Aberdare
Aberdare
| |
---|---|
Location within Rhondda Cynon Taf | |
Population | 39,550 (Mid-2017 Estimate)[1] |
OS grid reference | SO005025 |
Principal area | |
Preserved county | |
Country | Wales |
Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
Post town | ABERDARE |
Postcode district | CF44 |
Dialling code | 01685 |
Police | South Wales |
Fire | South Wales |
Ambulance | Welsh |
Cynon Valley | |
Aberdare (/ˌæbərˈdɛər/ ab-ər-DAIR;[2] Welsh: Aberdâr ⓘ) is a town in the Cynon Valley area of Rhondda Cynon Taf, Wales, at the confluence of the Rivers Dare (Dâr) and Cynon. Aberdare has a population of 39,550 (mid-2017 estimate).[1] Aberdare is 4 miles (6 km) south-west of Merthyr Tydfil, 20 miles (32 km) north-west of Cardiff and 22 miles (35 km) east-north-east of Swansea. During the 19th century it became a thriving industrial settlement, which was also notable for the vitality of its cultural life and as an important publishing centre.
Etymology
The name Aberdare means "mouth/confluence of the river Dare", as the town is located where the Dare river (Welsh: Afon Dâr) meets the Cynon (Welsh: Afon Cynon). While the town's Welsh spelling uses formal conventions, the English spelling of the name reflects the town's pronunciation in the local Gwenhwyseg dialect of South East Wales.[3]
Dâr is an archaic Welsh word for oaks (derwen is the
History
Early history
There are several
Middle Ages
Aberdare lies within the commote (
The settlement of Aberdare dates from at least this period, with the first known reference being in a monastic chapter[clarification needed] of 1203 concerning grazing right on Hirwaun Common.[8] It was originally a small village in an agricultural district, centred around the Church of St John the Baptist, said to date from at least 1189. By the middle of the 15th century, Aberdare contained a water mill in addition to a number of thatched cottages, of which no evidence remains.[9]
Industrial Aberdare
Aberdare grew rapidly in the early 19th century through two major industries: first iron, then coal. A branch of the Glamorganshire Canal (1811) was opened to transport these products; then the railway became the main means of transport to the South Wales coast.[10] From the 1870s onwards, the economy of the town was dominated by the coal mining industry, with only a small tinplate works. There were also several brickworks and breweries. During the latter half of the 19th century, considerable improvements were made to the town, which became a pleasant place to live, despite the nearby collieries. A postgraduate theological college opened in connection with the Church of England in 1892, but in 1907 it moved to Llandaff.[7]
With the ecclesiastical parishes of St Fagan's (Trecynon) and Aberaman carved out of the ancient parish, Aberdare had 12
Population growth
In 1801, the population of the parish of Aberdare was just 1,486, but the early 19th century saw rapid industrial growth, first through the ironworks, and later through the iron and
Despite a small decline in the 1870s, population levels continued to increase, with the first decade of the 20th century seeing a notably sharp increase, largely as a result of the steam coal trade, reaching 53,779 in 1911.[13] The population has since declined owing to the loss of most of the heavy industry.
The Aberdare population at the
Language
Welsh was the prominent language until the mid 20th century and Aberdare was an important centre of Welsh language publishing. A large proportion of the early migrant population were Welsh speaking, and in 1851 only ten per cent of the population had been born outside of Wales.[16]
In his controversial evidence to the
This evidence helped inform the findings of the report which would go on to stigmatise Welsh people as "ignorant", "lazy" and "immoral" and found the reason for this was the continued use of the Welsh language, which it described as "evil". The controversial reports allowed the local nonconformist minister
By 1901, the census recorded that 71.5% of the population of Aberdare Urban District spoke Welsh, but this fell to 65.2% in 1911.
According to the
Industry
Iron industry
Coal industry
The iron industry had a relatively small impact upon the economy of Aberdare and in 1831 only 1.2% of the population was employed in manufacturing, as opposed to 19.8% in neighbouring Merthyr Tydfil.
In 1840, Thomas Powell sank a pit at
The growth of the coal trade inevitably led to a number of industrial disputes, some of which were local and others which affected the wider coalfield. Trade unionism began to appear in the Aberdare Valley at intervals from the 1830s onwards but the first significant manifestation occurred during the
Steam coal was subsequently found in the Rhondda and further west, but many of the great companies of the Welsh coal industry's Gilded Age started operation in Aberdare and the lower Cynon Valley, including those of
During the early years of the twentieth century, the Aberdare valley became the focus of increased militancy among the mining workforce and an unofficial strike by 11,000 miners in the district from 20 October 1910 unyil 2 February 1911 attracted much attention at the time, although it was ultimately overshadowed by the Cambrian dispute in the neighbouring Rhondda valley which became synonymous with the so-called Tonypandy Riots.[32]
In common with the rest of the South Wales coalfield, Aberdare's coal industry commenced a long decline after World War I, and the last two deep mines still in operation in the 1960s were the small Aberaman and Fforchaman collieries, which closed in 1962 and 1965 respectively.
