Battle of Cádiz (1669)
Battle of Cádiz | |||||||
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Engraving of the battle by Wenceslaus Hollar, an eyewitness | |||||||
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Belligerents | |||||||
Kingdom of England |
Regency of Algiers | ||||||
Commanders and leaders | |||||||
John Kempthorne | Unknown | ||||||
Strength | |||||||
1 frigate 1 ketch 1 pink |
6 frigates 1 sloop | ||||||
Casualties and losses | |||||||
12 killed[2] 18 wounded[2] | Heavy |
On 18–19 December 1669,[1] a battle took place in the waters near Cádiz between the English fourth-rate frigate Mary Rose under the command of Rear-Admiral John Kempthorne, escorting several merchantmen, and a group of seven pirate ships operating out of Algiers. The incident was recorded and drawn by the engraver Wenceslaus Hollar, with an engraving appearing in John Ogilby's Africa.
The action occurred while the Mary Rose was returning from a diplomatic mission to Mulay Rashid (referred to as "Tafiletta" in early English sources), the sultan of Morocco, that had been conducted by Lord Henry Howard, with Hollar accompanying him in order to complete some drawings and maps of Tangier that he had begun some years earlier. The frigate was towing a merchant ship, the King David, that Kempthorne had recaptured from Barbary pirates, and was accompanied by five other vessels. The convoy encountered a group of seven pirate ships on 18 December 1669, with six attacking the Mary Rose while one pursued the King David that Kempthorne had cut loose. The pirates withdrew as night fell, resuming their attack on the morning of the 19th. Despite the Mary Rose sustaining damage to all three masts, she held off the attack, and the pirates withdrew, capturing only the King David. After repairs at Cádiz the Mary Rose returned to England in April 1670, and Kempthorne was knighted for "his very great valour".[3] A version of Hollar's engraving of the battle was done by Willem van de Velde the Younger.
Background
The Mary Rose, a
The Mary Rose was accompanied by three ships: a small narrow-
An English prize-crew was sent aboard, and the King David was to follow the convoy to Salé. However, the recaptured ship was both poorly built for speed and laden with cargo, and the Mary Rose was obliged to tow her, retarding the convoy's progress. Consequently, they did not arrive at Salé until the 11th, where they met a two-masted
Battle
At dawn on the 18th, the Mary Rose sighted seven Algerine men of war. The Mary Rose immediately prepared for action, clearing the decks in order to work the guns, taking on the prize-crew of the King David and abandoning her to be driven by the wind, and throwing overboard anything that might prove a hindrance. The Algerine ships passed near noon; one of the prisoners, a Dutchman, identified them as the Golden Lion, Orange Tree, Half Moon, Seven Stars, White Horse, Blewhart, and Rose Leaf.[2] The Half Moon, not built for speed and also loaded down with men, fell behind, and the others sent two boats to tow her; Admiral Kempthorne sent out a boat to intercept theirs, but the Algerines sent out another boat, well-armed, and Kempthorne recalled the English boat. The Algerine ships stood close together, and around 3:00 six of them attacked the Mary Rose, while the Rose Leaf chased the abandoned King David. Hollar described "a hot Service, and much harm done on both sides," until night fell and the Algerine ships retired.[9]
Early the next morning the two groups engaged again. The Algerines approached in a line from the southeast: the Half Moon was first, and she and subsequent ships fired, both with
Aftermath
The Mary Rose arrived in Cádiz on the 20th.
Hollar, who reportedly sat on deck sketching during the action,[2] later produced an etching of the battle, which was included in Ogilby's 1670 Africa. The picture shows the Algerine line engaging the Mary Rose and the Roe, while Rose Leaf chases King David to the southeast, the French merchantman escapes to the northwest, and the other merchantmen shelter behind the Mary Rose.[2] Willem van de Velde the Younger soon after made his own drawing of the battle, based on Hollar's.[14] A van de Velde oil painting based on Hollar's etching of the Mary Rose engagement is in the Royal Collection, where it has been held at least since 1687, and is currently (2013) on public display in the Queen's Private Dining Room at Hampton Court Royal Palace.[9][15] A copy with the monogram of Adriaen van Diest inscribed on the reverse was with the Leger Galleries in London in 1973, and another is recorded as being in the collection at Castle Howard, North Yorkshire, England. This picture was possibly commissioned during Kempthorne's lifetime or by his family: alterations from the original were made to the flags in order to correct them.[15] A painting signed by Peter Monamy in the National Maritime Museum has an inscription stating that it depicts this battle. It is more likely, however, that it was intended to depict a similar battle fought in 1681 by Morgan Kempthorne, John Kempthorne's son, in the Kingfisher.
Maritime music
Exaggerated references to this engagement have become fodder for a popular naval ballad sometimes titled "Turkish Men of War" or "The Royal Oak"[16] sometimes sung with lyrics mixing up names and numbers of the ships involved.
See also
- Barbary corsairs
References
- ^ a b Sources differ as to the date on which this action took place. Hollar's eyewitness account indicates 18–19 December, and some sources concur, but others suggest the 8th or the 28th.
- ^ .
- ^ ISBN 9781425497002.
- ^ Brian Lavery, The Ship of the Line - Volume 1: The development of the battlefleet 1650-1850, Conway Maritime Press, 2003, p160"
- ^ ISBN 9780521529488. Retrieved 25 June 2011.
- ^ JSTOR 874183.
- ^ ISBN 9780521842327.
- ISBN 9782600034678.
- ^ a b c d e f g Robinson, C.N. (1926). "The Fight of the Mary Rose". Mariner's Mirror. 12: 97–100.
- . Retrieved 6 January 2011.
- ^ Daniell, Francis Henry Blackburne, ed. (1897). Calendar of State Papers, Domestic Series, of the Reign of Charles II: 1671-1672. HM Stationery Office. p. 421.
- ^ Grant, W.L.; Munro, James, eds. (1908). Acts of the Privy Council of England: Colonial series, Volume 1. HM Stationery Office. p. xxxvii.
- ^ "The 'Mary Rose' action, 8–18 December 1669". National Maritime Museum. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
- ^ a b Robinson, Michael (1990). The Paintings of the Willem van de Veldes. Vol. 1. Greenwich National Maritime Museum. pp. 158–161.
- ^ Naval Songs & Ballads. The Council of the Navy Records Society. 1907.