Amanita muscaria var. guessowii
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Amanita muscaria var. guessowii | |
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A mature Amanita chrysoblema yellow-orange variant mushroom under a northern white pine in Ovid, Michigan, United States | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Fungi |
Division: | Basidiomycota |
Class: | Agaricomycetes |
Order: | Agaricales |
Family: | Amanitaceae |
Genus: | Amanita |
Species: | |
Variety: | A. c. var. yellow-orange
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Trinomial name | |
Amanita chrysoblema var. yellow-orange Veselý
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Amanita chrysoblema yellow-orange variant | |
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Gills on hymenium | |
Cap is flat or convex | |
mycorrhizal | |
Edibility is poisonous or psychoactive |
Amanita chrysoblema yellow-orange variant,[. It is one of several varieties of muscaroid fungi, all commonly known as fly agarics or fly amanitas.
Description
Cap
The cap is 4.5–16 (18) cm wide, convex, and becomes broadly convex to flat in age. It is bright yellow or yellow-orange, usually more orange or reddish orange towards the disc, and fading to pale yellow. The volva is distributed over the cap as cream to pale tan warts; it is otherwise smooth and sticky when wet. The margin becomes slightly striate in age. The flesh is white and it does not stain when cut or injured.
Gills
The gills are free to narrowly adnate, subcrowded to crowded, cream to pale cream, truncate, unevenly distributed, of diverse lengths, and plentiful.
Spores
Amanita chrysoblema yellow-orange variant[
Stipe
The stipe is 1–3 cm, more or less equal or narrowing upwards and slightly flaring at the apex. It is white to yellowish cream, densely stuffed with a pith, the skirt-like ring is membranous, persistent, the lower stipe and upper bulb are decorated with partial or complete concentric rings of volval material that are bright pale yellow to cream or sordid cream.
Microscopic features
Clamps are present at bases of the basidia.
Distribution and habitat
Amanita chrysoblema yellow-orange variant[
Biochemistry
As with all other muscaroid mushrooms, Amanita chrysoblema yellow-orange variant[citation needed] contains ibotenic acid, and muscimol, two psychoactive constituents which can cause effects such as hallucinations, synaesthesia, euphoria, dysphoria and retrograde amnesia. The effects of muscimol and ibotenic acid most closely resemble that of any GABAergic compound but with a dissociative effect taking place in low to mid doses which are followed by delirium and vivid hallucinations at high doses.
Ibotenic acid is mostly broken down into the body to muscimol, but what remains of the ibotenic acid is believed[2] to cause the majority of dysphoric effects of consuming A. muscaria mushrooms. Ibotenic acid is also a scientifically important neurotoxin used in lab research as a brain-lesioning agent in mice.[3][4]
As with other wild-growing mushrooms, the ratio of ibotenic acid to muscimol depends on countless external factors, including: season, age, and habitat - and percentages will naturally vary from mushroom-to-mushroom.
Gallery
See also
References
- ^ "Shroomery - Hunting Fly Agarics in North America".
- S2CID 44494685. Retrieved 4 March 2023.
- S2CID 25172395.
- S2CID 4342937.