On 11 May 1919, an extensive fire broke out on Cardiff Street, Aberdare.
With the decline of both iron and coal, Aberdare has become reliant on commercial businesses as a major source of employment. Its industries include cable manufacture, smokeless fuels, and tourism.[10]
Government
As a small village in the upland valleys of Glamorgan, Aberdare did not play any significant part in political life until its development as an industrial settlement. It was part of the lordship of Miskin, and the ancient office of High Constable continued in ceremonial form until relatively recent times.
Parliamentary elections
In 1832, Aberdare was removed from the Glamorgan county constituency and became part of the parliamentary borough (constituency) of Merthyr Tydfil. For much of the nineteenth century, the representation was initially controlled by the ironmasters of Merthyr, notably the Guest family. From 1852 until 1868 the seat was held by Henry Austen Bruce whose main industrial interests lay in the Aberdare valley. Bruce was a Liberal but was viewed with suspicion by the more radical faction which became increasingly influential within Welsh Liberalism in the 1860s. The radicals supported such policies as the disestablishment of the Church of England and were closely allied to the Liberation Society.
1868 general election
Nonconformist ministers played a prominent role in this new politics and, at Aberdare, they found an effective spokesman in the Rev
1874–1914
At the 1874 General Election, both Richard and Fothergill were again returned, although the former was criticised for his apparent lack of sympathy towards the miners during the industrial disputes of the early 1870s. This led to the emergence of Thomas Halliday as the first
20th century
The
Local government
Aberdare was an
In the 1840s there were no adequate sanitary facilities or water supply, and mortality rates were high. Outbreaks of cholera and typhus were commonplace. in 1871.
By 1889, the Local Board of Health had initiated a number of developments: these included the purchase of local reservoirs from the Aberdare Waterworks Company for £97,000, a sewerage scheme costing £35,000, as well as the opening of Aberdare Public Park and a local fever hospital. The lack of a Free Library, however, remained a concern.[40]
Later, the formation of the
At the
Aberdare Urban District was abolished in 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972. The area became part of the borough of Cynon Valley within the new county of Mid Glamorgan. The area of the former urban district was made a community, later being subdivided in 1982 into five communities: Aberaman, Cwmbach, Llwydcoed, Penywaun, and a smaller Aberdare community.[41] The Aberdare community was further divided in 2017 into two communities called Aberdare East and Aberdare West.[42] Aberdare East includes Aberdare town centre and the village of Abernant. Aberdare West includes Cwmdare, Cwm Sian and Trecynon. No community council exists for either of the Aberdare communities.[43]
Cynon Valley Borough Council and
Culture
Aberdare, during its boom years, was considered a centre of
The Coliseum Theatre is Aberdare's main arts venue, containing a 600-seat auditorium and cinema. It is situated in nearby Trecynon and was built in 1938 using miners' subscriptions.
The
The founding members of the rock band
Aberdare was culturally twinned with the German town of Ravensburg.
Religion
Anglican Church
The original parish church of St John the Baptist was originally built in 1189. Some of its original architecture is still intact.[10][46]
With the development of Aberdare as an industrial centre in the nineteenth century it became increasingly apparent that the ancient church was far too small to service the perceived spiritual needs of an urban community, particularly in view of the rapid growth of nonconformity from the 1830s onwards. Eventually,
John Griffith, vicar of Aberdare, who built St Elvan's, transformed the role of the Anglican church in the valley by building a number of other churches, including
In the parish of Aberaman and Cwmaman is St Margaret's Church, with a beautiful old pipe organ with two manuals and a pedal board. Also in this parish is St Joseph's Church, Cwmaman. St Joseph's has recently undergone much recreational work, almost converting the church into a community centre, surrounded by a beautiful floral garden and leading to the Cwmaman Sculpture Trail. However, regular church services still take place. Here, there is a two-manual and pedal board electric organ, with speakers at the front and sides of the church.
