Affreca de Courcy
Affrica Guðrøðardóttir | |
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Godred Olafsson |
Affreca de Courcy or Affrica Guðrøðardóttir was a late 12th-/early 13th century noblewoman. She was the daughter of
Family background
Affreca was the daughter of
She is not to be confused with her grandmother Affrica of
Anglo-Norman Ireland
A significant era in the
While many of the Dubliners may never have returned,[6] Gerald's account and a mediaeval French text popularly known as The Song of Dermot and the Earl state that, about six months later, the deposed King of Dublin, Ascall mac Ragnaill (d. 1171), launched a sea-borne assault on the town with a force that numbered either sixty or one hundred ships respectively. Although Mac Turcaill's men successfully made landfall near the town, the sources indicate that his forces were utterly crushed by the Norman defenders, and that he was himself captured and beheaded.[7] The French text specifically states that there was Manx involvement in the assault.[8] In Gerald's version of the events, Affreca's father supplied thirty ships to an unsuccessful later-attempt at ousting the Normans from Dublin. In the words of Gerald, "their fear of the threat of English domination, inspired by the successes of the English, made the men of the isles act all the more quickly, and with the wind in the northwest they immediately sailed about thirty ships full of warriors into the harbour of the Liffey".[9]
With the conquest of Norse-Gaelic Dublin, and the ongoing entrenchment of the English in Ireland, the Crovan dynasty found themselves surrounded by a potentially threatening, rising power in the Irish Sea zone.[10] The dynasty did not take long to realign itself with this new power, in the form of a dynastic marriage between Affreca and one of the most powerful of the incoming Englishmen—John de Courcy (d. c. 1219).[11]
Marriage to de Courcy
Nothing is known of de Courcy's early life. He arrived in Ireland in 1176, with Henry's deputy in Ireland,
John and Rǫgnvaldr
In a series of conflicts between 1201 and 1204, de Courcy finally fell from power. By 1205 he was forced from Ireland altogether, and his lands were awarded to
Religious patronage
Affreca founded in 1193 Grey Abbey, in the peninsula of Ards, where John had previously given lands to his family priory, St Andrew of Stogursey.
Ancestry
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Notes
- ^ Óláfr Guðrøðarson (d. 1153) is known to have had at least two wives: Ingibjörg Hákonardóttir and Affraic ingen Fergusa. Ingibjörg was a daughter of Hákon Pálsson, Earl of Orkney (d. c. 1126). Affraic was a daughter of Fergus, Lord of Galloway (d. 1161).[25] Guðrøðr's mother was most likely Affraic.[24]
- ^ Guðrøðr's ancestry is uncertain, although he very well may have been an Uí Ímair dynast.[26] The epithet "crovan" is likely a Latinised form of a Gaelic or Norse epithet, and may refer to a deformity of the hands.[27]
- ^ Fergus's ancestry is uncertain.[28]
- ^ Affraic's mother was an unnamed illegitimate daughter of Henry I, King of England (d. 1135).[29]
- ^ Henry was the son of William I, King of England, Duke of Normandy (d. 1087), and his wife Matilda (d. 1083), daughter of Baudouin V, Count of Flanders (d. 1067).[31]
Citations
- ISBN 978-1474436281.
- ^ a b Flanagan 2005: pp. 17–19.
- ^ a b Flanagan 2004a. See also: Flanagan 2004c.
- ^ Downham 2007: pp. 33–34, 39.
- ^ McDonald 2007: p. 124. See also: Bartlett 2004. See also: Duffy 1992: pp. 131–132. See also: Wright 1894: pp. 213–214. See also: Dimock 1867: pp. 256–257.
- ^ McDonald 2007: p. 124. See also: Duffy 1998: p. 79. See also: Duffy 1992: pp. 131–132, p. 132 fn 184.
- ^ McDonald 2007: p. 124. See also: Duffy 1998: p. 79. See also: Duffy 1992: pp. 131–132, p. 132 fn 184. See also: Wright 1894: pp. 219–221. See also: Orpen 1892: pp. 164–183. See also: Dimock 1867: pp. 263–265.
- ^ McDonald 2007: p. 124 fn 7–8. See also: Orpen 1892: pp. 164–183.
- ^ McDonald 2007: p. 124. See also: Duffy 1992: pp. 132–133. See also: Wright 1894: p. 221. See also: Dimock 1867: pp. 265–266.
- ^ McDonald 2007: pp. 124–125. See also: Duffy 1992: p. 133.
- ^ McDonald 2007: p. 125. See also: Duffy 2004a.
- ^ Duffy 2004a. See also: Flanagan 2004d.
- ^ Duffy 2004a. See also: Simms, Katharine, "MacDonlevy", Encyclopedia.com, retrieved 23 December 2011. This webpage is a partial transcription of: The Oxford Companion to Irish History, Oxford University Press, 2007.
- ^ Woolf 2005: p. 493. See also: Duffy 2004a.
- ^ Crooks 2005: p. 496.
- ^ McDonald 2007: p. 126. See also: Duffy 2004a.
