Wales
Wales Cymru (Welsh) | ||
---|---|---|
Anthem: | ||
Religion (2021[1]) |
| |
Demonym(s) | Welsh | |
Government | Devolved parliamentary legislature within parliamentary constitutional monarchy | |
• Monarch | Charles III | |
Mark Drakeford | ||
Parliament of the United Kingdom | ||
• Secretary of State | David TC Davies | |
• House of Commons | 40 MPs (of 650) | |
Legislature | Laws in Wales Act | 1543[4] |
27 July 1967[5] | ||
31 July 1998[6] | ||
Population | ||
• Mid-2021 estimate | ![]() | |
• 2021 census | ![]() | |
• Density | 150/km2 (388.5/sq mi)[8] | |
GVA | 2021 estimate | |
• Total | £69.5 billion | |
• Per capita | £22,380[9] | |
GB-WLS | ||
Internet TLD | .wales .cymru[c] | |
Website wales | ||
|
Wales (
At the dawn of the
The country has a distinct
Etymology
The English words "Wales" and "Welsh" derive from the same
The modern Welsh name for themselves is Cymry, and Cymru is the Welsh name for Wales. These words (both of which are pronounced
History
Prehistoric origins


Wales has been inhabited by
Neolithic colonists integrated with the indigenous people, gradually changing their lifestyles from a nomadic life of hunting and gathering, to become settled farmers about 6,000 BP – the Neolithic Revolution.[25][26] They cleared the forests to establish pasture and to cultivate the land, developed new technologies such as ceramics and textile production, and built cromlechs such as Pentre Ifan, Bryn Celli Ddu, and Parc Cwm long cairn between about 5,800 BP and 5,500 BP.[27] Over the following centuries they assimilated immigrants and adopted ideas from Bronze Age and Iron Age Celtic cultures. Some historians, such as John T. Koch, consider Wales in the Late Bronze Age as part of a maritime trading-networked culture that included other Celtic nations.[28] This "Atlantic-Celtic" view is opposed by others who hold that the Celtic languages derive their origins from the more easterly Hallstatt culture.[29] By the time of the Roman invasion of Britain the area of modern Wales had been divided among the tribes of the Deceangli (north-east), Ordovices (north-west), Demetae (south-west), Silures (south-east) and Cornovii (east), centuries.[25][30]
Roman era

The Roman conquest of Wales began in AD 48 and took 30 years to complete; the occupation lasted over 300 years. The campaigns of conquest were opposed by two native tribes: the
Early historians, including the 6th-century cleric Gildas, have noted 383 as a significant point in Welsh history.[38] In that year, the Roman general Magnus Maximus, or Macsen Wledig, stripped Britain of troops to launch a successful bid for imperial power, continuing to rule Britain from Gaul as emperor, and transferring power to local leaders.[39] The earliest Welsh genealogies cite Maximus as the founder of several royal dynasties,[40] and as the father of the Welsh Nation.[38] He is given as the ancestor of a Welsh king on the Pillar of Eliseg, erected nearly 500 years after he left Britain, and he figures in lists of the Fifteen Tribes of Wales.[41]
Post-Roman era
The 400-year period following the collapse of Roman rule is the most difficult to interpret in the history of Wales.[37] After the Roman departure in AD 410, much of the lowlands of Britain to the east and south-east was overrun by various Germanic peoples, commonly known as Anglo-Saxons. Some have theorized that the cultural dominance of the Anglo-Saxons was due to apartheid-like social conditions in which the Britons were at a disadvantage.[42] By AD 500 the land that would become Wales had divided into a number of kingdoms free from Anglo-Saxon rule.
Having lost much of what is now the
In 853, the

The southern and eastern parts of Great Britain lost to English settlement became known in Welsh as
From 800 onwards, a series of dynastic marriages led to
High to late middle ages
Within four years of the
Owain Gwynedd's grandson
Early modern period

In 1536 Wales had around 278,000 inhabitants, which increased to around 360,000 by 1620. This was primarily due to rural settlement, where animal farming was central to the Welsh economy. Increase in trade and increased economic stability occurred due to the increased diversity of the Welsh economy. Population growth however outpaced economic growth and the standard of living dropped.[77]
Prior to the
By the 18th century, lawyers, doctors, estate agents and government officials formed a
Modern period


Historian
After economic growth in the first two decades of the 20th century, Wales's staple industries endured a prolonged slump from the early 1920s to the late 1930s, leading to widespread unemployment and poverty.

