42 Martyrs of Amorium
The 42 Martyrs of Amorium (
Events
In 838, the Abbasid caliph
Following the sack, 42 officers and notables of Amorium were taken as hostages to Samarra, then the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate. Repeated efforts by Emperor Theophilos and, after his death in 842, by Michael III and Empress-regent Theodora, to ransom them were rebuffed by the caliphs. After refusing to convert to Islam, they were executed at Samarra on 6 March 845.[2] Only a few of the 42 are known by name:
- Theodore Krateros, a court eunuch and possibly strategos (military governor) of the Bucellarian Theme, regarded as the leader of the 42 in the hagiographic texts.[3]
- the patrikios Aetios, the strategos of the Anatolic Theme.[4]
- the patrikios Theophilos, otherwise unknown.[5]
- the magistros Constantine Baboutzikos, husband of Empress Theodora's sister and thereby apparently the highest-ranking of the prisoners. He was the first to be proposed to convert to Islam, and possibly also the first to be executed after refusing.[6]
- Bassoes, identified as a "runner", otherwise unknown.[7]
- Kallistos, possibly a member of the Paulician soldiers under his command and delivered to the Abbasids, who placed him among the captives of Amorium.[8]
- Constantine, secretary (notarios or hypographeus) of Constantine Baboutzikos.[9]
Hagiography and veneration
The hagiography of the 42 was written soon after their execution, by the monk Euodios, who used their fate and the sack of Amorium as an indictment of and proof of divine retribution against the re-adoption of Iconoclasm by Emperor Theophilos.[10] Euodios' narrative mostly contains theological discussions between the steadfast prisoners and various people—Byzantine defectors, Muslim officials, etc.—sent to convince them to convert during their seven-year imprisonment. Their execution was then carried out by Ethiopian slaves on the banks of the Euphrates.[10] Euodios' hagiography is the "last example of the genre of collective martyrdom", and was widely disseminated, with several variants of the legend of the 42 Martyrs appearing in later authors.[10]
The feast day of the 42 Martyrs is on
References
- ^ Foss 1991, pp. 79–80.
- ^ PmbZ, Anonymi (42) (#10542).
- ^ PmbZ, Theodoros Krateros (#7679).
- ^ PmbZ, Aëtios (#108).
- ^ PmbZ, Theophilos (#8211).
- ^ PmbZ, Konstantinos (#3932).
- ^ PmbZ, Bassoes (#982).
- ^ PmbZ, Kallistos (#3606).
- ^ PmbZ, Konstantinos (#3933).
- ^ a b c d e Kazhdan & Ševčenko 1991, pp. 800–801.
Sources
- Foss, Clive (1991). "Amorion". In ISBN 0-19-504652-8.
- ISBN 0-19-504652-8.
- Lilie, Ralph-Johannes; Ludwig, Claudia; Pratsch, Thomas; Zielke, Beate (2013). Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit Online. Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Nach Vorarbeiten F. Winkelmanns erstellt (in German). Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter.