of fifty largest U.S. cities.^[318]

Port of Baltimore

Main article: Port of Baltimore

The Inner Harbor in Baltimore

The Port of Baltimore with the Washington Monument in the background in 1849

Francis Scott Key Bridge crossing the Port of Baltimore in 2015

The port was founded in 1706, preceding the founding of Baltimore. The Maryland colonial legislature made the area near Locust Point as the port of entry for the tobacco trade with England. Fells Point, the deepest point in the natural harbor, soon became the colony's main ship building center, later on becoming leader in the construction of clipper ships.^[319]
After Baltimore's founding, mills were built behind the wharves. The
California Gold Rush led to many orders for fast vessels. Many overland pioneers also relied upon canned goods from Baltimore. After the Civil War, a coffee ship was designed here for trade with Brazil. At the end of the nineteenth century, European ship lines had terminals for immigrants. The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad made the port a major transshipment point.^[320]^: 17, 75 The port has major roll-on/roll-off facilities, as well as bulk facilities, especially steel handling.^[321]

Water taxis operate in the Inner Harbor. Governor Ehrlich participated in naming the port after Helen Delich Bentley during the 300th anniversary of the port.^[322]
In 2007,
I-895) and is located adjacent to two of the major Port of Baltimore terminals. The Port of Baltimore is one of two seaports on the U.S. East Coast with a 50-foot (15 m) dredge to accommodate the largest shipping vessels.^[323]

Along with cargo terminals, the port also has a passenger cruise terminal, which offers year-round trips on several lines, including Royal Caribbean's Grandeur of the Seas and Carnival's Pride. Overall five cruise lines have operated out of the port to the Bahamas and the Caribbean, while some ships traveled to New England and Canada. The terminal has become an embarkation point where passengers have the opportunity to park and board next to the ship visible from Interstate 95.[324]
Passengers from Pennsylvania, New York, and New Jersey make up a third of the volume, with travelers from Maryland, Virginia, Washington, D.C. and other regions accounting for the rest.^[325]

Environment

Baltimore's Inner Harbor, known for its skyline waterscape and its tourist-friendly areas, was historically polluted. The waterway was often filled with garbage after heavy rainstorms, failing its 2014 water quality report card. The Waterfront Partnership of Baltimore took steps to remediate the waterways, in hopes that the harbor would be fishable and swimmable once again.

Trash interceptors

Main article: Trash interceptor § Baltimore's Mr. Trash Wheel

The "Mr. Trash Wheel" trash interceptor at the mouth of the Jones Falls River in Baltimore's Inner Harbor

Baltimore has four water wheel trash interceptors for removing garbage in area waterways. One is at the mouth of Jones Falls in Baltimore's Inner Harbor, dubbed "Mr. Trash Wheel".^[326] Another, "Professor Trash Wheel" was added at Harris Creek in the Canton neighborhood in 2016,^[327]^[328] with "Captain Trash Wheel" following at Mason Creek in 2018^[329] and "Gwynnda, the Good Wheel of the West" at the mouth of the Gwynns Falls in 2021.^[330] A February 2015 agreement with a local waste-to-energy plant is believed to make Baltimore the first city to use reclaimed waterway debris to generate electricity.^[331]

Other water pollution control

In August 2010, the National Aquarium assembled, planted, and launched a floating wetland island designed by Biohabitats in Baltimore's Inner Harbor.^[332] Hundreds of years ago, Baltimore's harbor shoreline would have been lined with tidal wetlands. Floating wetlands provide many environmental benefits to water quality and habitat enhancement, which is why the Waterfront Partnership of Baltimore has included them in their Healthy Harbor Initiative pilot projects.^[333] Biohabitats also developed a concept to transform a dilapidated wharf into a living pier that cleans Harbor water, provides habitat and is an aesthetic attraction. Currently under design, the top of the pier will become a constructed tidal wetland.^[334]
Other projects to improve water quality include the Blue Alleys project, expanded street sweeping, and stream restoration.^[326]

Air quality and pollution

Since 1985 the Wheelabrator Baltimore incinerator, formerly known as the Baltimore Refuse Energy Systems Co., has operated as a waste-to-energy incinerator. The incinerator is a significant source of air pollution to nearby neighborhoods. Several environmental groups, such as the Environmental Integrity Project, and the Chesapeake Climate Action Network, have been successful in advocating for reinforced pollution monitoring. According to Shashawnda Campbell, the incinerator is "the city's single largest standing source of air pollution".^[335]

Media

Main article: Media in Baltimore

Baltimore's main media outlet since 2010 is
Tribune Company in 2000.^[337] Since the sale, The Baltimore Sun prints some local news along with regional and national articles. The Baltimore News-American, another long-running paper that competed with the Sun, ceased publication in 1986.^[338]