By the end of the 1960s, the policy of bringing businesses into disadvantaged areas of Wales through financial incentives had proven very successful in diversifying the industrial economy.
Devolution
The Welsh Language Act 1967 repealed a section of the Wales and Berwick Act and thus "Wales" was no longer part of the legal definition of England. This essentially defined Wales as a separate entity legally (but within the UK), for the first time since before the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 which defined Wales as a part of the Kingdom of England. The Welsh Language Act 1967 also expanded areas where use of Welsh was permitted, including in some legal situations.[102]
In a
The Government of Wales Act 2006 (c 32) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that reformed the
In the 2016 referendum, Wales voted in support of leaving the European Union, although demographic differences became evident. According to Danny Dorling, professor of geography at Oxford University, votes for Leave may have been boosted by the large proportion (21 per cent) of retired English people living in Wales.[108]
After the Senedd and Elections (Wales) Act 2020, the National Assembly was renamed "Senedd Cymru" (in Welsh) and the "Welsh Parliament" (in English), which was seen as a better reflection of the body's expanded legislative powers.[109]

In 2016, YesCymru was launched. A non party-political campaign for an independent Wales which held its first rally in Cardiff in 2019.[110] An opinion poll in March 2021 showed a record 39 per cent support for Welsh independence when excluding don't knows.[111]
Welsh language
The
Successive Welsh Language Acts, in 1942, 1967 and 1993, improved the legal status of Welsh.[116] The Welsh Language (Wales) Measure 2011 modernised the 1993 Welsh Language Act and gave Welsh an official status in Wales for the first time, a major landmark for the language. The Measure also created the post of Welsh Language Commissioner, replacing the Welsh Language Board.[117] Following the referendum in 2011, the Official Languages Act became the first Welsh law to be created in 600 years, according to the First Minister at the time, Carwyn Jones. This law was passed by Welsh Assembly members (AMs) only and made Welsh an official language of the National Assembly.[118]
Starting in the 1960s, many road signs have been replaced by bilingual versions.[119] Various public and private sector bodies have adopted bilingualism to a varying degree and (since 2011) Welsh is the only official (de jure) language in any part of Great Britain.[120]
Government and politics
Wales is a country that is part of the sovereign state of the
In the
Devolved Government

Following
Devolved areas of responsibility include agriculture, economic development, education, health, housing, local government, social services, tourism, transport and the Welsh language.[128] The Welsh Government also promotes Welsh interests abroad.[129]
Law

English law is regarded as a
The
Wales is served by four regional police forces:
Geography and natural history

Wales is a generally mountainous
Much of Wales's diverse landscape is mountainous, particularly in the north and central regions. The mountains were shaped during the last ice age, the

Wales has
The first border between Wales and England was zonal, apart from around the River Wye, which was the first accepted boundary.[157] Offa's Dyke was supposed to form an early distinct line but this was thwarted by Gruffudd ap Llewellyn, who reclaimed swathes of land beyond the dyke.[157] The Act of Union of 1536 formed a linear border stretching from the mouth of the Dee to the mouth of the Wye.[157] Even after the Act of Union, many of the borders remained vague and moveable until the Welsh Sunday Closing act of 1881, which forced local businesses to decide which country they fell within to accept either the Welsh or English law.[157]
Geology
The earliest
Climate
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Wales lies within the
- Highest maximum temperature: 37.1 °C (99 °F) at Hawarden, Flintshire on 18 July 2022.[166]
- Lowest minimum temperature: −23.3 °C (−10 °F) at Rhayader, Radnorshire (now Powys) on 21 January 1940.[167]
- Maximum number of hours of sunshine in a month: 354.3 hours at Dale Fort, Pembrokeshire in July 1955.[168]
- Minimum number of hours of sunshine in a month: 2.7 hours at Llwynon, Brecknockshire in January 1962.[168]
- Maximum rainfall in a day (0900 UTC − 0900 UTC): 211 millimetres (8.3 in) at Rhondda, Glamorgan, on 11 November 1929.[169]
- Wettest spot – an average of 4,473 millimetres (176 in) rain a year at Crib Goch in Snowdonia, Gwynedd (making it also the wettest spot in the United Kingdom).[170]
Flora and fauna
Wales's wildlife is typical of Britain with several distinctions. Because of its long coastline, Wales hosts a variety of seabirds. The coasts and surrounding islands are home to colonies of
Believed to be home to some of Wales's rarest land invertebrates, some 2,500 disused coal tips are the subject of study by the Welsh Government; the tips are home to a wide variety of other wildlife.[179]
The waters of south-west Wales of Gower, Pembrokeshire and Cardigan Bay attract marine animals, including
Economy