In 1910 there were 34 Anglican churches in the Urban District of Aberdare. A survey of the attendance at places of worship on a particular Sunday in that year recorded that 17.8% of worshippers attended church services, with the remainder attending nonconformist chapels.[50]
Nonconformity
The Aberdare Valley was a stronghold of
Aberdare was a major centre of the
Once the immediate impact of the revival had faded, it was clear from the early 20th century that there was a gradual decline in the influence of the chapels. This can be explained by several factors, including the rise of socialism and the process of linguistic change which saw the younger generation increasingly turn to the English language. There were also theological controversies such as that over the New Theology propounded by
Of the many chapels, few are still used for their original purpose and a number have closed since the turn of the millennium. Many have been converted for housing or other purposes (including one at Robertstown which has become a mosque), and others demolished. Among the notable chapels were
Independents
The earliest Welsh Independent, or Congregationalist chapel in the Aberdare area was Ebenezer, Trecynon, although meetings had been held from the late 18th century in dwelling houses in the locality, for example at Hirwaun.
Of the other Independent chapels in the valley,
Baptists
The Baptists were the most influential of the nonconformist denominations in Aberdare and their development was led by the Rev.
Calvinistic Methodists
By 1910 there were 24 Calvinistic Methodist chapels in the Aberdare Urban District with a total membership of 4,879.
Other denominations
In 1878
The Wesleyan Methodists had 14 places of worship by 1910.[50] There was also a significant Unitarian tradition in the valley and three places of worship by 1910.[50] Highland Place Unitarian Church celebrated its 150th anniversary in 2010,[62] with a number of lectures on its history and the history of Unitarianism in Wales taking place there. The church has a two-manual pipe organ with pedal board that is used to accompany all services. The current [when?] organist is Grace Jones, the sister of the former organist Jacob Jones. The connected schoolroom is used for post-service meetings and socialising.
Judaism
Seymour Street was once home to a synagogue which opened its doors in the late 1800s but closed in 1957. The site now has a blue plaque.[63]
Education
The state of education in the parish was a cause for concern during the early industrial period, as is illustrated by the reaction to the
Much energy was expended during this period on conflicts between Anglicans and nonconformists over education. The establishment of the Aberdare School Board in 1871 brought about an extension of educational provision but also intensified religious rivalries. School Board elections were invariably fought on religious grounds. Despite these tensions the Board took over a number of existing schools and established new ones. By 1889, fourteen schools were operated by the Board but truancy and lack of attendance remained a problem, as in many industrial districts.[66]
In common with other public bodies at the time (see 'Local Government' above), membership of the School Board was dominated by coal owners and colliery officials, nonconformist ministers, professional men and tradesmen. Only occasionally was an Anglican clergyman elected and, with the exception of David Morgan (Dai o'r Nant), no working class candidates were elected for more than one term.[67]
Colleges
Secondary schools
- Aberdare Community School
- St. John the Baptist School (Aberdare)
- Ysgol Gyfun Rhydywaun
Transport
The town is served by
Sports
Aberdare was noted as "very remarkable" for its traditions of Taplasau Hâf (summer games/dances), races and gwrolgampau ("manly sports") which were said to have been a feature of the area since at least the 1640s.[68] The town is also home to Yr Ynys, an historic sports ground which has the distinction of hosting the first Rugby League international, a professional Rugby League team, a football League side and an All Blacks' tour match. Today the Ynys hosts the town's Rugby union and cricket teams, as well as the Sobell Leisure Centre and the Ron Jones Athletics Stadium, a 263-seat stadium with crumb rubber track and field sports facilities, home to Aberdare Valley AAC.[69]
Cricket
A cricket club was re-established at the Ynys in 1968 and was named Riverside Cricket Club in reference to its location near the banks of the river. The club would later be renamed Dare Valley CC, before finally changing its name to Aberdare CC. In 2008 the club was granted a 25-year lease on the land outside the boundary of the Ynys' pitch 1, where a club house and training nets were soon constructed. This was followed by the building of a Community Hub and Café in the 2010s. Today, the club runs 3 adult teams and 4 junior sides.[70]
Rugby League
The
