1989 California medfly attack

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1989 California medfly attack
Medflies
Deaths0
Injured0
PerpetratorUnknown
MotiveUnknown

In 1989, a sudden invasion of Mediterranean fruit flies (

medflies") appeared in California and began devastating crops. Scientists were puzzled and said that the sudden appearance of the insects "defies logic", and some speculated "biological terrorists" were responsible.[1] Analysis suggested that an outside hand played a role in the dense infestation.[2][3]

A person or group calling itself "The Breeders" took responsibility for the bioterrorist attack,

aerial spraying; the group's members were never identified.[citation needed] Subsequently, three months after "The Breeders" announced the medfly release, the state ended its decade-long Malathion program and sought alternate ways to handle destructive insects.[4]

Background

Agricultural orchard in California

Largely because of its sunny Mediterranean climate and widespread irrigation, California is the world's fifth largest supplier of food and agriculture commodities.[5] According to the California Department of Food and Agriculture, "California agriculture is nearly a $36.6 billion dollar industry that generates $100 billion in related economic activity."[6] The state’s agricultural sales first exceeded $30 billion in 2004,[7] Since 1975, California had seen small annual infestations of the medfly, typically ascribing their appearance to the casual shipping of fruit, and visits, between relatives and friends in California and Hawaii.[8]

Medflies breed rapidly and eat fruit with a voracious appetite.[9] Notably, they represent a risk to 22 crops in California, including apples, apricots, avocados, bell peppers, cherries, dates, figs, grapes, grapefruits, kiwis, limes, mandarin oranges, nectarines, olives, oranges, peaches, pears, persimmons, plums, prunes and tomatoes.[10]

Medfly infestations are not without precedent, both in California and elsewhere in North America. Between 1975 and 1993 the state of California spent more than $170 million on medfly eradication programs meant to contain 12 different infestations.

citrus crop there ever since.[16] Medfly sightings occurred in Florida in 1997 and 2010.[16][17]

Attack

A newer model of medfly trap that uses three chemical attractants, rather than one.

Beginning in 1975, when medflies were first seen in the area, California deployed small

Riverside County.[8]

On December 8, 1989, the state retreated from its position that the 12 outbreaks since August each represented "isolated infestations" that could be easily eradicated after a panel of scientific advisers suggested it was not possible.

aerial sprayings of the infected communities, more than a dozen sprayings would be necessary over a period of months.[19] In addition, Malathion was no longer used alone, but mixed in a 4:1 ratio with Nu-Lure0 bait to attract insects to the area.[20]

The period of infestation stretched from July 1989 through November 1990.[21] In the years since medflies were discovered in California, an average of $26 million was spent annually to control them; but 1989's attack was estimated to have cost $60 million in eradication efforts, making 1989 the second-most expensive year in the state's program.[22][23][24] It is not clear whether the $60 million was the total cost, or only represented California's half of a possible $120 million cost, as half the costs were borne by the federal Department of Agriculture.[24]

Claim of responsibility

"State officials have probably noticed an increase as well as an unusual distribution of Medfly infestation in Los Angeles County since March, 1989...

— Letter of responsibility
entomologists baffled as to how the infestation could be completely natural.[2][34][35] The writer of the letter, and any members of the alleged group, were never identified.[27]

Response

The

FBI became involved in the investigation and the letters were turned over to the Los Angeles Police Department's Criminal Conspiracy Section.[30] During the course of the investigation, the United States Department of Agriculture attempted to contact The Breeders through a classified ad placed in the Los Angeles Times.[30] The ad stated: "Breeders if you're for real send one of your little friends. We want to talk. Call John at USDA."[30]

In response to the threat, California State Senator

Ruben S. Ayala introduced the bill SB1754 in the Senate Agriculture and Water Resources Committee to make it a felony for any person to import Mediterranean fruit flies into the state,[36] rather than the misdemeanor it already was. The bill included prison sentences ranging from 16 months to three years, and fines up to $10,000.[37] Senator Ayala's proposal became law June 22, 1990, and added Section 6306 to the Food and Agriculture Code.[38]

In the year following the attack, there were seizures of

San Francisco Airport that tested positive for medfly larvae.[8]

6306. Unless otherwise permitted by law, any person who willfully and knowingly imports into, or who willfully and knowingly transports or ships within, this state, a Mediterranean fruit fly is guilty of a felony.

— California Food and Agricultural Code, Section 6306[39]

After its repeated sprayings failed to eradicate the medfly threat, California halted its Malathion aerial spraying program in March 1990, three months after the threat from The Breeders was received. The state instead opted to try the voluntary introduction of millions of

radiation-sterilized medflies to interrupt the reproductive cycle and control the population.[40]

Later, South Dakota reported that a similar attack with a corn or soybean pest could devastate their agriculture industry.[41] In May 2001, Mark Urlaub, the Department of Agriculture's biosecurity program director, announced that investigators were "taking another look at" the 1989 attack.[42]