Over the last 250 years, Wales has been transformed from a
In 2019, Wales was a net exporter of electricity. It produced 27.9 TWh of electricity while only consuming 14.7 TWh.
By UK law, Wales contributes to items that do not directly benefit Wales e.g. over £5 billion for
From the middle of the 19th century until the post-war era, the mining and export of coal was the dominant industry. At its peak of production in 1913, nearly 233,000 men and women were employed in the
Poor-quality soil in much of Wales is unsuitable for crop-growing, so
The pound sterling is the currency used in Wales. Numerous Welsh banks issued their own banknotes in the 19th century: the last bank to do so closed in 1908. Since then the Bank of England has had a monopoly on the issue of banknotes in Wales.[201] The Commercial Bank of Wales, established in Cardiff by Sir Julian Hodge in 1971, was taken over by the Bank of Scotland in 1988 and absorbed into its parent company in 2002.[202] The Royal Mint, which issues the coinage circulating through the whole of the UK, has been based at a single site in Llantrisant since 1980.[203] Since decimalisation, in 1971, at least one of the coins in circulation emphasises Wales such as the 1995 and 2000 one pound coin (above). As at 2012, the last designs devoted to Wales saw production in 2008.[204]
During 2020, and well into 2021, the restrictions and lockdowns necessitated by the COVID-19 pandemic affected all sectors of the economy and "tourism and hospitality suffered notable losses from the pandemic" across the UK.[205] As of 6 April 2021, visitors from "red list" countries were still not allowed to enter unless they were UK residents. Restrictions will "likely be in place until the summer", one report predicted, with June being the most likely time for tourism from other countries to begin a rebound.[206] On 12 April 2021, many tourist facilities were still closed in Wales but non-essential travel between Wales and England was finally permitted. Wales also allowed non-essential retail stores to open.[207]
Transport
The
Cardiff Airport is the international airport of Wales. Providing links to European, African and North American destinations, it is about 12 miles (19 km) southwest of Cardiff city centre, in the Vale of Glamorgan. Intra-Wales flights used to run between Anglesey (Valley) and Cardiff, and were operated since 2017 by Eastern Airways.,[217] those flights are no longer, as of 2022, available. Other internal flights operate to northern England, Scotland and Northern Ireland.[218] Wales has four commercial ferry ports. Regular ferry services to Ireland operate from Holyhead, Pembroke Dock and Fishguard. The Swansea to Cork service was cancelled in 2006, reinstated in March 2010, and withdrawn again in 2012.[219]
Education
The University College of Wales opened in Aberystwyth in 1872. Cardiff and Bangor followed, and the three colleges came together in 1893 to form the University of Wales.[222] The Welsh Intermediate Education Act of 1889 created 95 secondary schools. The Welsh Department for the Board of Education followed in 1907, which gave Wales its first significant educational devolution.[222] A resurgence in Welsh-language schools in the latter half of the 20th century at nursery and primary level saw attitudes shift towards teaching in the medium of Welsh.[226] Welsh is a compulsory subject in all of Wales's state schools for pupils aged 5–16 years old.[227] While there has never been an exclusively Welsh-language college, Welsh-medium higher education is delivered through the individual universities and has since 2011 been supported by the Coleg Cymraeg Cenedlaethol (Welsh National College) as a delocalised federal institution. In 2021–2022, there were 1,470 maintained schools in Wales.[228] In 2021–22, the country had 471,131 pupils taught by 25,210 full-time equivalent teachers.[229][230]
Healthcare