The match attracted 15,000 paying spectators, with the gate receipts of £560 highlighting the commercial potential of rugby league at the Ynys. This took place at a time when the Northern Union was looking to establish professional teams across south Wales and just months after the Welsh Rugby Union had sanctioned Aberdare RFC for professionalism (banning Jones for life). As such, discussions on the establishment of a Rugby League club in Aberdare advanced quickly and on 21 July 1908, Aberdare RLFC were admitted to the Northern Union's Rugby League. On 5 September 1908 the new team played their first match against Wigan in front of a crowd of 3,000 at the Ynys.[72]
The potential for crowd support was again demonstrated on 10 November 1908, when the Ynys hosted its second international side as 5,000 spectators watched Aberdare take on the first touring Australian team.[73][74] However the Aberdare club side could not replicate the heroics of the Welsh team, losing the match 10–37. Indeed, Aberdare struggled under Northern Union rules and initially high crowd numbers deteriorated with the poor results, which saw Aberdare finishing their only season in the Rugby Football League as the bottom club. Finally on 10 July 1909, Aberdare reported 'unexpected difficulties' in its finances and resigned from the Northern Rugby League.[72]
Rugby Union
A rugby club representing Aberdare was recorded as early as 1876, but the modern
Despite the suspensions, rugby union continued in the town as the club (renamed Aberaman RFC) moved to Aberaman Park. The Ynys Stadium would host its first international rugby union side on 12 December 1935, when the 1935-36 All Blacks played a tour match against a Mid-Districts side. The All Blacks won the match 31–10 in front of a crowd of 6,000.[77]
Aberaman RFC returned to the Ynys in the 1960s. In February 1971, a clubhouse was opened at the old Crown Hotel in Gloucester Street, this was followed by the construction of a grand stand at the Ynys costing £20,000. Following the advent of professionalism in rugby union, the WRU sanctions against Aberdare were no longer applicable. As such, the club took the name Aberdare RUFC once again. Aberdare is also home to Abercwmboi RFC and Hirwaun RFC.
Association Football
The Ynys stadium was also home to
Notable people
- See also Category:People from Aberdare
Arts and broadcasting
- Ieuan Ddu ap Dafydd ab Owain – 15th century bard
- Edward Evans - 18th century bard
- Ioan Gruffudd – actor, born in Llwydcoed, Aberdare
- Griffith Rhys Jones– known as Caradog, conductor of the famous choirs Côr Caradog (which won events at multiple Eisteddfodau) and Côr Mawr who won first prize at The Crystal Palace choral competitions in 1872 and 1873.
- Alun Lewis – war poet
- Mihangel Morgan – Welsh language writer, born in Trecynon whose works often feature Aberdare
- John Morgan – comedian, most notably with Royal Canadian Air Farce
- Roy Noble – writer and broadcaster who has lived much of his life in Llwydcoed, Aberdare
- Ieuan Rhys – actor from Trecynon
- Rhian Samuel – composer and professor of music
- Stereophonics – all three original members, Kelly Jones, Richard Jones and Stuart Cable were brought up in Cwmaman, Aberdare
- Jo Walton – fantasy novelist, now living in Montreal, Quebec
Politicians
- Henry Austin Bruce – 1st Baron Aberdare & Home Secretary(1868–1873)
- Rose Davies – Labour politician and feminist
- Patrick Hannan – political journalist, author and a presenter on television and radio.
- Rhys Hopkin Rhys– 19th century industrialist and prominent local politician
- Bethan Sayed – Member of the Senedd for South Wales West
Religion
- R. Ifor Parry – Congregationalist Minister and schoolteacher
- Thomas Price (Baptist minister) – Baptist Minister and radical politician
Science
- Lyn Evans – particle physicist and project leader of the Large Hadron Collider
Sportspeople
- Jon Bryant – Wales international rugby union player
- Les Cartwright – Wales international association footballer
- Isaak Davies – association Footballer
- Neil Davies – Wales rugby league international
- Amy Evans – Wales international rugby union player
- Ian Evans – Wales international and British & Irish Lions rugby union player
- Rosser Evans – Wales international rugby union player
- David "Tarw" Jones – dual code rugby international for Wales rugby league and Wales rugby union international teams
- Arthur Linton – cyclist
- Jimmy Michael – world cycling champion
- 'Big' Jim Mills – Wales & Great Britain rugby league international
- Teddy Morgan – Wales international and British & Irish Lions rugby union player
- William Llewellyn Morgan – Wales international and British & Irish Lions rugby union player
- Darren Morris – Wales international and British & Irish Lions rugby union player
- Jason Price – association footballer
- Martin Roberts – Wales international rugby union player
- Rees Thomas – association footballer
- Lee Williams – Wales rugby league international
- Dai Young – Wales international rugby union player and coach and three times British & Irish Lions tourist
- Thomas Young – Wales international rugby union player
See also
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- ^ "Chronology of the History of the Cynon Valley". Cynon Valley History Society. Retrieved 19 December 2019.
- ^ a b c "Aberdare Conservation Area. Appraisal and Management Plan" (PDF). Rhondda Cynon Taf County Borough Council. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 December 2015. Retrieved 20 November 2013., pp.9–11
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- ^ Jones 1964, pp. 149–52.