See also

References

  1. ^ Johnson, John. "Invasion by Medfly Defies Logic, Scientists Say Infestation: Experts discover peculiar patterns in the spread of the stubborn fruit fly", Los Angeles Times, December 30, 1989, accessed February 21, 2012.
  2. ^
    ISBN 0071452826
    ).
  3. U.S. Army War College, April 7, 2003, accessed February 21, 2012. [dead link
    ]
  4. ^ a b "Mystery Letter Puts Odd Twist on Medfly Crisis". Los Angeles Times. 1989-12-03. Retrieved 2020-04-06.
  5. ^ "California Agricultural Resource Directory 2006" (PDF). California Department of Food and Agriculture. March 26, 2007. Retrieved January 30, 2010.[page needed]
  6. ^ "CDFA History". California Department of Food and Agriculture. Retrieved January 30, 2010.
  7. ^ "Agricultural Statistical Review, 2006 Overview" (PDF). California Department of Food and Agriculture. p. 17. Retrieved January 30, 2010.
  8. ^
    JSTOR 2265775. Archived from the original
    (PDF) on February 21, 2007. Retrieved February 21, 2012.
  9. Root-Bernstein, Robert S. "Infectious Terrorism", The Atlantic
    , May 1991, accessed February 19, 2012.
  10. doi:10.3733/ca.v049n04p7
    .
  11. ^ a b Wheeler, Mark. "Fly Wars", Discovery Magazine, February 1993, accessed May 31, 2021.
  12. ^ "Use of Genetically Engineered Fruit Fly and Pink Bollworm in APHIS Plant Pest Control Programs" (PDF). United States Department of Agriculture. 2008. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2008-09-23. Retrieved 2021-11-18.
  13. ^ Anderson, Ian. "Medfly fighters win their battle the hard way", (Google Books link), New Scientist, Vol. 95, No. 1324, p. 815, ISSN 0262-4079.
  14. ^ Brazil, Eric. "The political stakes in the Medfly infestation", California Journal, April 1981, pp. 137-39.
  15. ^ "Medfly puts Solano in spotlight". The Vacaville Reporter. 2007-09-23. Retrieved 2021-11-18.
  16. ^ a b "Medfly Scare Yet Another Challenge For Citrus Industry, Very Much Alive In Lake - tribunedigital-orlandosentinel". 2016-03-04. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2021-11-18.
  17. ^ "Medflies found in Boca Raton - Sun Sentinel". 2010-06-18. Archived from the original on 2010-06-18. Retrieved 2021-11-18.
  18. ^ Chavez, Stephanie and Simon, Richard. "State Launches New Offensive Against Medfly", Los Angeles Times, December 8, 1989, accessed February 21, 2012.
  19. ^ Chavez, Stephanie and Simon, Richard. "Months-Long Spraying of Medfly Is Ordered Infestation: Officials admit underestimating the outbreak. Meantime, the malathion opposition grows.", Los Angeles Times, December 8, 1989, accessed February 21, 2012.
  20. ^ Leyva, J. "Removal of Malathion Residues from Lettuce for Medfly Eradication Projects Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine" (Memorandum), California Department of Pesticide Regulation, August 16, 1995, accessed February 19, 2012.
  21. doi:10.3733/ca.v046n01p12
    .
  22. S2CID 37599412
    .
  23. ^ "Palo Alto Pests: The 1981 Medfly Invasion Archived April 22, 2012, at the Wayback Machine", paloaltohistory.com, accessed February 23, 2012.
  24. ^ a b "Medfly problem simmers". California Agriculture. 49 (4): 4–6. 1995. Retrieved November 11, 2019.
  25. ^ a b Chavez, Stephanie and Simon, Richard. "Mystery Letter Puts Odd Twist on Medfly Crisis", Los Angeles Times, December 3, 1989, accessed February 21, 2012.
  26. San Jose Mercury News
    , December 5, 1989.
  27. ^
    Drogin, Bob. "High school mixes algebra, homeland security
    ", Los Angeles Times, June 10, 2009, accessed February 21, 2012.
  28. Time Magazine
    , January 8, 1990, accessed December 25, 2008.
  29. Fresno Bee
    , January 18, 1990, accessed February, 23, 2012.
  30. ^
    ISBN 1410100235
    ).
  31. ^ Published on December 2, 1989, Daily News of Los Angeles (CA) GROUP CLAIMS RESPONSIBILITY FOR MEDFLY WOES
  32. ^ Times, Richard Simon Richard Simon is a former staff writer for the Los Angeles (1989-12-03). "Mystery Letter Puts Odd Twist on Medfly Crisis". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2021-11-18.
  33. ISBN 0262582392
    ).
  34. ^ "'Peculiar Things Happening' In Southern California Medfly Infestation - tribunedigital-orlandosentinel". 2016-03-04. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2021-11-18.
  35. ^ "Chronology of CBW Incidents Targeting Agriculture 1915-2008 Archived 2012-05-31 at the Wayback Machine", James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Monterey Institute of International Studies, Middlebury College, March 2009, accessed February 19, 2012.
  36. Fresno Bee
    , March 7, 1990, accessed February 23, 2012.
  37. ^ "3 Pest Bills Pass AG Committee", (login required), Fresno Bee, May 15, 1990, accessed February 23, 2012.
  38. John Burton (1990). New Statutes Affecting the Criminal Law; 1990 General and Extraordinary Sessions of the California State Legislature
    (PDF). Sacramento: Report of the Assembly Committee on Public Safety. p. 11. This bill makes it a felony punishable by 16 months, two or three years in state prison and/or a fine up to $10,000 for any person to willfully and knowingly import into the state, or willfully and knowingly transport or ship a Mediterranean fruit fly within this state. This act is an urgency measure which became effective June 22, 1990.
  39. ^ "California Food and Agriculture Code Archived 2013-04-12 at the Wayback Machine", Section 6301-6306, aroundthecapitol.com, accessed February 23, 2012.
  40. ^ Dunn, Ashley. "State Gambles That Sterile Flies Can Do the Job: Medfly: Agriculture officials are about to attempt a tactical shift in the battle, replacing the aerial spraying of malathion", Los Angeles Times, May 16, 1990, accessed February 23, 2012.
  41. ^ The threat of agricultural terrorism Archived 2007-09-28 at the Wayback Machine South Dakota Department of Agriculture
  42. ^ Caruba, Alan. "A New Terrorism Comes of Age", Conservative Monitor, May 2001, accessed February 23, 2012. Archived May 17, 2008, at the Wayback Machine

Further reading

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