Public healthcare in Wales is provided by NHS Wales (GIG Cymru), through seven local health boards and three all-Wales trusts. It was originally formed as part of the NHS structure for England and Wales by the National Health Service Act 1946, but with powers over the NHS in Wales coming under the Secretary of State for Wales in 1969.[231] Responsibility for NHS Wales passed to the Welsh Assembly under devolution in 1999, and is now the responsibility of the Minister for Health and Social Services.[232] Historically, Wales was served by smaller 'cottage' hospitals, built as voluntary institutions.[233] As newer, more expensive, diagnostic techniques and treatments became available, clinical work has been concentrated in newer, larger district hospitals.[233] In 2006, there were seventeen district hospitals in Wales.[233] NHS Wales directly employs over 90,000 staff, making it Wales's biggest employer.[234] The National Survey for Wales in 2021–22 reported that 72 per cent of adults surveyed had good or very good general health, 19 per cent had fair general health and 8 had bad or very bad general health.[235] The survey recorded that 46 per cent of Welsh adults had a long-standing illness, such as arthritis, asthma, diabetes or heart disease.[236] The survey also reported that 13 per cent of the adult population were smokers, 16 per cent admitted drinking alcohol above weekly recommended guidelines, while 56 per cent undertook the recommended 150 minutes of physical activity each week.[237] According to the survey, 30 per cent of adults in Wales reported to have eaten at least 5 portions of fruit or vegetables the previous day and 36 per cent reported a healthy weight.[238]
Demography
Population history
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1536 | 278,000 | — |
1620 | 360,000 | +29.5% |
1770 | 500,000 | +38.9% |
1801 | 587,000 | +17.4% |
1851 | 1,163,000 | +98.1% |
1911 | 2,421,000 | +108.2% |
1921 | 2,656,000 | +9.7% |
1939 | 2,487,000 | −6.4% |
1961 | 2,644,000 | +6.3% |
1991 | 2,811,865 | +6.3% |
2001 | 2,910,200 | +3.5% |
2011 | 3,063,456 | +5.3% |
2021 | 3,107,500 | +1.4% |
Estimated (pre-1801); census (post-1801)[239] 2001 census[240] 2021 census[241] |
The population of Wales doubled from 587,000 in 1801 to 1,163,000 in 1851 and had reached 2,421,000 by 1911. Most of the increase came in the coal mining districts, especially
The population in 1972 stood at 2.74 million and remained broadly static for the rest of the decade. However, in the early 1980s, the population fell due to net
Rank
|
Name | Council area
|
Pop.
|
Rank
|
Name | Council area
|
Pop. |
||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() Cardiff ![]() Swansea |
1 | Cardiff | City & County of Cardiff | 335,145 | 11 | Caerphilly | Caerphilly County Borough | 41,402 | ![]() Newport ![]() Wrexham |
2 | Swansea | City & County of Swansea | 239,000 | 12 | Port Talbot | Neath Port Talbot | 37,276 | ||
3 | Newport | Newport City | 128,060 | 13 | Pontypridd | Rhondda Cynon Taf | 30,457 | ||
4 | Wrexham | Wrexham County Borough | 61,603 | 14 | Aberdare | Rhondda Cynon Taf | 29,748 | ||
5 | Barry |
Vale of Glamorgan | 54,673 | 15 | Colwyn Bay | Conwy County Borough | 29,405 | ||
6 | Neath | Neath Port Talbot | 50,658 | 16 | Pontypool | Torfaen | 28,334 | ||
7 | Cwmbran | Torfaen | 46,915 | 17 | Penarth | Vale of Glamorgan | 27,226 | ||
8 | Bridgend | Bridgend County Borough | 46,757 | 18 | Rhyl | Denbighshire | 25,149 | ||
9 | Llanelli | Carmarthenshire | 43,878 | 19 | Blackwood |
Caerphilly County Borough | 24,042 | ||
10 | Merthyr Tydfil | Merthyr Tydfil | 43,820 | 20 | Maesteg | Bridgend County Borough | 18,888 |
Language
According to the 2021 census, the Welsh-speaking population of Wales aged three or older was 17.8 per cent (538,300 people) and nearly three quarters of the population in Wales said they had no Welsh language skills.[256] Other estimates suggest that 29.7 per cent (899,500) of people aged three or older in Wales could speak Welsh in June 2022.[257]
English is spoken by almost all people in Wales and is the main language in most of the country. Code-switching is common in all parts of Wales and is known by various terms, though none is recognised by professional linguists.[258] "Wenglish" is the Welsh English language dialect. It has been influenced significantly by Welsh grammar and includes words derived from Welsh.[259] Northern and western Wales retain many areas where Welsh is spoken as a first language by the majority of the population, and English learnt as a second language. Although monoglotism in young children continues, life-long monoglotism in Welsh no longer occurs.[260]
Since Poland joined the European Union, Wales has seen a significant increase in Polish immigrants. This has made Polish the most common main language in Wales after English or Welsh, at 0.7 per cent of the population.[261]
Religion
Forms of Christianity have dominated religious life in what is now the Wales for more than 1,400 years.[262][263]
The 2021 census recorded 46.5 per cent had "No religion", more than any single religious affiliation and up from 32.1 per cent in 2011.
The
Non-Christian religions are small in Wales, making up approximately 2.7 per cent of the population.[269] Islam is the largest, with 24,000 (0.8 per cent) reported Muslims in the 2011 census.[269] There are also communities of Hindus and Sikhs, mainly in the south Wales cities of Newport, Cardiff and Swansea, while the largest concentration of Buddhists is in the western rural county of Ceredigion.[270] Judaism was the first non-Christian faith to be established in Wales since Roman times, though by 2001 the community had declined to approximately 2,000[271] and as of 2019 only numbers in the hundreds.[272]
Ethnicity