- ^ McDonald 2007: p. 126.
- ^ McDonald 2007: pp. 126–127.
- ^ McDonald 2007: pp. 128–127. See also: Smith 2004.
- ^ McDonald 2007: p. 128. See also: Flanagan 2004b. See also: Anderson 1922: pp. 364–365. See also: Munch; Goss 1874: pp. 80–83.
- ^ McDonald 2007: pp. 128–127. See also: Hennessy 1871: pp. 234–235.
- ^ McDonald 2007: p. 129.
- ^ Duffy 2004a.
- ^ a b c Duffy 2004b.
- ^ Duffy 2004b. See also: Crawford 2004. See also: Oram 2004b.
- ^ McDonald 2007: pp. 61–62. See also: Duffy 2004b.
- ^ McDonald 2007: p. 64, p. 64 fn 34. See also: Duffy 2004b.
- ^ a b Oram 2004b.
- ^ a b Oram 2004b. See also: Hollister 2004.
- ^ Hollister 2004.
- ^ Hollister 2004. See also: Bates 2004. See also: van Houts 2004.
References
- Primary sources
- Anderson, Alan Orr, ed. (1922), Early sources of Scottish history: a.d. 500 to 1286, vol. 2, Oliver and Boyd.
- Longmans.
- Longman & Company.
- Longman & Company.
- Manx Society.
- Clarendon Press.
- Wright, Thomas, ed. (1894), The historical works of Giraldus Cambrensis, George Bell & Sons.
- Secondary sources
- Bartlett, Robert (2004). "Gerald of Wales (c.1146–1220x23)". doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/10769. (Subscription or UK public library membershiprequired.).
- doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/29448. (Subscription or UK public library membershiprequired.).
- Crawford, Barbara Elizabeth (2004). "Magnús Erlendsson, earl of Orkney [St Magnus] (1075/6–1116?)". doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/65444. (Subscription or UK public library membershiprequired.).
- Crooks, Peter (2005), "Ulster, earldom of", in Duffy, Seán; MacShamhráin, Ailbhe; Moynes, James (eds.), Medieval Ireland: an encyclopedia, ISBN 0-415-94052-4.
- Downham, Clare (2007), "Living on the edge: Scandinavian Dublin in the twelfth century", in Smith, Beverley Ballin; Taylor, Simon; Williams, Gareth (eds.), West over the sea: studies in Scandinavian sea-borne expansion and settlement before 1300, The Northern World: North Europe and the Baltic c. 400–1700 AD. Peoples, Economies and Cultures, vol. 31, ISSN 1569-1462.
- Duffy, Seán (1992), "Irishmen and Islesmen in the Kingdoms of Dublin and Man, 1052–1171", JSTOR 30007421.
- Duffy, Seán (1995), "The first Ulster plantation: John de Courcy and the men of Cumbria", in Barry, Terence B.; Frame, Robin; Simms, Katharine (eds.), Colony and frontier in medieval Ireland: essays presented to J. F. Lydon, ISBN 978-1-85285-122-4.
- Duffy, Seán (1998), "Ireland's Hastings: the Anglo-Norman conquest of Dublin", in Harper-Bill, Christopher (ed.), Anglo-Norman studies: proceedings of the battle conference, vol. 20, ISBN 978-0-85115-573-9.
- Duffy, Seán (2004a). "Courcy [Courci], John de (d. 1219?)". doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/50616. (Subscription or UK public library membershiprequired.).
- Duffy, Seán (2004b). "Godred Crovan [Guðrøðr, Gofraid Méránach] (d. 1095)". doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/50613. (Subscription or UK public library membershiprequired.).
- Flanagan, Marie Therese (2004a). "Clare, Richard fitz Gilbert de, second earl of Pembroke (c.1130–1176)". doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/5447. (Subscription or UK public library membershiprequired.).
- Flanagan, Marie Therese (2004b). "Lacy, Walter de (d. 1241)". doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/15864. (Subscription or UK public library membershiprequired.).
- Flanagan, Marie Therese (2004c). "Mac Murchada, Diarmait (c.1110–1171)". doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/17697. (Subscription or UK public library membershiprequired.).
- Flanagan, Marie Therese (2005), "Anglo-Norman Invasion", in Duffy, Seán; MacShamhráin, Ailbhe; Moynes, James (eds.), Medieval Ireland: an encyclopedia, ISBN 0-415-94052-4.
- doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/12948. (Subscription or UK public library membershiprequired.).
- McDonald, Russell Andrew (2007), Manx kingship in its Irish sea setting, 1187–1229: king Rǫgnvaldr and the Crovan dynasty, ISBN 978-1-84682-047-2.
- doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/49360. (Subscription or UK public library membershiprequired.).
- Smith, J. Beverley (2004). "Llywelyn ap Gruffudd (d. 1282)". doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/16875. (Subscription or UK public library membershiprequired.).
- van Houts, Elisabeth (2004). "Matilda (d. 1083)". doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/18335. (Subscription or UK public library membershiprequired.).
- ISBN 0-415-94052-4.