The city is home to the Baltimore Afro-American, an influential African American newspaper founded in 1892.^[339]^[340]
In 2006,
The Washington Examiner. In contrast to the paid subscription Sun, The Examiner was a free newspaper funded solely by advertisements. Unable to turn a profit and facing a deep recession, The Baltimore Examiner ceased publication on February 15, 2009.^[341]

Despite being located 40 miles northeast of
WMPB 67 (PBS). Baltimore is also served by low-power station WMJF-CD 39 (Ion), which transmits from the campus of Towson University
.
Nielsen ranked Baltimore as the 27th-largest
television market in 2009.^[342] Arbitron's Fall 2010 rankings identified Baltimore as the 22nd-largest radio market.^[343]

In popular culture

See also: Baltimore in fiction

Baltimore has been the setting of books, films and television series. Often this is the case because the creators are Baltimore residents who enjoy celebrating their hometowns.

Literature

There are several authors who have chosen the city as the setting for their books.
Edgar Allan Poe lived in several different cities including Baltimore, which is where he died and was buried. Several of his works were inspired and written during his time in the city including “MS. Found in a Bottle” and “Berenice.”
In 1922,
Sheppard-Pratt Hospital, their time in Baltimore was the most stable the family enjoyed.^[344]

James Michener's 1978 book, Chesapeake, largely takes place on the Eastern Shore of Maryland, but contains numerous references to Baltimore.
Anne Tyler has lived in Baltimore since the late 1960s and is known for her literary realism fiction that emphasizes family life. She has written a number of books set locally including The Accidental Tourist (1985), Breathing Lessons (1988), Digging To America (2006) and A Spool of Blue Thread (2015).
Tess Monaghan
series, which focus on a journalist who becomes a private detective.

Nonfiction

Baltimore also is the backdrop of famous works of nonfiction.
In 1845, Frederick Douglass published his memoir: Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave. Born on the Eastern Shore, Douglass arrived in Baltimore as a child. It is where he learned to read and write.
In 2008, journalist, novelist and activist, Ta-Nehisi Coates published his memoir of growing up in West Baltimore: The Beautiful Struggle. Coates writes of his challenging relationship with his father, troubled experiences in local schools and the street crime and drug epidemic of the 1990s.
In 2010,
Turner Station, who died from cervical cancer. Before her death, she was treated by physicians at Johns Hopkins
. Without Mrs. Lacks' consent or even knowledge, they took her cancer cells for research purposes. The cells were then reproduced and used worldwide, though Mrs. Lacks and her descendants were never consulted nor compensated.

Film

Barry Levinson is a film maker and a native Baltimorean. Several of his films pay homage to his upbringing in an immigrant family in the city: Diner (1982), Tin Men (1987), Avalon (1990), and Liberty Heights (1999).
Another Baltimore filmmaker, John Waters, began his career making experimental art films in the city including Roman Candies and Mondo Trasho. As his audience and film budgets expanded, Waters continued to set his films in Baltimore and to premier them at the Senator Theater. His most famous films include Hairspray (1988), Cry Baby (1990), and Serial Mom (1994). Waters has continued to live in Baltimore and remains active in the local arts community.
Several films set in Baltimore use the city as a backdrop for young professionals looking for romance: He Said, She Said (1991), Sleepless in Seattle (1993), and He's Just Not That Into You. (2009)
Other films set in Baltimore have more ominous themes. In the 1964 Hitchcock film, Marnie, the title character is originally from Baltimore; her childhood trauma underpins much of the plot. The villain of the 1991 film The Silence of the Lambs, Dr. Hannibal Lector, had had a psychiatric practice in Baltimore and in the film is confined to the Baltimore State Hospital for the Criminally Insane. In The Sum of All Fears (2002), Baltimore is the scene of a nuclear warhead explosion.
Baltimore also figured prominently in the 2011 documentary film: Being Elmo: A Puppeteer's Journey. It focused on the life of Kevin Clash, who grew up in Baltimore and became a prominent puppeteer on Sesame Street.

Television

The television representations of Baltimore often involve crime and/or law enforcement. From 1993 to 1998, Homicide: Life on the Street was a police procedural drama that received favorable reviews but low ratings. Several episodes of the X-Files (1993–2002) took place in Baltimore. The most known series set in Baltimore is The Wire (2002–2008), which was well-received and depicts the city as a war zone between drug trade and the police. In 2022, the limited drama series, We Own This City, premiered starring Jon Bernthal and native Baltimorean, Josh Charles.
A different view of Baltimore was seen in the show Roc, which aired from 1991 to 1994. The show was a sit-com starring Charles S. Dutton, who played the titular character. The show focused on the protagonist's balance of his work as a city sanitation worker and his family life. Other main characters are Roc's wife (Eleanor, a nurse), his father (Andrew, a retired Pullman porter) and his brother (Joey).^[345]
In Season 9, Episode 10 ("Omega") of The Walking Dead, Lydia's backstory is revealed. When the zombie apocalypse begins, Lydia's parents take shelter with others in a crowded basement in Baltimore. They are relatively safe at the onset, listening to radio news updates until they cease, as well as the chaos on the streets outside as the authorities try unsuccessfully to re-establish order.
Other Baltimore television references were less direct:

In 1967, in Season 1, Episode 22 ("Paper Hats and Everything") of the sit-com, That Girl, the protagonist's mother goes to visit her aunt in Baltimore.