The 2021 census showed that 93.8 per cent of the population of Wales identified as "White", compared to 95.6 per cent in 2011. 90.6 per cent of the population identified as "White: Welsh, English, Scottish, Northern Irish or British" in 2021. The second-highest ethnicity in 2021 was "Asian, Asian Welsh or Asian British" at 2.9 per cent of the population, compared to 2.3 per cent in 2011. 1.6 per cent of the population identified as "Mixed or multiple ethnic groups", compared to 1.0 per cent in 2011; 0.9 per cent of the population identified as "Black, Black Welsh, Black British, Caribbean or African", compared to 0.6 per cent in 2011; and 0.9 per cent identified as "Other ethnic group" compared to 0.5 per cent in 2011. The local authorities with the highest proportions of "high-level" ethnic groups other than "White" were mainly urban areas including Cardiff, Newport and Swansea. 5.3 per cent of households in Wales were multiple ethnic group households, up from 4.2 per cent in 2011.[273]
In 2021, the first statue of a named, non-fictional woman outdoors was raised for Wales's first black headteacher, Betty Campbell. In 2023, Patti Flynn (a contemporary of Shirley Bassey, both of Tiger Bay, Cardiff) became the first black Welsh woman to be awarded a purple plaque. [274]
National identity
The 2021 census showed that 55.2 per cent identified as "Welsh only" and 8.1 per cent identified as "Welsh and British", giving the combined proportion of 63.3 per cent for people identifying as Welsh.[275] The Welsh Annual Population Survey showed that the proportion of people who identified as Welsh versus another identity was 62.3 per cent in 2022, compared to 69.2 per cent in 2001.[276] A 2022 YouGov poll found that 21 per cent considered themselves Welsh not British, 15 per cent more Welsh than British, 24 per cent equally Welsh and British, 7 per cent more British than Welsh, 20 per cent British and not Welsh, and 8 per cent other; a total of 67 per cent thus considered themselves Welsh to some degree.[277]
Culture
Wales has a distinctive culture including its own language, customs, holidays and music. There are four
Mythology
Remnants of native Celtic
Literature

Wales has one of the oldest unbroken literary traditions in Europe[283] going back to the sixth century and including Geoffrey of Monmouth and Gerald of Wales, regarded as among the finest Latin authors of the Middle Ages.[283] The earliest body of Welsh verse, by poets Taliesin and Aneirin, survive not in their original form, but in much-changed, medieval versions.[283] Welsh poetry and native lore and learning survived the Dark Ages, through the era of the Poets of the Princes (c. 1100–1280) and then the Poets of the Gentry (c. 1350–1650). The former were professional poets who composed eulogies and elegies to their patrons while the latter favoured the cywydd metre.[284] The period produced one of Wales's greatest poets, Dafydd ap Gwilym.[285] After the Anglicisation of the gentry the tradition declined.[284]
Despite the extinction of the professional poet, the integration of the native elite into a wider cultural world did bring other literary benefits.
Developments in 19th-century Welsh literature include
The careers of some 1930s writers continued after World War Two, including those of
Museums and libraries

Visual arts
Works of
Some Welsh artists of the 16th–18th centuries tended to leave the country to work, moving to London or Italy.