- ^ Wilton D., Wills (1969). "The Rev. John Griffith and the revival of the established church in nineteenth century Glamorgan" (PDF). Morgannwg. 13: 75–102. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
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- ^ "Aberdare Board of Health". Cardiff and Merthyr Guardian. 22 September 1854. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
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- ^ Jones, Explorations and Explanations, p.197−8
- ^ Alexander, D.T. (5 April 1913). "Old Aberdare. Leading Men and Establishments 50 Years Ago". Aberdare Leader. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
- ^ Jones. Communities. pp. 269–70.
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- ^ Tegeltija, Sam (30 January 2015). "Blue plaque for former Aberdare synagogue". WalesOnline.
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- ^ "Aberdare British Schools". Cardiff and Merthyr Guardian. 14 October 1848. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
- ^ Parry. "Labour Leaders and Local Politics": 401–2.
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(help) - ^ "Aberdare History 44 - Sports, games and pastimes". Cynon Valley History Society. Retrieved 10 October 2022.
- ^ "Welsh Athletics". Retrieved 7 August 2022.
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- ^ "The All Golds". Archived from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 30 September 2018.
- ^ ISBN 0-9526064-3-7.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - ^ Kangaroo Tour: 1908-1909 Archived 2008-05-23 at the Wayback Machine rl1908.com
- ^ Phil Blanche (1 January 2008). "R League: Jones did the double over NZ". Western Mail. Retrieved 2 August 2010.
- ^ "MERTHYR. I|1876-12-02|The Western Mail - Welsh Newspapers". newspapers.library.wales.
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- ^ Tegeltija, Sam (8 December 2015). "'It was like preparing for a royal visit' The day the All Blacks visited Aberdare 80 years ago on Saturday". Wales Online. Retrieved 7 August 2022.
- ^ "The Pyramid.info: Promotion to/Relegation from the Football League by year". www.thepyramid.info. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
Sources
Books
- Jones, Dot (1998). Statistical Evidence relating to the Welsh Language 1801–1911. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. p. 44. ISBN 0708314600.
- Jones, Ieuan Gwynedd (1981). Explorations & Explanations. Essays in the Social History of Victorian Wales. Llandysul: Gomer. ISBN 0-85088-644-9.
- Jones, Ieuan Gwynedd (1987). Communities. Essays in the Social History of Victorian Wales. Llandysul: Gomer. ISBN 0-86383-223-7.
- ISBN 0708311245.
- Morgan, Kenneth O. (1981). Rebirth of a Nation. Wales 1889–1980. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-821760-9.
- Newman, John (1995). Glamorgan. London: Penguin Group. ISBN 0140710566.
- Rees, D. Ben (1975). Chapels in the Valley. The Ffynnon Press. ISBN 0-902158-08-2.
Journals
- Barclay, Martin (1978). ""The Slaves of the Lamp". The Aberdare Miners Strike 1910" (PDF). Llafur: The Journal of the Society for the Study of Welsh Labour History. 2 (3): 24–42. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
- Jones, Ieuan Gwynedd (1964). "Dr. Thomas Price and the election of 1868 in Merthyr Tydfil : a study in nonconformist politics (Part One)" (PDF). Welsh History Review. 2 (2): 147–172. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 15 October 2013.
- Jones, Ieuan Gwynedd (1965). "Dr Thomas Price and the election of 1868 in Merthyr Tydfil: a study in nonconformist politics (Part Two)" (PDF). Welsh History Review. 2 (3): 251–70. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 15 October 2013.
- Parry, Jon (1989). "Labour Leaders and Local Politics 1888–1902: The Example of Aberdare" (PDF). Welsh History Review. 14 (3): 399–416. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
- Turner, Christopher B. (1984). "Religious revivalism and Welsh Industrial Society: Aberdare in 1859" (PDF). Llafur: The Journal of the Society for the Study of Welsh Labour History. 4 (1): 4–13. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
- Wills, Wilton D. (1969). "The Rev. John Griffith and the revival of the established church in nineteenth century Glamorgan" (PDF). Morgannwg. 13: 75–102. Retrieved 6 November 2013.
Newspapers
- Aberdare Leader
- Cardiff and Merthyr Guardian
Online
- Rammell, Thomas Webster (1853). "Report to the General Board of Health on a preliminary inquiry into the sewerage, drainage, and supply of water, and the sanitary condition of the inhabitants of the inhabitants of the parish of Aberdare in the county of Glamorgan". Internet Archive. General Board of Health. Retrieved 13 March 2017.