From 1989 to 1998, the Seinfeld character, Elaine Benes, was from Baltimore.

In 1994, in Season 6, Episode 5 ("The Robe") of Northern Exposure, Dr. Fleishman does a clinical trial with Johns Hopkins and has phone calls with people in Baltimore.

Notable people

Main article: List of people from Baltimore

Spiro Agnew, 39th U.S. vice president under Richard Nixon

Yari Allnutt, soccer player

Yaw Amankwa, soccer player

Tom Amrhein, soccer player

Sonny Askew, soccer player and coach^[346]

Christian Barreiro, soccer player^[347]

Eubie Blake, jazz pianist and composer

Muggsy Bogues, former professional basketball player

Julie Bowen, actress

Christine Michel Carter, author and marketing strategist

Tom Clancy, author of the Ryanverse book series

Elijah Cummings, former U.S. Congressman and civil rights activist

Gervonta Davis, professional boxer and four-time world champion in two weight classes

Temi Fagbenle, WNBA player

Cass Elliot, born Ellen Naomi Cohen, singer and member of the Mamas & the Papas

Daniel Coit Gilman, founding president of Johns Hopkins University

stand-up comedian

Kyle Harrison, professional lacrosse player and first black Tewaaraton Award recipient

David Hasselhoff, actor, producer, and businessman

Billie Holiday, singer of jazz, swing and pop music

Johns Hopkins, entrepreneur, investor, philanthropist, and namesake of Johns Hopkins University

Francis Scott Key, lawyer, poet, and anti-abolitionist

Laura Lippman, journalist and novelist

Thurgood Marshall, U.S. Supreme Court justice

H. L. Mencken, journalist, essayist, satirist, cultural critic, and scholar of American English

Joe Metheny, serial killer and cannibal

Ric Ocasek, rock musician and lead singer of the Cars

Bob Parsons, Entrepreneur, billionaire, and philanthropist; founded the GoDaddy group of companies

Nancy Pelosi, former Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives

Michael Phelps, swimmer and all-time leader in Olympic medals

Edgar Allan Poe, poet

Emily Post, author of etiquette books

Lance Reddick, actor and musician

Babe Ruth, professional baseball player and Baseball Hall of Fame inductee

Tupac Shakur, musician, actor, poet and activist

Wallis Simpson, Duchess of Windsor

Jada Pinkett Smith, actress, singer, and businesswoman

M. Carey Thomas, educator, suffragist, and linguist

Anne Tyler, Pulitzer Prize-winning novelist

John Waters, filmmaker

D. Watkins, screenwriter, author, public intellectual

Biddy Wood, journalist and jazz promoter

Frank Zappa, rock musician

International relations

Baltimore has eleven sister cities, as designated by Sister Cities International.^[348]^[349] Baltimore's own Sister City Committees recognize nine of these sister cities, which are shaded yellow and marked with a dagger (†):^[350]

Sister cities of Baltimore per Sister Cities International
City Country Year designated

Alexandria† Egypt 1995

Ashkelon Israel 1974

Bendigo^{[citation needed]} Australia 2023

Changwon† South Korea 2018

Gbarnga† Liberia 1973

Kawasaki† Japan 1979

Luxor† Egypt 1995

Odesa† Ukraine 1974

Piraeus† Greece 1982

Rotterdam† Netherlands 1985

Xiamen† China 1985

Three additional sister cities have "emeritus status":^[348]

Sister cities emeritius of Baltimore per Sister Cities International
City Country Year designated

Genoa^[351] Italy 1985

Ely O'Carroll
Ireland

Bremerhaven Germany 2007

See also

Baltimore Development Corporation

Baltimore in fiction

Baltimore National Heritage Area

Bluegrass in Baltimore: The Hard Drivin' Sound and Its Legacy (Book on the history of the Appalachian migrants
' move into the city in the 20th century)

History of the Germans in Baltimore, Maryland

USS Baltimore, 6 ships

Category:Cemeteries in Baltimore

Explanatory notes

^ /ˈbɔːltɪmɔːr/ BAWL-tim-or, locally: /ˌbɔːldɪˈmɔːr/ BAWL-dim-OR or /ˈbɔːlmər/ BAWL-mər^[14]

^ The form and type of government of the city is described by Article XI of the State Constitution.