An
Welsh painters gravitated towards the art capitals of Europe.
South Wales had several notable
National symbols and identity

Wales is regarded as a modern Celtic nation which contributes to its national identity,[30][305] with Welsh artists regularly appearing at Celtic festivals.[306] The red dragon is the principal symbol of national identity and pride, personifying the fearlessness of the Welsh nation.[307] The dragon is first referenced in literature as a symbol of the people in the Historia Brittonum. Vortigern (Welsh: Gwrtheyrn), King of the Celtic Britons, is interrupted whilst attempting to build a fort at Dinas Emrys. He is told by Ambrosius[c] to dig up two dragons beneath the castle. He discovers a red dragon representing the Celtic Britons, and a white dragon representing Anglo-Saxons. Ambrosius prophesies that the Celtic Britons will reclaim the island and push the Anglo-Saxons back to the sea.[309]
As an emblem, the red dragon of Wales has been used since the reign of
On 1 March, Welsh people celebrate
"Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau" (English: Land of My Fathers) is the National Anthem of Wales, and is played at events such as football or rugby matches involving the Wales national team, as well as the opening of the Senedd and other official occasions.[326] "Cymru am byth" ("Wales forever") is a popular Welsh motto.[327] Another Welsh motto "Y Ddraig Goch Ddyry Cychwyn" ("the red dragon inspires action") has been used on the Royal Badge of Wales when it was created in 1953.[328]
Sport

More than 50
Although football has traditionally been the more popular sport in
Wales has had
In international cricket, Wales and England field a single representative team, administered by the England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB), called the England cricket team, or simply 'England'.[343] Occasionally, a separate Wales team play limited-overs competitions. Glamorgan County Cricket Club is the only Welsh participant in the England and Wales County Championship.[344] Wales has produced notable participants of individual sports including snooker,[345] track and field,[346] cycling,[347][348] and boxing.[349][350]
Media

Wales became the UK's first
Most of the newspapers sold and read in Wales are national newspapers available throughout Britain. The
Cuisine

Traditional Welsh dishes include
Performing arts
Music and festivals

Wales, "the land of song", is notable for its solo artists, its
The BBC National Orchestra of Wales performs in Wales and internationally. The Welsh National Opera is based at the Wales Millennium Centre in Cardiff Bay, while the National Youth Orchestra of Wales was the first of its type in the world.[375] Wales has a tradition of producing notable singers in both the classical and pop arenas,[376] as well as some popular bands.[377][378][379] The Welsh folk music scene has enjoyed a resurgence in the 21st century.[380]
Drama