North American blizzard of 2009#Snowfall (December 19–20, 2009), February 5–6, 2010 North American blizzard#Snowfall, and February 9–10, 2010 North American blizzard#Impact. The February storms contributed to a monthly accumulation of 50.0 in (127 cm), the most for any month.^[148] If no snow fell outside of February that winter, 2009–10 would still rank as 5th snowiest.^[149]

^ Since 1950, when the National Weather Service switched to using the suburban and generally cooler BWI Airport as the official Baltimore climatology station, this extreme has repeated three times: January 29, 1963, January 17, 1982, and January 22, 1984.

^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.

^ For more information, see ThreadEx

^ ^a ^b From 15% sample

Black Protestants (15%).^[190]

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General bibliography

Brooks, Neal A. & Eric G. Rockel (1979). A History of Baltimore County. Towson, Maryland: Friends of the Towson Library.

Crenson, Matthew A. (2017). Baltimore: A Political History. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Dorsey, John, & James D. Dilts (1997). A Guide to Baltimore Architecture. Third Edition. Centreville, Maryland: Tidewater Publishers. (First edition published in 1973.)
ISBN 0-87033-477-8
.

Hall, Clayton Coleman (1912). Baltimore: Its History and Its People. New York: Lewis Historical Publishing Company. Vol. 1.

Orser, Edward W. (1994). Blockbusting in Baltimore: the Edmonston Village Story. University Press of Kentucky.

Scharf, J. Thomas (1879). History of Maryland from the Earliest Period to the Present Day. Baltimore: John B. Piet. Vol. 1; Vol. 2; Vol. 3.

Thomas, Isaiah (1874). The history of printing in America, with a biography of printers. Vol. I. New York, B. Franklin.

Townsend, Camilla (2000). Tales of Two Cities: Race and Economic Culture in Early Republican North and South America: Guyaquil, Ecuador, and Baltimore, Maryland. University of Texas Press.
ISBN 0-292-78167-9
.

Wroth, Lawrence C. (1922). A History of Printing in Colonial Maryland, 1686–1776. Baltimore : Typothetae of Baltimore.

Wroth, Lawrence C. (1938). The Colonial Printer. Portland, Me., The Southworth-Anthoensen press.

Further reading

Holli, Melvin G., and Jones, Peter d'A., eds. Biographical Dictionary of American Mayors, 1820-1980 (Greenwood Press, 1981) short scholarly biographies each of the city's mayors 1820 to 1980. online; see index at pp. 406–411 for list.

Malka, Adam (April 2018). The Men of Mobtown; Policing Baltimore in the Age of Slavery and Emancipation (Hardcover). Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
ISBN 978-1-4696-3629-0
.

External links

Baltimore, Maryland at Wikipedia's sister projects

Definitions from Wiktionary
Media from Commons
News from Wikinews
Quotations from Wikiquote
Texts from Wikisource
Textbooks from Wikibooks
Resources from Wikiversity
Travel information from Wikivoyage

Official website

Baltimore City Council

Visit Baltimore – official Destination Marketing Organization

Baltimore City Public Schools

Baltimore Development Corporation

Baltimore City Maps, historic maps at the
Sheridan Libraries
.

Papenfuse: Atlases and Maps of Baltimore City and County, 1876–1915 & Block Maps, April 2005

The Wall Street Journal: Baltimore Demographics, 2015.

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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baltimore&oldid=1269100558"

[15] /ˈbɔːltɪmɔːr/ BAWL-tim-or, locally: /ˌbɔːldɪˈmɔːr/ BAWL-dim-OR or /ˈbɔːlmər/ BAWL-mər^[14]

[17] The form and type of government of the city is described by Article XI of the State Constitution.

[152] North American blizzard of 2009#Snowfall (December 19–20, 2009), February 5–6, 2010 North American blizzard#Snowfall, and February 9–10, 2010 North American blizzard#Impact. The February storms contributed to a monthly accumulation of 50.0 in (127 cm), the most for any month.^[148] If no snow fell outside of February that winter, 2009–10 would still rank as 5th snowiest.^[149]

[156] Since 1950, when the National Weather Service switched to using the suburban and generally cooler BWI Airport as the official Baltimore climatology station, this extreme has repeated three times: January 29, 1963, January 17, 1982, and January 22, 1984.

[159] Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.

[160] For more information, see ThreadEx

[fifteen-185] From 15% sample

[198] Black Protestants (15%).^[190]

[nicknames-1] Donovan, Doug (May 20, 2006). "Baltimore's New Bait: The City is About to Unveil a New Slogan, 'Get In On It,' Meant to Intrigue Visitors". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved November 28, 2008 – via RedOrbit.

EDT

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