The earliest surviving Welsh plays are two medieval
Dance

Traditional dances include Welsh folk dancing and clog dancing. The first mention of dancing in Wales is in a 12th-century account by Giraldus Cambrensis, but by the 19th century traditional dance had all but died out due to religious opposition.[383] In the 20th century a revival was led by Lois Blake (1890–1974).[383] Clog dancing was preserved and developed by Hywel Wood (1882–1967) and others who perpetuated the art on local and national stages.[388] The Welsh Folk Dance Society was founded in 1949.[388] Contemporary dance grew out of Cardiff in the 1970s.[388] The National Dance Company Wales, formed in 1983, is now resident at the Wales Millennium Centre.[389]
See also
Notes
- Lloegrwys, "men of Lloegr", being earlier and more common. The English were sometimes referred to as an entity in early poetry (Saeson, as today) but just as often as Eingl (Angles), Iwys (Wessex-men), etc. Lloegr and Sacson became the norm later when England emerged as a kingdom. As for its origins, some scholars have suggested that it originally referred only to Mercia – at that time a powerful kingdom and for centuries the main foe of the Welsh. It was then applied to the new kingdom of England as a whole (see for instance Rachel Bromwich (ed.), Trioedd Ynys Prydein, University of Wales Press, 1987). "The lost land" and other fanciful meanings, such as Geoffrey of Monmouth's monarch Locrinus, have no etymological basis. (See also Discussion in Reference 40)
- ^ The title Prince of Wales is still conferred on the heir apparent to the British throne, currently Prince William, but he has no constitutional role in modern Wales.[106] According to the Welsh Government in 2008: "Our Prince of Wales at the moment is Prince Charles, who is the present heir to the throne. But he does not have a role in the governance of Wales, even though his title might suggest that he does."[105]
- Embreis Guletic is probably Emrys Gwledig.
- ^ Wales is not separately represented on the Union Jack as, at the time of the flag's creation, Wales was considered part of England.[317]
References
Citations
- ^ Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
- ^ a b c Davies (1994) p. 100
- ^ "Statute of Rhuddlan". Oxford Reference. Retrieved 26 July 2014.
- ^ "Laws in Wales Act 1535 (repealed 21.12.1993)". legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 26 July 2014.
- ^ "Welsh Language Act". legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 11 September 2022.
- ^ "Government of Wales Act 1998". legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 26 July 2014.
- ^ a b c "Standard Area Measurements (2021) for Administrative Areas in the United Kingdom (V2)". Open Geography Portal. Office for National Statistics. 10 March 2023. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
- ^ Park, Neil (21 December 2022). "Population estimates for the UK, England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland: mid-2021". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
- ^ Fenton, Trevor (25 April 2023). "Regional gross value added (balanced) per head and income components". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
- ^ Fenton, Trevor (25 April 2023). "Regional gross domestic product: all ITL regions". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 15 August 2023.
- ^ "Gini coefficient by UK nation". Scottish Government. February 2020. Retrieved 3 September 2023.
- ^ "Subnational HDI". Global Data Lab. Retrieved 15 August 2023.
- ^ a b "A Beginner's Guide to UK Geography". Open Geography Portal. Office for National Statistics. 25 October 2022. Retrieved 19 August 2023.
- ^ Miller, Katherine L. (2014). "The Semantic Field of Slavery in Old English: Wealh, Esne, Þræl" (PDF) (Doctoral dissertation). University of Leeds. Retrieved 8 August 2019.
- ^ a b Davies (1994) p. 71
- ^ Tolkien, J. R. R. (1963). Angles and Britons: O'Donnell Lectures. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. English and Welsh, an O'Donnell Lecture delivered at Oxford on 21 October 1955.
- ISBN 978-0-521-04102-7.
- ^ a b Davies (1994) p. 69
- ^ Lloyd, John Edward (1911). A History of Wales from the Earliest Times to the Edwardian Conquest (Note to Chapter VI, the Name "Cymry"). Vol. I (2nd ed.). London: Longmans, Green, and Co. (published 1912). pp. 191–192.
- ^ Phillimore, Egerton (1891). "Note (a) to The Settlement of Brittany". In Phillimore, Egerton (ed.). Y Cymmrodor. Vol. XI. London: Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion (published 1892). pp. 97–101.; Davies (1994) p. 71, containing the line: Ar wynep Kymry Cadwallawn was.
- ISBN 978-81-8424-329-1.(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
{{cite book}}
:|work=
ignored (help); Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica - ^ "Welsh skeleton re-dated: even older!". archaeology.co.uk website. Current Archaeology. 6 November 2007. Retrieved 28 September 2010.: see Red Lady of Paviland
- ISBN 978-0-7524-1983-1.; Davies (2008) pp. 647–648
- ^ Evans, Edith; Lewis, Richard (2003). "The Prehistoric Funerary and Ritual Monument Survey of Glamorgan and Gwent: Overviews. A Report for Cadw by Edith Evans BA PhD MIFA and Richard Lewis BA" (PDF). Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society. 64: 4. Retrieved 30 September 2009. ; Davies (1994) p. 17; "Overview: From Neolithic to Bronze Age, 8000–800 BC (Page 1 of 6)". BBC History website. BBC. 5 September 2006. Retrieved 5 August 2008.
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Sources
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- ISBN 978-0-14-014581-6.
- Davies, John; ISBN 978-0-7083-1953-6.
External links
- Senedd Cymru – Welsh Parliament
- BBC Wales
Geographic data related to Wales at OpenStreetMap
- VisitWales.com. The official international guide to places to stay and things to do in Wales.
- Gathering the Jewels – Welsh Heritage and Culture
- Photographs of Wales on Geograph Britain and Ireland
- Further historical information and sources at GENUKI